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Spencer KL, Wheatland JA, Carr SJ, Manning AJ, Bushby AJ, Gu C, Botto L, Lawrence T. Quantification of 3-dimensional structure and properties of flocculated natural suspended sediment. Water Res 2022; 222:118835. [PMID: 35914497 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural sediment flocs are fragile and highly heterogeneous aggregates of biogenic and minerogenic material typically with high porosity and low density. In aquatic environments dominated by fine, cohesive or mixed sediments they can dominate suspended sediment flux. Consequently, monitoring and modelling the behaviour, transport and distribution of flocs is very important for many aquatic industries, maintenance of waterways and conservation and management of aquatic waterbodies. Mathematical models that predict the behaviour of flocs rely on the accurate assessments of the size, shape, density, porosity and fractal dimension of flocs. These inherently 3-dimensional (3D) characteristics are typically derived from 2-dimensional (2D) data, largely due to the challenges associated with sampling, capturing, imaging and quantifying these fragile aggregates. We have developed new volumetric microscopy techniques which can quantify 3D internal and external structures and characteristics of sediment flocs. Here, these techniques were applied to quantify the 3D size (volume), shape and fractal dimension of natural and artificial sediment flocs and compare them to standard 2D approaches. Our study demonstrates that 2D approaches are under-estimating shape complexity and over-estimating the size and mass settling flux of flocs by up to two orders of magnitude, and the discrepancy between 2D and 3D is most marked for natural, organic rich macroflocs. Our study has significant implications for estimations of sediment flux at local to global scales within in aquatic environments. These new data and approaches offer the potential to improve the current parameterisation of sediment transport models and to improve the accuracy of current field-monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Spencer
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - J A Wheatland
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; River Restoration Centre, St Albans, UK
| | - S J Carr
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; Institute of Science and Environment, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 9BB, UK
| | - A J Manning
- HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK
| | - A J Bushby
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - C Gu
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - L Botto
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; Department of Process and Energy, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CB, the Netherlands
| | - T Lawrence
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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Schindler RJ, Comber SDW, Manning AJ. Metal pollutant pathways in cohesive coastal catchments: Influence of flocculation and biopolymers on partitioning and flux. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148800. [PMID: 34243003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of the partitioning of potentially toxic metals (PTM) within the estuarine environment is highly complex, but is of key significance owing to increases in populations living within such sensitive environments. Although empirical data exist for the partitioning of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases, little is known regarding the impacts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) upon the flocculation of particles within such a dynamic system nor the resultant influence on the distribution of metals between the particulate and dissolved phases. This prevents regulators from fully understanding the fate and risks associated with metals in estuaries. This study provides data associated with the simulation of 3 settlings typical of the turbulent mixing found in estuaries and partitioning of copper, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, lead and zinc for 3 salinities (0, 15, 30 PSU) reflecting the full salinity range from freshwater to seawater. Experiments were completed with and without the presence of EPS, using kaolin as the mineral particulate. The results showed significant differences between salinity, PTMs and turbulence for the experiments with and without EPS present. Overall, salinity was the main factor controlling the PTM partitioning to sediment, however the flocculation process did impact on the PTM distribution and with the addition of EPS the impact was more pronounced. The data highlighted the importance of taking account of EPS within any estuarine sediment process modelling, for relying on simple partitioning with corrections for salinity would likely lead to significant bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Schindler
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Science, Plymouth University, UK
| | - S D W Comber
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Science, Plymouth University, UK.
| | - A J Manning
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, UK; HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, UK
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3
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Ye L, Manning AJ, Hsu TJ. Corrigendum to ``Oil-mineral flocculation and settling velocity in saline water'' [Water Research, 173(2020), 115569]. Water Res 2020; 184:116180. [PMID: 32711222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ye
- Center for Applied Coastal Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States.
