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Acton WJF, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Wohlfahrt G, Hewitt CN, Taylor JE, Hansel A. The effect of ozone fumigation on the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from Brassica napus above- and below-ground. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208825. [PMID: 30532234 PMCID: PMC6287848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emissions of BVOCs from oilseed rape (Brassica napus), both when the plant is exposed to clean air and when it is fumigated with ozone at environmentally-relevant mixing ratios (ca. 135 ppbv), were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Emissions of BVOCs were recorded from combined leaf and root chambers using a recently developed Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS) enabling BVOC detection with high time and mass resolution, together with the ability to identify certain molecular functionality. Emissions of BVOCs from below-ground were found to be dominated by sulfur compounds including methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide, and these emissions did not change following fumigation of the plant with ozone. Emissions from above-ground plant organs exposed to clean air were dominated by methanol, monoterpenes, 4-oxopentanal and methanethiol. Ozone fumigation of the plants caused a rapid decrease in monoterpene and sesquiterpene concentrations in the leaf chamber and increased concentrations of ca. 20 oxygenated species, almost doubling the total carbon lost by the plant leaves as volatiles. The drop in sesquiterpenes concentrations was attributed to ozonolysis occurring to a major extent on the leaf surface. The drop in monoterpene concentrations was attributed to gas phase reactions with OH radicals deriving from ozonolysis reactions. As plant-emitted terpenoids have been shown to play a role in plant-plant and plant-insect signalling, the rapid loss of these species in the air surrounding the plants during photochemical pollution episodes may have a significant impact on plant-plant and plant-insect communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. F. Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - W. Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C. N. Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Archibald A, Arnold S, Bejan L, Brown S, Brüggemann M, Carpenter LJ, Collins W, Evans M, Finlayson-Pitts B, George C, Hastings M, Heard D, Hewitt CN, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Kalberer M, Keutsch F, Kiendler-Scharr A, Knopf D, Lelieveld J, Marais E, Petzold A, Ravishankara A, Reid J, Rovelli G, Scott C, Sherwen T, Shindell D, Tinel L, Unger N, Wahner A, Wallington TJ, Williams J, Young P, Zelenyuk A. Atmospheric chemistry and the biosphere: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:195-228. [PMID: 28795727 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Archibald A, Arnold S, Bartels-Rausch T, Brown S, Caravan R, Carpenter LJ, Chhantyal-Pun R, Coe H, Dou J, Edebeli J, Evans M, Finlayson-Pitts B, George C, Hamilton J, Heald C, Heard D, Hewitt CN, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Jones R, Kalberer M, Kampf C, Kerminen VM, Kiendler-Scharr A, Knopf D, Kroll J, Lelieveld J, Marais E, McGillen M, Mellouki A, Petzold A, Ravishankara A, Rickard A, Rudich Y, Taatjes C, Wahner A, Williams J, Zelenyuk A. Atmospheric chemistry processes: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:353-378. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd90039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Geiger F, Pope F, MacKenzie R, Brune W, Monks PS, Bloss W, Fuller G, Moussiopoulos N, Hort M, Tomlin A, Presto A, van Pinxteren D, Vlachou A, Heard D, Hewitt CN, Baltensperger U, Lewis A, Querol X, Kim S, Hamilton J, Sommariva R, McFiggans G, Harrison R, Jimenez JL, Cross E, Wenger J, Pandis S, Kiendler-Scharr A, Donahue NM, Whalley L, McDonald B, Pieber S, Prévôt A, Alam MS, Krishna Kumar N, Wahner A, Skouloudis A, Kalberer M, Wallington T, Dunmore R. Chemical complexity of the urban atmosphere and its consequences: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:137-67. [PMID: 27374019 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MacKenzie R, Tomlin A, Kleffmann J, Karl T, Hewitt CN, Heard D, Sartelet K, Sommariva R, Baltensperger U, Harrison R, Madronich S, McFiggans G, Pandis S, Wenger J, Kiendler-Scharr A, Donahue NM, Dunmore R, Doherty R, Moller S, Kilbane-Dawe I, McDonald B, Wahner A, Zhu S, Presto A, Kalberer M, Hort M, Lee J, Nikolova I, Jimenez JL, Whalley L, Alam MS, Skouloudis A. Numerical modelling strategies for the urban atmosphere: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:635-60. [PMID: 27378431 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Brune W, Bloss W, Shi Z, Pope F, Fuller G, Monks PS, Tomlin A, Karl T, Hort M, Mohr C, MacKenzie R, Vlachou A, Tian Z, Kramer LJ, Heard D, Purvis R, Querol X, Baltensperger U, Dunmore R, Harrison R, Murrells T, Jimenez JL, Cross E, McFiggans G, Kiendler-Scharr A, Ho TR, Charron A, Wallington T, Krishna Kumar N, Pieber S, Geiger F, Wahner A, Mitchell E, Prévôt A, Skouloudis A, Kalberer M, McDonald B, Hewitt CN, Sioutas C, Donahue NM, Lee J, van Pinxteren D, Moller S, Minguillón MC, Shafer M, Carslaw D, Ehlers C, Pandis S. Urban case studies: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:473-514. [PMID: 27378323 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Misztal PK, Hewitt CN, Wildt J, Blande JD, Eller ASD, Fares S, Gentner DR, Gilman JB, Graus M, Greenberg J, Guenther AB, Hansel A, Harley P, Huang M, Jardine K, Karl T, Kaser L, Keutsch FN, Kiendler-Scharr A, Kleist E, Lerner BM, Li T, Mak J, Nölscher AC, Schnitzhofer R, Sinha V, Thornton B, Warneke C, Wegener F, Werner C, Williams J, Worton DR, Yassaa N, Goldstein AH. Atmospheric benzenoid emissions from plants rival those from fossil fuels. