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Sikdar R, Beauclaire MV, Lima BP, Herzberg MC, Elias MH. N-acyl homoserine lactone signaling modulates bacterial community associated with human dental plaque. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.15.585217. [PMID: 38559107 PMCID: PMC10980036 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) are small diffusible signaling molecules that mediate a cell density-dependent bacterial communication system known as quorum sensing (QS). AHL-mediated QS regulates gene expression to control many critical bacterial behaviors including biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance. Dental plaque is a complex multispecies oral biofilm formed by successive colonization of the tooth surface by groups of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic bacteria, which can contribute to tooth decay and periodontal diseases. While the existence and roles of AHL-mediated QS in oral microbiota have been debated, recent evidence indicates that AHLs play significant roles in oral biofilm development and community dysbiosis. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain poorly characterized. To better understand the importance of AHL signaling in dental plaque formation, we manipulated AHL signaling by adding AHL lactonases or exogenous AHL signaling molecules. We find that AHLs can be detected in dental plaque grown under 5% CO2 conditions, but not when grown under anaerobic conditions, and yet anaerobic cultures are still responsive to AHLs. QS signal disruption using lactonases leads to changes in microbial population structures in both planktonic and biofilm states, changes that are dependent on the substrate preference of the used lactonase but mainly result in the increase in the abundance of commensal and pioneer colonizer species. Remarkably, the opposite manipulation, that is the addition of exogenous AHLs increases the abundance of late colonizer bacterial species. Hence, this work highlights the importance of AHL-mediated QS in dental plaque communities, its potential different roles in anaerobic and aerobic parts of dental plaque, and underscores the potential of QS interference in the control of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sikdar
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Mai V. Beauclaire
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mikael H. Elias
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Vieira WDA, de-Jesus-Soares A, Lopes EM, Gomes BPFA, Lima BP. Effect of supplementary sodium hypochlorite agitation techniques on an ex vivo oral multispecies biofilm during passive disinfection of simulated immature roots. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 38387884 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effect of different sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) agitation techniques on an ex vivo oral multispecies biofilm during passive disinfection of simulated immature roots. METHODOLOGY Extracted human teeth were prepared to simulate immature roots. They were infected with a dental plaque-derived multispecies biofilm and cultured for 14 days. The roots were randomly designated into four groups: (1) negative control (PBS), (2) 1.5% NaOCl (CNI), (3) CNI + Ultrasonic activation (UA), (4) CNI + EasyClean agitation (ECA), (5) CNI + XP-endo finisher agitation (XPF), and (6) positive control (6% NaOCl). Biofilm samples were collected from the root canals and used to determine the number of viable cells (colony-forming units), scanning electron microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The mean colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) were analysed using One-way anova. 16S rRNA sequencing data were analysed for alpha (observed OTUs, Shannon index, and Chao1) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities). The LEfSe analysis was used to determine the effect of treatment procedures on the abundance of root canal microbiota. The significance was set at .05. RESULTS PBS and CNI samples had significantly higher CFU/mL counts than UA, ECA, XPF, and 6% NaOCl samples (p < .05). The pre-treatment, PBS, and CNI groups had significantly greater alpha diversity than the UA, ECA, XPF, and 6% NaOCl groups (p < .05). NaOCl agitation groups and the 6% NaOCl group achieved a more pronounced reduction in bacteria from the genera Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, and Capnocytophaga. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of passive disinfection protocols was enhanced by NaOCl agitation techniques, suggesting that this supplementary method can improve the outcome of revitalization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walbert de Andrade Vieira
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Adriana de-Jesus-Soares
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Erica M Lopes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Hall JW, Lima BP, Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Localization of the Remnant of a Cell Wall Sorting Signal and Its Interaction with a Sensor Kinase. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2727:153-158. [PMID: 37815716 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3491-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Sortases are highly conserved enzymes with endopeptidase and transpeptidase activities in Gram-positive bacteria. Sortase A cleaves within an LPXTG-motif and covalently crosslinks cell wall proteins to become anchored to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. We showed that a peptide cleaved by sortase A from the C-terminus (C-pep) of the LPXTG-adhesin SspA intercalates in the cell membrane. Nested in the membrane, this C-pep docks with the intramembrane sensor histidine kinase, SraS, to activate the response regulator, SraR. SraR signals that the C-pep has been cleaved as an indicator of the fidelity of sortase A processing. SraSR also signals that key LPXTG-proteins in concert with lipoteichoic acid engage the mucin, MUC5B, which elicits a different transcriptional response than the binding of other salivary constituents. To visualize the C-pep intercalating in the cell membrane in vivo, we used Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). And to show that the C-pep complexes with SraS, we used bimolecular fluorescence experiments. The C-pep and SraS were each expressed with one or the other half of yellow fluorescence protein (YFP). Reconstitution of the complete YFP signal indicated that the C-pep and SraS interacted at molecular distances within the cell membrane in vivo. Using these imaging protocols, we learned that the C-pep functions as a signaling molecule within the cell membrane of the streptococcal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Hall
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen F Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Park KH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett WC, Lima BP, Staley C. The effect of ultrasonic and multisonic irrigation on root canal microbial communities: An ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2023. [PMID: 37983635 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the effect of ultrasonic irrigant activation (UIA) and the GentleWave (GW) multisonic irrigation (GW) with minimal instrumentation on the root canal microbial diversity in an ex vivo model that used extracted molars with a history of pulp necrosis. METHODOLOGY Twenty-three mandibular molars were prepared ex vivo for collection of superficial (surface control), pre-treatment and post-treatment samples 24 h after extraction. Samples were divided into two groups: UIA using 6% NaOCl (n = 11) and GW group (n = 12). All samples were processed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing to measure microbial diversity before and after the antimicrobial treatment. For qPCR, a t-test (α = .05) was used to compare the log10 reduction. The Chao1 and Shannon indices evaluated alpha diversity. Differences in community composition (beta diversity) were evaluated by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni corrections was performed to evaluate the differences in abundances genera in the samples. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed an estimated 1.6 and 2.6 log10 reduction for UIA and GW groups respectively (p = .048). An average of 5 ± 4 and 3 ± 5 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in surface's samples in the UIA and GW group respectively. These values were significantly lower (p < .001) compared to the number of preoperative OTUs in those groups (155 ± 79 and 187 ± 121). In assessing beta diversity, there were no significant differences found in pre-treatment samples (R = .090, p = .070 ANOSIM with Bonferroni corrections). Also, no significant differences in community composition were observed in post-treatment samples (R = -.05, p = .829). After treatment, there was a significant reduction of Eubacterium using conventional treatment with UIA and a significant reduction of Prevotella using minimal instrumentation with GW irrigation (p = .007 and p = .002 respectively). CONCLUSION Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a significant reduction in microbial load for GW group. Overall, diversity changes were similar between UIA and GW irrigation in this ex vivo model that used extracted teeth with a history of pulp necrosis. OTUs obtained from the surface sample were negligible and did not affect the statistical outcome of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Park
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - W Craig Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Bedree JK, Kerns K, Chen T, Lima BP, Liu G, Ha P, Shi J, Pan HC, Kim JK, Tran L, Minot SS, Hendrickson EL, Lamont EI, Schulte F, Hardt M, Stephens D, Patel M, Kokaras A, Stodieck L, Shirazi-Fard Y, Wu B, Kwak JH, Ting K, Soo C, McLean JS, He X, Shi W. Specific host metabolite and gut microbiome alterations are associated with bone loss during spaceflight. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112299. [PMID: 37080202 PMCID: PMC10344367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the axis of the human microbiome and physiological homeostasis is an essential task in managing deep-space-travel-associated health risks. The NASA-led Rodent Research 5 mission enabled an ancillary investigation of the gut microbiome, varying exposure to microgravity (flight) relative to ground controls in the context of previously shown bone mineral density (BMD) loss that was observed in these flight groups. We demonstrate elevated abundance of Lactobacillus murinus and Dorea sp. during microgravity exposure relative to ground control through whole-genome sequencing and 16S rRNA analyses. Specific functionally assigned gene clusters of L. murinus and Dorea sp. capable of producing metabolites, lactic acid, leucine/isoleucine, and glutathione are enriched. These metabolites are elevated in the microgravity-exposed host serum as shown by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomic analysis. Along with BMD loss, ELISA reveals increases in osteocalcin and reductions in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b signifying additional loss of bone homeostasis in flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Bedree
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Kristopher Kerns
