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Rigby M, Park S, Saito T, Western LM, Redington AL, Fang X, Henne S, Manning AJ, Prinn RG, Dutton GS, Fraser PJ, Ganesan AL, Hall BD, Harth CM, Kim J, Kim KR, Krummel PB, Lee T, Li S, Liang Q, Lunt MF, Montzka SA, Mühle J, O'Doherty S, Park MK, Reimann S, Salameh PK, Simmonds P, Tunnicliffe RL, Weiss RF, Yokouchi Y, Young D. Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature 2019; 569:546-550. [PMID: 31118523 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer relies on the continued decline in the atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons1. The atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), the second-most abundant chlorofluorocarbon, has declined substantially since the mid-1990s2. A recently reported slowdown in the decline of the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 after 2012, however, suggests that global emissions have increased3,4. A concurrent increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia contributes to the global emission increase, but the location and magnitude of this regional source are unknown3. Here, using high-frequency atmospheric observations from Gosan, South Korea, and Hateruma, Japan, together with global monitoring data and atmospheric chemical transport model simulations, we investigate regional CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia. We show that emissions from eastern mainland China are 7.0 ± 3.0 (±1 standard deviation) gigagrams per year higher in 2014-2017 than in 2008-2012, and that the increase in emissions arises primarily around the northeastern provinces of Shandong and Hebei. This increase accounts for a substantial fraction (at least 40 to 60 per cent) of the global rise in CFC-11 emissions. We find no evidence for a significant increase in CFC-11 emissions from any other eastern Asian countries or other regions of the world where there are available data for the detection of regional emissions. The attribution of any remaining fraction of the global CFC-11 emission rise to other regions is limited by the sparsity of long-term measurements of sufficient frequency near potentially emissive regions. Several considerations suggest that the increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern mainland China is likely to be the result of new production and use, which is inconsistent with the Montreal Protocol agreement to phase out global chlorofluorocarbon production by 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Park
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - T Saito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - L M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - X Fang
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - R G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G S Dutton
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - A L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B D Hall
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K-R Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - P B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Q Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M F Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A Montzka
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M-K Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Reimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Simmonds
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - R F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Yokouchi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - D Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Lunt MF, Park S, Li S, Henne S, Manning AJ, Ganesan AL, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Liang Q, O’Doherty S, Harth CM, Mühle J, Salameh PK, Weiss RF, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Prinn RG, Reimann S, Rigby M. Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia. Geophys Res Lett 2018; 45:11423-11430. [PMID: 33005064 PMCID: PMC7526663 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl079500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an ozone-depleting substance, accounting for about 10% of the chlorine in the troposphere. Under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, its production for dispersive uses was banned from 2010. In this work we show that, despite the controls on production being introduced, CCl4 emissions from the eastern part of China did not decline between 2009 and 2016. This finding is in contrast to a recent bottom-up estimate, which predicted a significant decrease in emissions after the introduction of production controls. We find eastern Asian emissions of CCl4 to be 16 (9-24) Gg/year on average between 2009 and 2016, with the primary source regions being in eastern China. The spatial distribution of emissions that we derive suggests that the source distribution of CCl4 in China changed during the 8-year study period, indicating a new source or sources of emissions from China's Shandong province after 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Lunt
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S. Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S. Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S. Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - A. L. Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - I. J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S. O’Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C. M. Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J. Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P. K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R. F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P. B. Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. J. Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. G. Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. Reimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - M. Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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O'Doherty S, Cunnold DM, Miller BR, Mühle J, McCulloch A, Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Reimann S, Vollmer MK, Greally BR, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Dunse BL, Porter LW, Lunder CR, Schmidbauer N, Hermansen O, Salameh PK, Harth CM, Wang RHJ, Weiss RF. Global and regional emissions of HFC-125 (CHF2CF3) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations at AGAGE and SOGE observatories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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