| | - A J Manning
- Center for Applied Coastal Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States; HR Wallingford Ltd., Coasts and Ocean Group, Wallingford, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - T-J Hsu
- Center for Applied Coastal Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States
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Rigby M, Park S, Saito T, Western LM, Redington AL, Fang X, Henne S, Manning AJ, Prinn RG, Dutton GS, Fraser PJ, Ganesan AL, Hall BD, Harth CM, Kim J, Kim KR, Krummel PB, Lee T, Li S, Liang Q, Lunt MF, Montzka SA, Mühle J, O'Doherty S, Park MK, Reimann S, Salameh PK, Simmonds P, Tunnicliffe RL, Weiss RF, Yokouchi Y, Young D. Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature 2019; 569:546-550. [PMID: 31118523 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer relies on the continued decline in the atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons1. The atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), the second-most abundant chlorofluorocarbon, has declined substantially since the mid-1990s2. A recently reported slowdown in the decline of the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 after 2012, however, suggests that global emissions have increased3,4. A concurrent increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia contributes to the global emission increase, but the location and magnitude of this regional source are unknown3. Here, using high-frequency atmospheric observations from Gosan, South Korea, and Hateruma, Japan, together with global monitoring data and atmospheric chemical transport model simulations, we investigate regional CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia. We show that emissions from eastern mainland China are 7.0 ± 3.0 (±1 standard deviation) gigagrams per year higher in 2014-2017 than in 2008-2012, and that the increase in emissions arises primarily around the northeastern provinces of Shandong and Hebei. This increase accounts for a substantial fraction (at least 40 to 60 per cent) of the global rise in CFC-11 emissions. We find no evidence for a significant increase in CFC-11 emissions from any other eastern Asian countries or other regions of the world where there are available data for the detection of regional emissions. The attribution of any remaining fraction of the global CFC-11 emission rise to other regions is limited by the sparsity of long-term measurements of sufficient frequency near potentially emissive regions. Several considerations suggest that the increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern mainland China is likely to be the result of new production and use, which is inconsistent with the Montreal Protocol agreement to phase out global chlorofluorocarbon production by 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Park
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - T Saito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - L M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - X Fang
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - R G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G S Dutton
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - A L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B D Hall
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K-R Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - P B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Q Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M F Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A Montzka
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M-K Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Reimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Simmonds
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - R F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Yokouchi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - D Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Lunt MF, Park S, Li S, Henne S, Manning AJ, Ganesan AL, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Liang Q, O’Doherty S, Harth CM, Mühle J, Salameh PK, Weiss RF, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Prinn RG, Reimann S, Rigby M. Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia. Geophys Res Lett 2018; 45:11423-11430. [PMID: 33005064 PMCID: PMC7526663 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl079500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an ozone-depleting substance, accounting for about 10% of the chlorine in the troposphere. Under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, its production for dispersive uses was banned from 2010. In this work we show that, despite the controls on production being introduced, CCl4 emissions from the eastern part of China did not decline between 2009 and 2016. This finding is in contrast to a recent bottom-up estimate, which predicted a significant decrease in emissions after the introduction of production controls. We find eastern Asian emissions of CCl4 to be 16 (9-24) Gg/year on average between 2009 and 2016, with the primary source regions being in eastern China. The spatial distribution of emissions that we derive suggests that the source distribution of CCl4 in China changed during the 8-year study period, indicating a new source or sources of emissions from China's Shandong province after 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Lunt
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S. Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S. Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S. Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - A. L. Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - I. J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S. O’Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C. M. Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J. Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P. K. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R. F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P. B. Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. J. Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. G. Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. Reimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - M. Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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France JL, Cain M, Fisher RE, Lowry D, Allen G, O'Shea SJ, Illingworth S, Pyle J, Warwick N, Jones BT, Gallagher MW, Bower K, Le Breton M, Percival C, Muller J, Welpott A, Bauguitte S, George C, Hayman GD, Manning AJ, Myhre CL, Lanoisellé M, Nisbet EG. Measurements of δ 13C in CH 4 and using particle dispersion modeling to characterize sources of Arctic methane within an air mass. J Geophys Res Atmos 2016; 121:14257-14270. [PMID: 31413935 PMCID: PMC6686218 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd026006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A stratified air mass enriched in methane (CH4) was sampled at ~600 m to ~2000 m altitude, between the north coast of Norway and Svalbard as part of the Methane in the Arctic: Measurements and Modelling campaign on board the UK's BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft. The approach used here, which combines interpretation of multiple tracers with transport modeling, enables better understanding of the emission sources that contribute to the background mixing ratios of CH4 in the Arctic. Importantly, it allows constraints to be placed on the location and isotopic bulk signature of the emission source(s). Measurements of δ13C in CH4 in whole air samples taken while traversing the air mass identified that the source(s) had a strongly depleted bulk δ13C CH4 isotopic signature of -70 (±2.1)‰. Combined Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modeling Environment and inventory analysis indicates that the air mass was recently in the planetary boundary layer over northwest Russia and the Barents Sea, with the likely dominant source of methane being from wetlands in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. France
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamUK
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - M. Cain
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - R. E. Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamUK
| | - D. Lowry
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamUK
| | - G. Allen
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - S. J. O'Shea
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - S. Illingworth
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - J. Pyle
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - N. Warwick
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - B. T. Jones
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - M. W. Gallagher
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - K. Bower
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - M. Le Breton
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - C. Percival
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - J. Muller
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - A. Welpott
- Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM), Building 125Cranfield UniversityCranfieldUK
| | - S. Bauguitte
- Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM), Building 125Cranfield UniversityCranfieldUK
| | - C. George
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingfordUK
| | | | | | - C. Lund Myhre
- Department Atmospheric and Climate ResearchNILU–Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
| | - M. Lanoisellé
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamUK
| | - E. G. Nisbet
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamUK
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Skiba U, Jones SK, Dragosits U, Drewer J, Fowler D, Rees RM, Pappa VA, Cardenas L, Chadwick D, Yamulki S, Manning AJ. UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1175-85. [PMID: 22451103 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signatories of the Kyoto Protocol are obliged to submit annual accounts of their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which include nitrous oxide (N(2)O). Emissions from the sectors industry (3.8 Gg), energy (14.4 Gg), agriculture (86.8 Gg), wastewater (4.4 Gg), land use, land-use change and forestry (2.1 Gg) can be calculated by multiplying activity data (i.e. amount of fertilizer applied, animal numbers) with simple emission factors (Tier 1 approach), which are generally applied across wide geographical regions. The agricultural sector is the largest anthropogenic source of N(2)O in many countries and responsible for 75 per cent of UK N(2)O emissions. Microbial N(2)O production in nitrogen-fertilized soils (27.6 Gg), nitrogen-enriched waters (24.2 Gg) and manure storage systems (6.4 Gg) dominate agricultural emission budgets. For the agricultural sector, the Tier 1 emission factor approach is too simplistic to reflect local variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and is unable to take into account some of the mitigation strategies applied. This paper reviews deviations of observed emissions from those calculated using the simple emission factor approach for all anthropogenic sectors, briefly discusses the need to adopt specific emission factors that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management, and explains how bottom-up emission inventories can be verified by top-down modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Skiba
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK.
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Rigby M, Manning AJ, Prinn RG. The value of high-frequency, high-precision methane isotopologue measurements for source and sink estimation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pyle JA, Warwick NJ, Harris NRP, Abas MR, Archibald AT, Ashfold MJ, Ashworth K, Barkley MP, Carver GD, Chance K, Dorsey JR, Fowler D, Gonzi S, Gostlow B, Hewitt CN, Kurosu TP, Lee JD, Langford SB, Mills G, Moller S, MacKenzie AR, Manning AJ, Misztal P, Nadzir MSM, Nemitz E, Newton HM, O'Brien LM, Ong S, Oram D, Palmer PI, Peng LK, Phang SM, Pike R, Pugh TAM, Rahman NA, Robinson AD, Sentian J, Samah AA, Skiba U, Ung HE, Yong SE, Young PJ. The impact of local surface changes in Borneo on atmospheric composition at wider spatial scales: coastal processes, land-use change and air quality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3210-24. [PMID: 22006963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results from the OP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allow us to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional and wider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint on model performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty. Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South East Asia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NO(x) emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pyle
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, NCAS, UK.