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Guo Liu
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pin Ha
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth & Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jong Kil Kim
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luan Tran
- Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel S Minot
- Microbiome Research Initiative, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erik L Hendrickson
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eleanor I Lamont
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabian Schulte
- Forsyth Center for Salivary Diagnostics, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus Hardt
- Forsyth Center for Salivary Diagnostics, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle Stephens
- Multiplex Core, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michele Patel
- Multiplex Core, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexis Kokaras
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Louis Stodieck
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 288-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth & Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth & Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Dietz M, Lima BP, Staley C. The Root Canal Microbiome Diversity and Function. A Whole- Metagenome Shotgun analysis. Int Endod J 2023. [PMID: 36861850 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate the root canal microbiome composition and bacterial functional capability in cases of primary and secondary apical periodontitis utilizing whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two samples from patients with primary root canal infections, and eighteen samples obtained from previously treated teeth currently diagnosed with apical periodontitis were analyzed with whole metagenome shotgun sequencing at a depth of 20M reads. Taxonomic and functional gene annotations were made using MetaPhlAn3 and HUMAnN3 software. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were utilized to measure alpha diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated utilizing analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare differences in taxa and functional genes. RESULTS Microbial community variations within a community were significantly lower in secondary relative to primary infections (alpha diversity P = 0.001). Community composition was significantly different in primary versus secondary infection (R = 0.11, P = 0.005). The predominant taxa observed among samples (>2.5%) were Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum, Prevotella oris, Eubacterium infirmum, Tannerella forsythia, Atopobium rimae, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Bacteroidetes bacterium oral taxon 272, Parvimonas micra, Olsenella profusa, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eubacterium brachy and Solobacterium moorei. The Wilcoxon rank test revealed no significant differences in relative abundances of functional genes in both groups. Genes with greater relative abundances (top 25) were associated with genetic, signaling and cellular processes including the iron and peptide/nickel transport system. Numerous genes encoding toxins were identified: exfoliative toxin, hemolysins, thiol- activated cytolysin, phospholipase C, cAMP factor, sialidase, and hyaluronic glucosaminidase. CONCLUSIONS Despite taxonomic differences between primary and secondary apical periodontitis, the functional capability of the microbiomes was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Dietz
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Costalonga M, Nixdorf D, Dietz M, Schuweiler D, Lima BP, Staley C. Taxonomic abundance in primary and secondary root canal infections. Int Endod J 2023; 56:278-288. [PMID: 36334085 PMCID: PMC10100057 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the root canal microbiome composition in cases of primary and secondary apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Thirty-nine samples from patients with primary root canal infections obtained before root canal treatment, and 40 samples obtained during root-end resection procedures from previously filled cases with apical periodontitis were evaluated using 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing analysis (NGS). Demographic and clinical factors included age, sex, infection type, percussion sensitivity, and presence of pain. Differences in abundances of genera were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Alpha and beta diversity indices were calculated using mothur. The Shannon and Chao1 indices were used to measure alpha diversity. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was used to measure beta diversity. Differences in community composition were evaluated using analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Significantly fewer operational taxonomic units values were observed from samples from secondary infections (p < .0001). While no significant differences were observed in the Chao 1 index between primary and secondary infections, the Shannon alpha diversity was significantly lower in secondary relative to primary infections (p = .008). Among samples, sex, age (adult vs. older adult), percussion sensitivity, and presence of pain all showed no significant effects on community composition via an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). However, community composition was significantly different depending on whether the sample was from a primary or secondary infection (R = .051, p = .03). Nine microbial genera comprised the predominant taxa observed among samples (>3.3%) and included Parvimonas, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Arachnia, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Fretibacterirum, and Pseudoramibacter. Significantly greater relative abundances of Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, Lactucaseibacillus, and Dialister were observed in primary infections. CONCLUSIONS Primary endodontic infections are more diverse than secondary infections. The microbial composition is not associated with the clinical manifestations of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donald Nixdorf
