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Widemann E, Bruinsma K, Walshe-Roussel B, Rioja C, Arbona V, Saha RK, Letwin D, Zhurov V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Bernards MA, Grbić M, Grbić V. Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:116-132. [PMID: 34618148 PMCID: PMC8418412 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Natural and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cristina Rioja
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Repon Kumer Saha
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - David Letwin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Author for communication:
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Mullally M, Cayer C, Muhammad A, Walshe-Roussel B, Ahmed F, Sanchez-Vindas PE, Otarola Rojas M, Merali Z, Cal V, Durst T, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. Anxiolytic activity and active principles of Piper amalago (Piperaceae), a medicinal plant used by the Q'eqchi' Maya to treat susto, a culture-bound illness. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 185:147-154. [PMID: 26972506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal plant, Piper amalago L. (Piperaceae), is used traditionally by Q'eqchi' Maya healers for the treatment of "susto" a culture-bound syndrome. Previous research suggests that susto symptoms may be a manifestation of anxiety. The objectives were to characterize the effect of ethanolic extract of P. amalago in behavioral assays of anxiety at doses representative of traditional use and to isolate active principles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats treated orally with low dose ethanolic extracts of P. amalago leaves (8-75mg/kg) were tested in several behavioral paradigms including the elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction (SI), and conditioned emotional response (CER) tests, and compared to diazepam, a positive control. The active anxiolytic principle was isolated by bioassay guided isolation using an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay. RESULTS Extracts had significant anxiolytic activity in all behavioral tests, with the strongest activity in the SI and the CER paradigms. In an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay, a 66.5µg/mL concentration of P. amalago ethanol extract displaced 50% of the GABAA-BZD receptor ligand [(3)H]-Flunitrazepam. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified a furofuran lignan, a molecule with structural similarity to yangambin, with high affinity for the GABAA-BZD receptor as the principle bioactive. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the ethnobotanical use of this plant may have a pharmacological basis in its anxiolytic activity, as demonstrated in animal behaviour tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mullally
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - C Cayer
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - A Muhammad
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - B Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - F Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - P E Sanchez-Vindas
- JVR Herbarium, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - M Otarola Rojas
- JVR Herbarium, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Z Merali
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - V Cal
- Belize Indigenous Training Institute, Punta Gorda, Belize
| | - T Durst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - J T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada.
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Eid HM, Ouchfoun M, Saleem A, Guerrero-Analco JA, Walshe-Roussel B, Musallam L, Rapinski M, Cuerrier A, Martineau LC, Arnason JT, Haddad PS. A combination of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin underlies the in vitro adipogenic action of Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), an antidiabetic medicinal plant of the Eastern James Bay Cree pharmacopeia. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 178:251-257. [PMID: 26707751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd (Labrador tea) was identified as an antidiabetic plant through an ethnobotanical study carried out with the close collaboration of Cree nations of northern Quebec in Canada. OBJECTIVES In a previous study the plant showed glitazone-like activity in a 3T3-L1 adipogenesis bioassay. The current study sought to identify the active compounds responsible for this potential antidiabetic activity using bioassay guided fractionation based upon an in vitro assay that measures the increase of triglycerides content in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation and identification of the crude extract's active constituents was carried out. The 80% ethanol extract was fractionated using silica gel column chromatography. Preparative HPLC was then used to isolate the constituents. The identity of the isolated compounds was confirmed by UV and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nine chemically distinct fractions were obtained and the adipogenic activity was found in fraction 5 (RGE-5). Quercetins, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin were detected and isolated from this fraction. While (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin stimulated adipogenesis (238±26% and 187±21% relative to vehicle control respectively) at concentrations equivalent to their concentrations in the active fraction RGE-5, none afforded biological activity similar to RGE-5 or the plant's crude extract when used alone. When cells were incubated with a mixture of the two compounds, the adipogenic activity was close to that of the crude extract (280.7±27.8 vs 311± 30%). CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that the mixture of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin is responsible for the adipogenic activity of Labrador tea. This brings further evidence for the antidiabetic potential of R. groenlandicum and provides new opportunities to profile active principles in biological fluids or in traditional preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Eid
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Beni-seuf, Beni-seuf, Egypt
| | - Meriem Ouchfoun
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ammar Saleem
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jose A Guerrero-Analco
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Advanced Molecular Studies Department-Institute of Ecology A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lina Musallam
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Rapinski
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Institut de recherche en biologie végétale et Jardin Botanique de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Cuerrier
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Institut de recherche en biologie végétale et Jardin Botanique de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis C Martineau
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - John T Arnason
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre S Haddad
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic Medicines and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montreal, Canada.