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12064. [PMID: 26165168 PMCID: PMC4499884 DOI: 10.1038/srep12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the known biochemical production of a range of aromatic compounds by plants and the presence of benzenoids in floral scents, the emissions of only a few benzenoid compounds have been reported from the biosphere to the atmosphere. Here, using evidence from measurements at aircraft, ecosystem, tree, branch and leaf scales, with complementary isotopic labeling experiments, we show that vegetation (leaves, flowers, and phytoplankton) emits a wide variety of benzenoid compounds to the atmosphere at substantial rates. Controlled environment experiments show that plants are able to alter their metabolism to produce and release many benzenoids under stress conditions. The functions of these compounds remain unclear but may be related to chemical communication and protection against stress. We estimate the total global secondary organic aerosol potential from biogenic benzenoids to be similar to that from anthropogenic benzenoids (~10 Tg y−1), pointing to the importance of these natural emissions in atmospheric physics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Misztal
- 1] University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA [2] National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - C N Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - J Wildt
- Institut IBG-2, Phytosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J D Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A S D Eller
- 1] CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA [2] University of Colorado, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309 USA
| | - S Fares
- 1] University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA [2] Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - D R Gentner
- 1] University of California Berkeley, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA [2] Yale University, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - J B Gilman
- 1] CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA [2] ESRL-NOAA, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - M Graus
- 1] CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA [2] ESRL-NOAA, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - J Greenberg
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - A B Guenther
- 1] National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA [2] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Richland, WA, USA [3] Washington State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A Hansel
- University of Innsbruck, Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Harley
- 1] National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA [2] Estonian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Huang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - K Jardine
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate Sciences Department, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T Karl
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Atmospheric And Cryospheric Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Kaser
- 1] National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80301, USA [2] University of Innsbruck, Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut IEK-8, Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - E Kleist
- Institut IBG-2, Phytosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B M Lerner
- 1] CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA [2] ESRL-NOAA, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - T Li
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Mak
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A C Nölscher
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Schnitzhofer
- University of Innsbruck, Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
| | - B Thornton
- University of Northern Colorado, School of Biological Sciences, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - C Warneke
- 1] CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309 USA [2] ESRL-NOAA, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder CO 80305 USA
| | - F Wegener
- University Bayreuth, AgroEcosystem Research, BAYCEER, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Werner
- University Bayreuth, AgroEcosystem Research, BAYCEER, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D R Worton
- 1] University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA [2] Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA
| | - N Yassaa
- 1] USTHB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Chemistry, Algiers, Algeria [2] Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelable, CDER, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A H Goldstein