- Division of TMJ and Orofacial Pain, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew Dietz
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Schuweiler
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Lima BP, Davies JR, Wickström C, Johnstone KF, Hall JW, Svensater G, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Poised for Glycan Feeding through a MUC5B-Discriminating, Lipoteichoic Acid-Mediated Outside-In Signaling Circuit. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0011822. [PMID: 35652671 PMCID: PMC9210975 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00118-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oral bacteria employ cell wall-anchored adhesins to bind to the salivary films coating the teeth and mucosal surfaces. Surface binding prevents clearance and facilitates catabolism of salivary film glycoproteins. We asked whether Streptococcus gordonii adhesin expression changes in response to surface salivary cues using a eukaryote-like, outside-in recognition and signaling circuit. To determine whether the cues were discriminated, S. gordonii was tested during cell adhesion and biofilm formation on a MUC5B-rich or lower-molecular-mass salivary fraction or an uncoated abiotic surface. Cells were recovered and analyzed for differences in gene expression and proteins in cell wall fractions. In salivary-free conditions, planktonic S. gordonii presented three prominent cell wall LPXTG-motif proteins, SGO_1487, SGO_0890, and MbpA (mucin-binding protein A; SGO_0707). During biofilm formation on MUC5B-coated surfaces, MbpA, a MUC5B-binding protein, and key genes in the tagatose and quorum-sensing pathways were strongly promoted. The response to MUC5B required the two-component system (TCS), streptococcal regulator of adhesins sensor and regulator (SraSR, SGO_1180/81), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and the homologous paired adhesins, SspA and SspB (SspAB). LTA appears to link the outside signal (MUC5B) to intramembrane SraSR. Tagatose pathway gene expression may poise cells to metabolize MUC5B glycans and, with a quorum-sensing gene (luxS), may direct formation of a consortium to facilitate glycan cross-feeding by S. gordonii. We now show that a Gram-positive bacterium discriminates specific surface environmental cues using an outside-in signaling mechanism to apparently optimize colonization of saliva-coated surfaces. IMPORTANCE All organisms throughout the tree of life sense and respond to their surface environments. To discriminate among mucosal surface environmental cues, we report that Streptococcus gordonii recognizes a high-molecular-weight mucin glycoprotein, MUC5B, using the paired adhesins SspAB and lipoteichoic acid; the latter bridges the outside signal to an intramembrane two-component system to transcriptionally regulate a MUC5B-specific adhesin and genes that may facilitate glycan catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia R. Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Wickström
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karen F. Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Hall
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gunnel Svensater
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Saavedra FM, Pelepenko LE, Boyle WS, Zhang A, Staley C, Herzberg MC, Marciano MA, Lima BP. In vitro physicochemical characterization of five root canal sealers and their influence on an ex vivo oral multi-species biofilm community. Int Endod J 2022; 55:772-783. [PMID: 35383959 PMCID: PMC9321831 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the physicochemical properties of five root canal sealers and assess their effect on an ex vivo dental plaque‐derived polymicrobial community. Methodology Dental plaque‐derived microbial communities were exposed to the sealers (AH Plus [AHP], GuttaFlow Bioseal [GFB], Endoseal MTA [ESM], Bio‐C sealer [BCS] and BioRoot RCS [BRR]) for 3, 6 and 18 h. The sealers' effect on the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was quantified using crystal violet (CV) staining and MTT assay, respectively. Biofilm community composition and morphology were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. The ISO6876:2012 specifications were followed to determine the setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Obturated acrylic teeth were used to assess the sealers' effect on pH. Surface chemical characterization was performed using SEM with coupled energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. One‐way anova and Tukey's tests were used to analyze data from setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Two‐way anova and Dunnett's tests were used for the data analysis from CV, MTT and pH. 16S rRNA sequencing data were analyzed for alpha (Shannon index and Chao analysis) and beta diversity (Bray–Curtis dissimilarities). Differences in community composition were evaluated by analysis of similarity (p < .05). Results The sealers significantly influenced microbial community composition and morphology. All sealers complied with ISO6876:2012 requirements for setting time, radiopacity and flowability. Although only AHP effectively reduced the biofilm biomass, all sealers, except BRR, reduced biofilm metabolic activity. Conclusion Despite adequate physical properties, none of the sealers tested prevented biofilm growth. Significant changes in community composition were observed. If observed in vivo, these changes could affect intracanal microbial survival, pathogenicity and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Saavedra
