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Sievers M, Brown CJ, McGowan J, Turschwell MP, Buelow CA, Holgate B, Pearson RM, Adame MF, Andradi-Brown DA, Arnell A, Mackey BG, Ermgassen PSEZ, Gosling J, McOwen CJ, Worthington TA, Connolly RM. Co-occurrence of biodiversity, carbon storage, coastal protection, and fish and invertebrate production to inform global mangrove conservation planning. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166357. [PMID: 37595913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove forests support unique biodiversity and provide a suite of ecosystem services (ES) that benefit people. Decades of continual mangrove loss and degradation have necessitated global efforts to protect and restore this important ecosystem. Generating and evaluating asset maps of biodiversity and ES is an important precursor to identifying locations that can deliver conservation outcomes across varying scales, such as maximising the co-occurrence of specific ES. We bring together global datasets on mangrove-affiliated biodiversity, carbon stocks, fish and invertebrate production, and coastal protection to provide insight into potential trade-offs, synergies and opportunities from mangrove conservation. We map opportunities where high ES provision co-occurs with these areas that could be leveraged in conservation planning, and identify potential high-value opportunities for single ES that might otherwise be missed with a biodiversity focus. Hotspots of single ES, co-occurrence of multiple ES, and opportunities to simultaneously leverage biodiversity and ES occurred throughout the world. For example, efforts that focus on conserving or restoring mangroves to store carbon can be targed to deliver multiple ES benefits. Some nations, such as Vietnam, Oman, Ecuador and China, showed consistent (although not necessarily strong) correlations between ES pairs. A lack of clear or consistent spatial trends elsewhere suggests that some nations will likely benefit more from complementarity-based approaches that focus on multiple sites with high provision of different services. Individual sites within these nations, however, such as Laguna de Terminos in Mexico still provide valuable opportunities to leverage co-benefits. Ensuring that an ES focused approach is complemented by strategic spatial planning is a priority, and our analyses provide a precursor towards decisions about where and how to invest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Dr #100, Arlington, VA 22203, United States of America; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mischa P Turschwell
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Christina A Buelow
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Briana Holgate
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Maria F Adame
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Andy Arnell
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan G Mackey
- Griffith Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philine S E Zu Ermgassen
- Changing Oceans Group, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Rd, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Gosling
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J McOwen
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Worthington
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rod M Connolly
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Giffin AL, Brown CJ, Nalau J, Mackey BG, Connolly RM. Marine and coastal ecosystem-based adaptation in Asia and Oceania: review of approaches and integration with marine spatial planning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/pc20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in using ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to maintain or restore ecosystem services to increase human resilience to climate change. However, to date, the focus on EbA has been on conceptualising the approach and encouraging its use, rather than understanding EbA in practice. We review the EbA literature to synthesise where, why and how marine and coastal EbA projects have been implemented and examine how EbA has been integrated with marine spatial planning. We focus specifically on EbA projects in Asia and Oceania, where climate variability and dependence on marine and coastal ecosystems is high. Most projects were found in the grey literature, implemented in developing countries, and targeted extreme events and sea level rise. Mangroves, particularly mangrove restoration, was the most common ecosystem used, followed by coral reefs. EbA across ecosystems commonly targeted capacity building and livelihood enhancement, and maintenance of wildlife, alongside shoreline protection for mangroves and food security for coral reefs. Integrated EbA and marine spatial planning projects were participatory, implemented at local–regional scales, displayed adaptive management, and community-based or shared governance. Our research helps to build an understanding of EbA in practice and a knowledge base to assist coastal communities in adapting to climate change.