- University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Barnes MJ, Brade TK, MacKenzie AR, Whyatt JD, Carruthers DJ, Stocker J, Cai X, Hewitt CN. Spatially-varying surface roughness and ground-level air quality in an operational dispersion model. Environ Pollut 2014; 185:44-51. [PMID: 24212233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Urban form controls the overall aerodynamic roughness of a city, and hence plays a significant role in how air flow interacts with the urban landscape. This paper reports improved model performance resulting from the introduction of variable surface roughness in the operational air-quality model ADMS-Urban (v3.1). We then assess to what extent pollutant concentrations can be reduced solely through local reductions in roughness. The model results suggest that reducing surface roughness in a city centre can increase ground-level pollutant concentrations, both locally in the area of reduced roughness and downwind of that area. The unexpected simulation of increased ground-level pollutant concentrations implies that this type of modelling should be used with caution for urban planning and design studies looking at ventilation of pollution. We expect the results from this study to be relevant for all atmospheric dispersion models with urban-surface parameterisations based on roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Barnes
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - T K Brade
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - A R MacKenzie
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - J D Whyatt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - D J Carruthers
- Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd, 3 Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | - J Stocker
- Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd, 3 Kings Parade, Cambridge CB2 1SJ, UK
| | - X Cai
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C N Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YW, UK
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9
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Abstract
A recycling exposure system, which has characteristics of dynamic and static systems, has been designed and constructed for calibrating passive sampling tubes. This system is very easy to set up and maintain. Organic vapors inside the system are generated by syringe injection, and homogeneous vapors are circulated by a metal-bellows pump. The concentrations of light hydrocarbons (e.g., isoprene) may decrease slightly after circulating for longer than 10 hours; however, this system is very stable for C5-C8 hydrocarbons for at least eight hours. The system has been used successfully to calibrate Perkin-Elmer diffusion tubes packed with Chromosorb 106 for collecting benzene vapor at low exposure doses (< 70 ppmv x min). The entire system can be easily and effectively cleaned by circulating through a U-tube packed with activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Cao
- Institute of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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10
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MacKenzie AR, Langford B, Pugh TAM, Robinson N, Misztal PK, Heard DE, Lee JD, Lewis AC, Jones CE, Hopkins JR, Phillips G, Monks PS, Karunaharan A, Hornsby KE, Nicolas-Perea V, Coe H, Gabey AM, Gallagher MW, Whalley LK, Edwards PM, Evans MJ, Stone D, Ingham T, Commane R, Furneaux KL, McQuaid JB, Nemitz E, Seng YK, Fowler D, Pyle JA, Hewitt CN. The atmospheric chemistry of trace gases and particulate matter emitted by different land uses in Borneo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3177-95. [PMID: 22006961 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report measurements of atmospheric composition over a tropical rainforest and over a nearby oil palm plantation in Sabah, Borneo. The primary vegetation in each of the two landscapes emits very different amounts and kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting in distinctive VOC fingerprints in the atmospheric boundary layer for both landscapes. VOCs over the Borneo rainforest are dominated by isoprene and its oxidation products, with a significant additional contribution from monoterpenes. Rather than consuming the main atmospheric oxidant, OH, these high concentrations of VOCs appear to maintain OH, as has been observed previously over Amazonia. The boundary-layer characteristics and mixing ratios of VOCs observed over the Borneo rainforest are different to those measured previously over Amazonia. Compared with the Bornean rainforest, air over the oil palm plantation contains much more isoprene, monoterpenes are relatively less important, and the flower scent, estragole, is prominent. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides are greater above the agro-industrial oil palm landscape than over the rainforest, and this leads to changes in some secondary pollutant mixing ratios (but not, currently, differences in ozone). Secondary organic aerosol over both landscapes shows a significant contribution from isoprene. Primary biological aerosol dominates the super-micrometre aerosol over the rainforest and is likely to be sensitive to land-use change, since the fungal source of the bioaerosol is closely linked to above-ground biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R MacKenzie