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Lauter E Pelepenko
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William S Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB), School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Marina A Marciano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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10
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Lima BP, Kho K, Nairn BL, Davies JR, Svensäter G, Chen R, Steffes A, Vreeman GW, Meredith TC, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Type I Lipoteichoic Acid Contributes to Surface Protein Biogenesis. mSphere 2019; 4:e00814-19. [PMID: 31801844 PMCID: PMC6893214 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00814-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer of the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope and is essential for many species. Whereas the exact function of LTA has not been elucidated, loss of LTA in some species affects hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and cell division. Using a viable LTA-deficient strain of the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii, we demonstrated that LTA plays an important role in surface protein presentation. Cell wall fractions derived from the wild-type and LTA-deficient strains of S. gordonii were analyzed using label-free mass spectroscopy. Comparisons showed that the abundances of many proteins differed, including (i) SspA, SspB, and S. gordonii 0707 (SGO_0707) (biofilm formation); (ii) FtsE (cell division); (iii) Pbp1a and Pbp2a (cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling); and (iv) DegP (envelope stress response). These changes in cell surface protein presentation appear to explain our observations of altered cell envelope homeostasis, biofilm formation, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells, without affecting binding and coaggregation with other bacterial species, and provide insight into the phenotypes revealed by the loss of LTA in other species of Gram-positive bacteria. We also characterized the chemical structure of the LTA expressed by S. gordonii Similarly to Streptococcus suis, S. gordonii produced a complex type I LTA, decorated with multiple d-alanylations and glycosylations. Hence, the S. gordonii LTA appears to orchestrate expression and presentation of cell surface-associated proteins and functions.IMPORTANCE Discovered over a half-century ago, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer found on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria. Although LTA is essential for the survival of many Gram-positive species, knowledge of how LTA contributes to bacterial physiology has remained elusive. Recently, LTA-deficient strains have been generated in some Gram-positive species, including the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii The significance of our research is that we utilized an LTA-deficient strain of S. gordonii to address why LTA is physiologically important to Gram-positive bacteria. We demonstrate that in S. gordonii, LTA plays an important role in the presentation of many cell surface-associated proteins, contributing to cell envelope homeostasis, cell-to-cell interactions in biofilms, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells. These data may broadly reflect a physiological role of LTA in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelvin Kho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia R Davies
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Ruoqiong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda Steffes
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerrit W Vreeman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Lima BP, Hu LI, Vreeman GW, Weibel DB, Lux R. The Oral Bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum Binds Staphylococcus aureus and Alters Expression of the Staphylococcal Accessory Regulator sarA. Microb Ecol 2019; 78:336-347. [PMID: 30474730 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen member of the nasal and skin microbiota, can also be found in human oral samples and has been linked to infectious diseases of the oral cavity. As the nasal and oral cavities are anatomically connected, it is currently unclear whether S. aureus can colonize the oral cavity and become part of the oral microbiota, or if its presence in the oral cavity is simply transient. To start addressing this question, we assessed S. aureus ability to directly bind selected members of the oral microbiota as well as its ability to integrate into a human-derived complex oral microbial community in vitro. Our data show that S. aureus forms aggregates with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis and that it can incorporate into the human-derived in vitro oral community. Further analysis of the F. nucleatum-S. aureus interaction revealed that the outer-membrane adhesin RadD is partially involved in aggregate formation and that the RadD-mediated interaction leads to an increase in expression of the staphylococcal global regulator gene sarA. Our findings lend support to the notion that S. aureus can become part of the complex microbiota of the human mouth, which could serve as a reservoir for S. aureus. Furthermore, direct interaction with key members of the oral microbiota could affect S. aureus pathogenicity contributing to the development of several S. aureus associated oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universit of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda I Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gerrit W Vreeman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universit of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Hall JW, Lima BP, Herbomel GG, Gopinath T, McDonald L, Shyne MT, Lee JK, Kreth J, Ross KF, Veglia G, Herzberg MC. An intramembrane sensory circuit monitors sortase A-mediated processing of streptococcal adhesins. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/580/eaas9941. [PMID: 31064885 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins mediate adhesion to substrates and biofilm formation. Adhesins of the LPXTG family are posttranslationally processed by the cell membrane-localized peptidase sortase A, which cleaves the LPXTG motif. This generates a short C-terminal peptide (C-pep) that remains in the cell membrane, whereas the mature adhesin is incorporated into the cell wall. Genes encoding adhesins of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii were differentially expressed depending on whether the bacteria were isolated from saliva or dental plaque and appeared to be coordinately regulated. Deletion of sspA and sspB (sspAB), both of which encode LPXTG-containing adhesins, unexpectedly enhanced adhesion and biofilm formation. C-peps produced from a model LPXTG-containing adhesin localized to the cell membrane and bound to and inhibited the intramembrane sensor histidine kinase SGO_1180, thus preventing activation of the cognate response regulator SGO_1181. The absence of SspAB C-peps induced the expression of the scaCBA operon encoding the lipoprotein adhesin ScaA, which was sufficient to preserve and even enhance biofilm formation. This C-pep-driven regulatory circuit also exists in pathogenic streptococci and is likely conserved among Gram-positive bacteria. This quality control mechanism ensures that the bacteria can form biofilms under diverse environmental conditions and may play a role in optimizing adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Hall
- Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Tata Gopinath
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - LeAnna McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael T Shyne
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center (BDAC), Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John K Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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13
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Lima BP, Shi W, Lux R. Identification and characterization of a novel Fusobacterium nucleatum adhesin involved in physical interaction and biofilm formation with Streptococcus gordonii. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28173636 PMCID: PMC5458471 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully colonize the oral cavity, bacteria must directly or indirectly adhere to available oral surfaces. Fusobacterium nucleatum plays an important role in oral biofilm community development due to its broad adherence abilities, serving as a bridge between members of the oral biofilm that cannot directly bind to each other. In our efforts to characterize the molecular mechanisms utilized by F. nucleatum to physically bind to key members of the oral community, we investigated the involvement of F. nucleatum outer membrane proteins in its ability to bind to the pioneer biofilm colonizer, Streptococcus gordonii. Here, we present evidence that in addition to the previously characterized fusobacterial adhesin RadD, the interaction between F. nucleatum ATCC 23726 and S. gordonii V288 involves a second outer membrane protein, which we named coaggregation mediating protein A (CmpA). We also characterized the role of CmpA in dual‐species biofilm formation with S. gordonii V288, evaluated growth‐phase‐dependent as well as biofilm expression profiles of radD and cmpA, and confirmed an important role for CmpA, especially under biofilm growth conditions. Our findings underscore the complex set of specific interactions involved in physical binding and thus community integration of interacting bacterial species. This complex set of interactions could have critical implications for the formation and maturation of the oral biofilms in vivo, and could provide clues to the mechanism behind the distribution of organisms inside the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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de Avila ED, de Molon RS, Lima BP, Lux R, Shi W, Junior MJ, Spolidorio DMP, Vergani CE, de Assis Mollo Junior F. Impact of Physical Chemical Characteristics of Abutment Implant Surfaces on Bacteria Adhesion. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2016; 42:153-8. [DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surface attachment is the first step in biofilm formation, and the ability of bacteria to adhere to surfaces and develop a biofilm is directly influenced by electrostatic interactions between the bacteria and the chemical composition of material surfaces. Here, we investigated the influence of physical and chemical characteristics of titanium (Ti) and zirconia (ZrO2) as implant abutment surfaces on the bacterial adhesion phase and compared the results to bovine enamel (BE) simulating a human tooth. To achieve this goal, we used 2 common pathogens of the oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans UA140 and Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277. To investigate the influence of material surfaces on bacterial adhesion, we studied the surface free energy as well as the topography by atomic force microscopy, and the chemical elements composition by scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope. Our results indicated a hydrophobic characteristic for all of the materials; however, the presence of polar and nonpolar components could aid in understanding why greater numbers of bacteria had adhered to BE compared to the other surfaces. Our confocal microscopy data support the proposition that electrostatic interactions, indeed, affected the initial adhesion phase. Within the limitations of a laboratory study, the results revealed bacterial adhered on BE and no bacteria could be observed by confocal images on Ti and ZrO2 implant abutment surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - Araraquara, Brazil