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Webster HN, Thomson DJ, Johnson BT, Heard IPC, Turnbull K, Marenco F, Kristiansen NI, Dorsey J, Minikin A, Weinzierl B, Schumann U, Sparks RSJ, Loughlin SC, Hort MC, Leadbetter SJ, Devenish BJ, Manning AJ, Witham CS, Haywood JM, Golding BW. Operational prediction of ash concentrations in the distal volcanic cloud from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manning AJ, O'Doherty S, Jones AR, Simmonds PG, Derwent RG. Estimating UK methane and nitrous oxide emissions from 1990 to 2007 using an inversion modeling approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
This paper provides a review and critique of the distributions and characteristics of non-cohesive and cohesive sediments within the Severn Estuary, with particular reference to floc properties. The estuary is hyper-tidal and, consequently, highly turbid along most of its length and it generally has two turbidity maxima. In the upper reaches of the estuary, suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations can be in excess of 10 g l(-1) for river flows up to 50 m(3)s(-1), rising to over 50 g l(-1) during periods of lower river flow. The lower estuary turbidity maximum originates in the vicinity of Bridgwater Bay where SPM concentrations may vary between 0.1-200 g l(-1). The formation of fluid mud is coupled to the spring-neap cycle and strong vertical gradients in SPM concentrations produce turbulence damping and drag reduction effects, and hence impair the ability of the flow to transport sediments. Flocculation is an important mechanism for controlling the behaviour of fine sediments and mean settling velocities of flocs vary between 0.8-6 mm s(-1). A secondary consequence of flocculation is the formation of mud:sand mixtures in turbid suspensions. Improved understanding of the significance of flocculation processes is crucial as they may exert an influence on the mechanism by which adsorbed contaminants are transported in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Manning
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
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O'Doherty S, Cunnold DM, Miller BR, Mühle J, McCulloch A, Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Reimann S, Vollmer MK, Greally BR, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Dunse BL, Porter LW, Lunder CR, Schmidbauer N, Hermansen O, Salameh PK, Harth CM, Wang RHJ, Weiss RF. Global and regional emissions of HFC-125 (CHF2CF3) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations at AGAGE and SOGE observatories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greally BR, Manning AJ, Reimann S, McCulloch A, Huang J, Dunse BL, Simmonds PG, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Cunnold DM, O'Doherty S, Porter LW, Stemmler K, Vollmer MK, Lunder CR, Schmidbauer N, Hermansen O, Arduini J, Salameh PK, Krummel PB, Wang RHJ, Folini D, Weiss RF, Maione M, Nickless G, Stordal F, Derwent RG. Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gloster J, Mellor PS, Manning AJ, Webster HN, Hort MC. Assessing the risk of windborne spread of bluetongue in the 2006 outbreak of disease in northern Europe. Vet Rec 2007; 160:54-6. [PMID: 17220523 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Gloster
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF
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Simmonds PG, Manning AJ, Cunnold DM, McCulloch A, O'Doherty S, Derwent RG, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Dunse B, Porter LW, Wang RHJ, Greally BR, Miller BR, Salameh P, Weiss RF, Prinn RG. Global trends, seasonal cycles, and European emissions of dichloromethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene from the AGAGE observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manning AJ. Estimating European emissions of ozone-depleting and greenhouse gases using observations and a modeling back-attribution technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manning AJ. Urological cancers: do early detection strategies exist? BJU Int 2001; 88:804-5. [PMID: 11890261 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.2505c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Crossed renal ectopia is a relatively rare anomaly with non-specific manifestations, sometimes diagnosed incidentally. Eight cases are reported, the etiology, diagnostic approach and management of the urological complications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baniel
- Department of Urology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fruh SM, Rodriguez F, Manning AJ. Predicting nonlinear viscosity and elasticity from zero-shear parameters in the Pao-Rouse model. J Appl Polym Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1970.070141213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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