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Cieniak C, Walshe-Roussel B, Liu R, Muhammad A, Saleem A, Haddad PS, Cuerrier A, Foster BC, Arnason JT. Phytochemical Comparison of the Water and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of the Cree medicinal plant, Sarracenia purpurea L. (Sarraceniaceae). J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015; 18:484-93. [DOI: 10.18433/j35w27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The Cree of Eeyou Istchee in Northern Quebec identified Sarracenia purpurea L. as an important plant for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Traditionally the plant is used as a decoction (boiling water extract) of the leaf, however, in order to study the extract in a laboratory setting, an 80% ethanol extract was used. In this study, the phytochemistry of both extracts of the leaves was compared and quantified. Methods: Two S. purpurea leaf extracts were prepared, one a traditional hot water extract and the other an 80% ethanol extract. Using UPLC-ESI-MS, the extracts were phytochemically compared for 2 triterpenes, betulinic acid and ursolic acid, using one gradient method and for 10 additional substances, including the actives quercetin-3-O-galactoside and morroniside, using a different method. Results: The concentrations of the nine phenolic substances present, as well as an active principle, the iridoid glycoside morroniside, were very similar between the two extracts, with generally slightly higher concentrations of phenolics in the ethanol extract as expected. However, two triterpenes, betulinic acid and ursolic acid, were 107 and 93 times more concentrated, respectively, in the ethanol extract compared to the water extract. Conclusion: The main phytochemical markers and most importantly the antidiabetic active principles, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and morroniside, were present in similar amounts in the two extracts, which predicts similar bioactivity.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
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Wang Z, Zhao Z, Abou-Zaid MM, Arnason JT, Liu R, Walshe-Roussel B, Waye A, Liu S, Saleem A, Cáceres LA, Wei Q, Scott IM. Inhibition of insect glutathione S-transferase (GST) by conifer extracts. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2014; 87:234-249. [PMID: 25270601 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide synergists biochemically inhibit insect metabolic enzyme activity and are used both to increase the effectiveness of insecticides and as a diagnostic tool for resistance mechanisms. Considerable attention has been focused on identifying new synergists from phytochemicals with recognized biological activities, specifically enzyme inhibition. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and tamarack larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch) have been used by native Canadians as traditional medicine, specifically for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties based on enzyme inhibitory activity. To identify the potential allelochemicals with synergistic activity, ethanol crude extracts and methanol/water fractions were separated by Sephadex LH-20 chromatographic column and tested for in vitro glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition activity using insecticide-resistant Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) midgut and fat-body homogenate. The fractions showing similar activity were combined and analyzed by ultra pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A lignan, (+)-lariciresinol 9'-p-coumarate, was identified from P. mariana cone extracts, and L. laricina and A. balsamea bark extracts. A flavonoid, taxifolin, was identified from P. mariana and P. banksiana cone extracts and L. laricina bark extracts. Both compounds inhibit GST activity with taxifolin showing greater activity compared to (+)-lariciresinol 9'-p-coumarate and the standard GST inhibitor, diethyl maleate. The results suggested that these compounds can be considered as potential new insecticide synergists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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Shang N, Walshe-Roussel B, Saleem A, Anarson JT, Haddad PS. Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Potential and Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanol and Water Extracts of 17 Cree Plants. Can J Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Walshe-Roussel B, Choueiri C, Saleem A, Asim M, Caal F, Cal V, Rojas MO, Pesek T, Durst T, Arnason JT. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., a Q'eqchi' Maya traditional medicine. Phytochemistry 2013; 92:122-127. [PMID: 23747054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass. by Q'eqchi' Maya and indigenous healers throughout the Caribbean for inflammatory conditions prompted the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of this traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct a detailed ethnobotanical investigation of the uses of N. lobata by the Q'eqchi' Maya of Belize for a variety of inflammatory symptoms and to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and isolated sesquiterpene lactones. The crude 80% EtOH extract of N. lobata leaves administered at 100 μg/mL reduced LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in THP-1 monocytes by 72% relative to the stimulated vehicle control. Isolated sesquiterpene lactones, neurolenins B, C+D, lobatin B and 9α-hydroxy-8β-isovalerianyloxy-calyculatolide were more active (IC50=0.17-2.32 μM) than the positive control parthenolide (IC50=4.79 μM). The results provide a pharmacological and phytochemical basis for the traditional use of this leaf for inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Shang N, Guerrero-Analco JA, Musallam L, Saleem A, Muhammad A, Walshe-Roussel B, Cuerrier A, Arnason JT, Haddad PS. Adipogenic constituents from the bark of Larix laricina du Roi (K. Koch; Pinaceae), an important medicinal plant used traditionally by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (Quebec, Canada) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes symptoms. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141:1051-1057. [PMID: 22542642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes is a growing epidemic worldwide, especially among indigenous populations. Larix laricina was identified through an ethnobotanical survey as a traditional medicine used by Healers and Elders of the Cree of Eeyou Istchee of northern Quebec to treat symptoms of diabetes and subsequent in vitro screening confirmed its potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to isolate the active principles responsible for the adipogenic activity of the organic extract (80% EtOH) of the bark of Larix laricina. Post-confluent 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated in the presence or absence of the crude extract, fractions or isolates of Larix laricina for 7 days, then triglycerides content was measured using AdipoRed reagent. RESULTS We identified a new cycloartane triterpene (compound 1), which strongly enhanced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells with an EC(50) of 7.7 μM. It is responsible for two thirds of the activity of the active fraction of Larix laricina. The structure of compound 1 was established on the basis of spectroscopic methods (IR, HREIMS, 1D and 2D NMR) as 23-oxo-3α-hydroxycycloart-24-en-26-oic acid. We also identified several known compounds, including three labdane-type diterpenes (compounds 2-4), two tetrahydrofuran-type lignans (compounds 5-6), three stilbenes (compounds 7-9), and taxifolin (compound 10). Compound 2 (13-epitorulosol) also potentiated adipogenesis (EC(50) 8.2 μM) and this is the first report of a biological activity for this compound. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of putative antidiabetic principles isolated from Larix laricina, therefore increasing the interest in medicinal plants from the Cree pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shang
- Natural Health Products and Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Black P, Saleem A, Dunford A, Guerrero-Analco J, Walshe-Roussel B, Haddad P, Cuerrier A, Arnason JT. Seasonal variation of phenolic constituents and medicinal activities of Northern Labrador tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum, an Inuit and cree First Nations traditional medicine. Planta Med 2011; 77:1655-62. [PMID: 21472650 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Northern Labrador tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum, is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants by Inuit and other First Nations peoples of Canada. The phenolic profile and seasonal variation of this commonly used medicinal plant remains largely unknown. To assess optimal harvesting time, R. tomentosum was collected in accordance with traditional knowledge practices bimonthly throughout the snow-free summer in Iqaluit, Nunavut. The antioxidant potency was measured in a DPPH radical scavenging assay, and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined with a TNF-α production assay. The seasonal variation of phenolic content was assessed with HPLC-DAD for fifteen of the most abundant phenolic compounds; (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, PARA-coumaric acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin pentoside, myricetin, quercetin, 3 procyanidins, and 3 caffeic acid derivatives. The most abundant constituent was (+)-catechin, which made up 19 % of the total weight of characterized phenolics. There was significant seasonal variation in the quantity of all fifteen constituents assessed, whereas there was no seasonal variation of their total sum. The antioxidant activity was positively correlated with phenolic content and negatively correlated with daylight hours. The anti-inflammatory activity was negatively correlated with caffeic acid derivative 1 and daylight hours. Together these results demonstrate that the timing of harvest of R. tomentosum impacts the plant's phenolic content and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paleah Black
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Saleem A, Walshe-Roussel B, Harris C, Asim M, Tamayo C, Sit S, Arnason JT. Characterisation of phenolics in Flor-Essence--a compound herbal product and its contributing herbs. Phytochem Anal 2009; 20:395-401. [PMID: 19609882 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Commercially available herbal mixture FE, a proprietary natural health product manufactured by Flora Manufacturing and Distributing Ltd (Flora), is a unique North American traditional herbal product. FE is a chemically complex mixture of eight herbs and has not been subjected to phytochemical analysis. OBJECTIVE To develop analytical methods to undertake detailed phytochemical analyses of FE, and its eight contributing herbs, including burdock (Arctium lappa L.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), Turkish rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.), slippery elm Muhl. (Ulmus rubra), watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus L.) and kelp (Laminaria digitata Lmx.). METHODOLOGY The identification was undertaken by a combination of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass selective detection (RP-HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSD) analysis and phenolics metabolomic library matching. RESULTS New separation methods facilitated the identification of 43 markers in the individual herbs which constitute FE. Sixteen markers could be identified in FE originating from four contributing herbs including four caffeoyl quinic acids, three dicaffeoyl quinic acids and two caffeic acid derivatives from A. lappa, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, five apigenin glycosides and apigenin from R. acetocella and N. officinale and sissostrin from T. pretense. A validated method for quantitative determination of three markers is reported with good intraday, interday and interoperator repeatability using a reliable alcohol based extraction technique. CONCLUSION FE and its contributing herbs predominantly contain phenolics. This methodology can be applied to further develop full-scale validation of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Saleem
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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