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Mckenney DW, Mackey BG, Bogart JP, Mckee JE, Oldham MJ, Chek A. Bioclimatic and spatial analysis of Ontario reptiles and amphibians. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maron M, Gordon A, Mackey BG, Possingham HP, Watson JEM. Interactions Between Biodiversity Offsets and Protected Area Commitments: Avoiding Perverse Outcomes. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Maron
- School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management & Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ascelin Gordon
- School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Brendan G. Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program Griffith University Gold Coast City, Parklands Drive Southport QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences & Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management & Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
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Kormos CF, Bertzky B, Jaeger T, Shi Y, Badman T, Hilty JA, Mackey BG, Mittermeier RA, Locke H, Osipova E, Watson JE. A Wilderness Approach under the World Heritage Convention. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril F. Kormos
- The WILD Foundation; P.O. Box 9451 Berkeley CA 94709 USA
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; World Commission on Protected Areas
| | - Bastian Bertzky
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC); Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES); Via Enrico Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra VA Italy
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - Tilman Jaeger
- Independent Consultant and Adviser to the IUCN World Heritage Programme; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Yichuan Shi
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC); 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
| | - Tim Badman
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - Jodi A. Hilty
- Independent Ecologist; 1447 Ash Dr. Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | - Brendan G. Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program; Griffith University; Parklands Drive Southport QLD 4215 Australia
| | | | - Harvey Locke
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative; Box 4887 Banff T1L 1G1 Alberta Canada
| | - Elena Osipova
- International Union for Conservation of Nature; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - James E.M. Watson
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Global Conservation Program; Bronx NY 10460 USA
- School of Geography; Planning and Environmental Management; University of Queensland; St. Lucia QLD 4222 Australia
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Gould SF, Mackey BG. Site vegetation characteristics are more important than landscape context in determining bird assemblages in revegetation. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan F. Gould
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program Griffith University Building G01, Parklands Drive Southport QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Brendan G. Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program Griffith University Building G01, Parklands Drive Southport QLD 4222 Australia
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Gould SF, Beeton NJ, Harris RMB, Hutchinson MF, Lechner AM, Porfirio LL, Mackey BG. A tool for simulating and communicating uncertainty when modelling species distributions under future climates. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4798-811. [PMID: 25558370 PMCID: PMC4278828 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools for exploring and communicating the impact of uncertainty on spatial prediction are urgently needed, particularly when projecting species distributions to future conditions.We provide a tool for simulating uncertainty, focusing on uncertainty due to data quality. We illustrate the use of the tool using a Tasmanian endemic species as a case study. Our simulations provide probabilistic, spatially explicit illustrations of the impact of uncertainty on model projections. We also illustrate differences in model projections using six different global climate models and two contrasting emissions scenarios.Our case study results illustrate how different sources of uncertainty have different impacts on model output and how the geographic distribution of uncertainty can vary.Synthesis and applications: We provide a conceptual framework for understanding sources of uncertainty based on a review of potential sources of uncertainty in species distribution modelling; a tool for simulating uncertainty in species distribution models; and protocols for dealing with uncertainty due to climate models and emissions scenarios. Our tool provides a step forward in understanding and communicating the impacts of uncertainty on species distribution models under future climates which will be particularly helpful for informing discussions between researchers, policy makers, and conservation practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Gould
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Beeton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Michael F Hutchinson
- Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Luciana L Porfirio
- Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Keith H, Lindenmayer DB, Mackey BG, Blair D, Carter L, McBurney L, Okada S, Konishi-Nagano T. Accounting for biomass carbon stock change due to wildfire in temperate forest landscapes in Australia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107126. [PMID: 25208298 PMCID: PMC4160232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon stock change due to forest management and disturbance must be accounted for in UNFCCC national inventory reports and for signatories to the Kyoto Protocol. Impacts of disturbance on greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories are important for many countries with large forest estates prone to wildfires. Our objective was to measure changes in carbon stocks due to short-term combustion and to simulate longer-term carbon stock dynamics resulting from redistribution among biomass components following wildfire. We studied the impacts of a wildfire in 2009 that burnt temperate forest of tall, wet eucalypts in south-eastern Australia. Biomass combusted ranged from 40 to 58 tC ha−1, which represented 6–7% and 9–14% in low- and high-severity fire, respectively, of the pre-fire total biomass carbon stock. Pre-fire total stock ranged from 400 to 1040 tC ha−1 depending on forest age and disturbance history. An estimated 3.9 TgC was emitted from the 2009 fire within the forest region, representing 8.5% of total biomass carbon stock across the landscape. Carbon losses from combustion were large over hours to days during the wildfire, but from an ecosystem dynamics perspective, the proportion of total carbon stock combusted was relatively small. Furthermore, more than half the stock losses from combustion were derived from biomass components with short lifetimes. Most biomass remained on-site, although redistributed from living to dead components. Decomposition of these components and new regeneration constituted the greatest changes in carbon stocks over ensuing decades. A critical issue for carbon accounting policy arises because the timeframes of ecological processes of carbon stock change are longer than the periods for reporting GHG inventories for national emissions reductions targets. Carbon accounts should be comprehensive of all stock changes, but reporting against targets should be based on human-induced changes in carbon stocks to incentivise mitigation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Keith
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brendan G. Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Blair
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lauren Carter
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lachlan McBurney
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sachiko Okada