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Rafael Scaf de Molon
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
- Division of Diagnostic Surgical Science, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
- Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Miguel Jafelicci Junior
- Department of Physical Chemical, Chemical Institute, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Francisco de Assis Mollo Junior
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - Araraquara, Brazil
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15
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Lima BP, Lennon CW, Ross W, Gourse RL, Wolfe AJ. In vitro evidence that RNA Polymerase acetylation and acetyl phosphate-dependent CpxR phosphorylation affect cpxP transcription regulation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw011. [PMID: 26790713 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central metabolite acetyl phosphate (acP) has long been proposed to influence transcription regulation by directly transferring its phosphoryl group to a number of response regulators in many bacterial species. Here, we provide in vitro evidence for this proposition and demonstrate, using an in vitro transcription system, that acP-dependent phosphorylation of aspartate 51 of CpxR induces transcription of one of its regulon members in E. coli, cpxP. We also used this in vitro transcription system to extend our previously reported in vivo data that hypothesized that acetylation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) influences acP-dependent cpxP transcription, using glutamine as a genetic mimic for acetylated arginine 291 of the carboxy-terminal domain of RNAP α subunit. The data we present here lend strong support to the hypothesis that acP has a direct effect on transcription regulation in E. coli via phosphorylation of CpxR, and that RNAP acetylation can modulate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Christopher W Lennon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wilma Ross
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Gourse
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alan J Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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16
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de Avila ED, Lima BP, Sekiya T, Torii Y, Ogawa T, Shi W, Lux R. Effect of UV-photofunctionalization on oral bacterial attachment and biofilm formation to titanium implant material. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26210175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm infections remain prevalent reasons for implant failure. Dental implant placement occurs in the oral environment, which harbors a plethora of biofilm-forming bacteria. Due to its trans-mucosal placement, part of the implant structure is exposed to oral cavity and there is no effective measure to prevent bacterial attachment to implant materials. Here, we demonstrated that UV treatment of titanium immediately prior to use (photofunctionalization) affects the ability of human polymicrobial oral biofilm communities to colonize in the presence of salivary and blood components. UV-treatment of machined titanium transformed the surface from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. UV-treated surfaces exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial attachment as well as subsequent biofilm formation compared to untreated ones, even though overall bacterial viability was not affected. The function of reducing bacterial colonization was maintained on UV-treated titanium that had been stored in a liquid environment before use. Denaturing gradient gel-electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing analyses revealed that while bacterial community profiles appeared different between UV-treated and untreated titanium in the initial attachment phase, this difference vanished as biofilm formation progressed. Our findings confirm that UV-photofunctionalization of titanium has a strong potential to improve outcome of implant placement by creating and maintaining antimicrobial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takeo Sekiya
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasuyoshi Torii