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Building 48, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Gardner JL, Amano T, Mackey BG, Sutherland WJ, Clayton M, Peters A. Dynamic size responses to climate change: prevailing effects of rising temperature drive long-term body size increases in a semi-arid passerine. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:2062-2075. [PMID: 25602089 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in animal body size have been widely reported as a correlate of contemporary climate change. Body size affects metabolism and fitness, so changing size has implications for resilience, yet the climatic factors that drive size variation remain poorly understood. We test the role of mean and extreme temperature, rainfall, and remotely sensed primary productivity (NDVI) as drivers of body size in a sedentary, semi-arid Australian passerine, Ptilotula (Lichenostomus)penicillatus, over 23 years. To distinguish effects due to differential growth from changes in population composition, we analysed first-year birds and adults separately and considered climatic variation at three temporal scales (current, previous, and preceding 5 years). The strongest effects related to temperature: in both age classes, larger size was associated with warmer mean temperatures in the previous year, contrary to Bergmann's Rule. Moreover, adults were larger in warmer breeding seasons, while first years was larger after heat waves; these effects are more likely to be mediated through size-dependent mortality, highlighting the role of body size in determining vulnerability to extinction. In addition to temperature, larger adult size was associated with lower primary productivity, which may reflect a trade-off between vegetative growth and nectar production, on which adults rely. Finally, lower rainfall was associated with decreasing size in first year and adults, most likely related to decreased food availability. Overall,body size increased over 23 years, strongly in first-year birds (2.7%) compared with adults (1%), with size outcomes a balance between competing drivers. As rainfall declined over time and productivity remained fairly stable, the temporal increase in body size appears largely driven by rising mean temperature and temperature extremes. Body size responses to environmental change are thus complex and dynamic, driven by effects on growth as well as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3168, Australia
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Bennett AF, Haslem A, Cheal DC, Clarke MF, Jones RN, Koehn JD, Lake PS, Lumsden LF, Lunt ID, Mackey BG, Nally RM, Menkhorst PW, New TR, Newell GR, OâHara T, Quinn GP, Radford JQ, Robinson D, Watson JEM, Yen AL. Ecological processes: A key element in strategies for nature conservation. Ecological Management & Restoration 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Watson JE, Fuller RA, Watson AWT, Mackey BG, Wilson KA, Grantham HS, Turner M, Klein CJ, Carwardine J, Joseph LN, Possingham HP. Wilderness and future conservation priorities in Australia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kingsford RT, Watson JEM, Lundquist CJ, Venter O, Hughes L, Johnston EL, Atherton J, Gawel M, Keith DA, Mackey BG, Morley C, Possingham HP, Raynor B, Recher HF, Wilson KA. Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania. Conserv Biol 2009; 23:834-840. [PMID: 19627315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oceania is a diverse region encompassing Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, and it contains six of the world's 39 hotspots of diversity. It has a poor record for extinctions, particularly for birds on islands and mammals. Major causes include habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, and overexploitation. We identified six major threatening processes (habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, climate change, overexploitation, pollution, and disease) based on a comprehensive review of the literature and for each developed a set of conservation policies. Many policies reflect the urgent need to deal with the effects of burgeoning human populations (expected to increase significantly in the region) on biodiversity. There is considerable difference in resources for conservation, including people and available scientific information, which are heavily biased toward more developed countries in Oceania. Most scientific publications analyzed for four threats (habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution) are from developed countries: 88.6% of Web of Science publications were from Australia (53.7%), New Zealand (24.3%), and Hawaiian Islands (10.5%). Many island states have limited resources or expertise. Even countries that do (e.g., Australia, New Zealand) have ongoing and emerging significant challenges, particularly with the interactive effects of climate change. Oceania will require the implementation of effective policies for conservation if the region's poor record on extinctions is not to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Kingsford
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
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Mackey BG, Watson JE, Hope G, Gilmore S. Climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the role of protected areas: An Australian perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2008.9712902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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McKenney DW, Hopkin AA, Campbell KL, Mackey BG, Foottit R. Opportunities for improved risk assessments of exotic species in Canada using bioclimatic modeling. Environ Monit Assess 2003; 88:445-461. [PMID: 14570429 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025502030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the process of exotic pest risk assessments and presents some examples of emerging opportunities for spatial bioclimatic modeling of exotic species in Canada. This type of analysis can support risk assessments but does not replace the need for on-going high quality field-based observations to validate and update models. Bioclimatic analysis of several exotic pests is provided to illustrate both opportunities and limits. A link is demonstrated to the National Forest Inventory to characterize timber volumes at risk for one exotic species. 'Challenges' are both scientific and administrative. More accessible and current field survey data are required to improve models. Our experience is that for many exotic species, historical, and even current, data are not always digital or quality controlled for taxonomic identity and accurate geo-referencing. This inhibits their use for integrated spatial modeling applications.
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McKenney DW, Mackey BG, Sims RA. Primary databases for forest ecosystem management-examples from Ontario and possibilities for Canada: NatGRID. Environ Monit Assess 1996; 39:399-415. [PMID: 24198019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00396158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper identifies some scientific impediments to ecosystem management and describes bio-physical databases required to help systematically and empirically address the ecological sustainability challenge. Examples are drawn from ongoing work in Ontario. This work has implications for efforts in ecological land classification, landscape ecology, more efficient locating of research and monitoring plots, wildlife management and ultimately trade-off analyses. We conclude with the recommendation that the key primary databases, as currently evolving for Ontario, could and should be developed nationally, thereby creating a "NatGRID database", i.e., Nationally Georeferenced Resource Information for Decision-making. NatGRID could be used to help address, in a more quantitative manner, fundamental questions regarding ecological sustainability and trade-offs in forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W McKenney
- Canadian Forest Service-Ontario, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen Street East, P.O. Box 490, P6A 5M7, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
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