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Kuhn ML, Zemaitaitis B, Hu LI, Sahu A, Sorensen D, Minasov G, Lima BP, Scholle M, Mrksich M, Anderson WF, Gibson BW, Schilling B, Wolfe AJ. Structural, kinetic and proteomic characterization of acetyl phosphate-dependent bacterial protein acetylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94816. [PMID: 24756028 PMCID: PMC3995681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging view of Nε-lysine acetylation in eukaryotes is of a relatively abundant post-translational modification (PTM) that has a major impact on the function, structure, stability and/or location of thousands of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. This PTM is typically considered to arise by the donation of the acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A (acCoA) to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue that is reversibly catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Here, we provide genetic, mass spectrometric, biochemical and structural evidence that Nε-lysine acetylation is an equally abundant and important PTM in bacteria. Applying a recently developed, label-free and global mass spectrometric approach to an isogenic set of mutants, we detected acetylation of thousands of lysine residues on hundreds of Escherichia coli proteins that participate in diverse and often essential cellular processes, including translation, transcription and central metabolism. Many of these acetylations were regulated in an acetyl phosphate (acP)-dependent manner, providing compelling evidence for a recently reported mechanism of bacterial Nε-lysine acetylation. These mass spectrometric data, coupled with observations made by crystallography, biochemistry, and additional mass spectrometry showed that this acP-dependent acetylation is both non-enzymatic and specific, with specificity determined by the accessibility, reactivity and three-dimensional microenvironment of the target lysine. Crystallographic evidence shows acP can bind to proteins in active sites and cofactor binding sites, but also potentially anywhere molecules with a phosphate moiety could bind. Finally, we provide evidence that acP-dependent acetylation can impact the function of critical enzymes, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty L. Kuhn
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bozena Zemaitaitis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Linda I. Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Sahu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Dylan Sorensen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - George Minasov
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Scholle
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bradford W. Gibson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Lima BP, Thanh Huyen TT, Bäsell K, Becher D, Antelmann H, Wolfe AJ. Inhibition of acetyl phosphate-dependent transcription by an acetylatable lysine on RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32147-60. [PMID: 22829598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to adapt to environmental changes has allowed these organisms to thrive in all parts of the globe. By monitoring their extracellular and intracellular environments, bacteria assure their most appropriate response for each environment. Post-translational modification of proteins is one mechanism by which cells respond to their changing environments. Here, we report that two post-translational modifications regulate transcription of the extracytoplasmic stress-responsive promoter cpxP: (i) acetyl phosphate-dependent phosphorylation of the response regulator CpxR and (ii) acetyl coenzyme A-dependent acetylation of the α subunit of RNA polymerase. Together, these two post-translational modifications fine-tune cpxP transcription in response to changes in the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Lima BP, Antelmann H, Gronau K, Chi BK, Becher D, Brinsmade SR, Wolfe AJ. Involvement of protein acetylation in glucose-induced transcription of a stress-responsive promoter. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1190-204. [PMID: 21696463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, lysine acetylation is a well-established post-translational modification that has been implicated in virtually all aspects of eukaryotic physiology. Although homologues of the enzymes that catalyse protein acetylation are widely conserved and distributed among bacterial species, not much is known about the impact of protein acetylation on bacterial physiology. Here, we present evidence that the Gcn5-like acetyltransferase YfiQ and the sirtuin deacetylase CobB play crucial roles in the transcription regulation of the periplasmic stress-responsive promoter cpxP when cells of Escherichia coli grow in the presence of glucose, an environment that induces protein acetylation. Under this growth condition, several acetylation sites were detected on three of the RNA polymerase subunits: β, β' and α. We focused on acetylations of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of α because of its relative small size and its limited acetylation. We determined that K298 of α is acetylated in a glucose and YfiQ-dependent manner and that K298 is specifically required for glucose-induced cpxP transcription. Because the αCTD aids in promoter recognition by RNA polymerase, we propose its acetylation may influence bacterial physiology through effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Abstract
Protein acetylation has historically been considered a predominantly eukaryotic phenomenon. Recent evidence, however, supports the hypothesis that acetylation broadly impacts bacterial physiology. To explore more rapidly the impact of protein acetylation in bacteria, microbiologists can benefit from the strong foundation established by investigators of protein acetylation in eukaryotes. To help advance this learning process, we will summarize the current understanding of protein acetylation in eukaryotes, discuss the emerging link between acetylation and metabolism and highlight the best-studied examples of protein acetylation in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda I Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Building 105, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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