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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11
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Pyle JA, Warwick NJ, Harris NRP, Abas MR, Archibald AT, Ashfold MJ, Ashworth K, Barkley MP, Carver GD, Chance K, Dorsey JR, Fowler D, Gonzi S, Gostlow B, Hewitt CN, Kurosu TP, Lee JD, Langford SB, Mills G, Moller S, MacKenzie AR, Manning AJ, Misztal P, Nadzir MSM, Nemitz E, Newton HM, O'Brien LM, Ong S, Oram D, Palmer PI, Peng LK, Phang SM, Pike R, Pugh TAM, Rahman NA, Robinson AD, Sentian J, Samah AA, Skiba U, Ung HE, Yong SE, Young PJ. The impact of local surface changes in Borneo on atmospheric composition at wider spatial scales: coastal processes, land-use change and air quality. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3210-24. [PMID: 22006963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results from the OP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allow us to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional and wider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint on model performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty. Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South East Asia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NO(x) emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pyle
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, NCAS, UK.
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Ryan A, Cojocariu C, Possell M, Davies WJ, Hewitt CN. Defining hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x Populus trichocarpa) tolerance to ozone: identifying key parameters. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:31-45. [PMID: 19076530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether two genotypes of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x Populus trichocarpa), previously classified as ozone tolerant and ozone sensitive, had differing physiological and biochemical responses when fumigated with 120 nL L(-1) ozone for 6 h per day for eight consecutive days. Isoprene emission rate, ozone uptake and a number of physiological and biochemical parameters were investigated before, during and after fumigation with ozone. Previous studies have shown that isoprene protects plants against oxidative stress. Therefore, it was hypothesized that these two genotypes would differ in either their basal isoprene emission rates or in the response of isoprene to fumigation by ozone. Our results showed that the basal emission rates of isoprene, physiological responses and ozone uptake rates were all similar. However, significant differences were found in visible damage, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), thiobarbituric acid reactions (TBARS) and post-fumigation isoprene emission rates. It is shown that, although the classification of ozone tolerance or sensitivity had been previously clearly and carefully defined using one particular set of parameters, assessment of other key variables does not necessarily lead to the same conclusions. Thus, it may be necessary to reconsider the way in which plants are classified as ozone tolerant or sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ryan
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Hewitt CN, Hayward S, Tani A. The application of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to the monitoring and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. J Environ Monit 2003; 5:1-7. [PMID: 12619749 DOI: 10.1039/b204712h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a new and emerging technique for the measurement and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at low concentrations in gaseous samples in more-or-less real time. Utilising chemical ionisation, it combines the desirable attributes of high sensitivity and short integration times with good precision and accuracy. Recently it has been exploited in applications related to atmospheric science. Here, the principles of operation of the PTR-MS are described, its advantages and disadvantages discussed, its inherent uncertainties highlighted, some of its uses in atmospheric sciences reviewed, and some suggestions made on its future application to atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Hewitt
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK LA1 4YQ
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Greenberg JP, Guenther A, Harley P, Otter L, Veenendaal EM, Hewitt CN, James AE, Owen SM. Eddy flux and leaf-level measurements of biogenic VOC emissions from mopane woodland of Botswana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Greenberg
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Guenther
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Harley
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. Otter
- University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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Hayward S, Hewitt CN, Sartin JH, Owen SM. Performance characteristics and applications of a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer for measuring volatile organic compounds in ambient air. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36:1554-1560. [PMID: 11999066 DOI: 10.1021/es0102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Data illustrating the performance characteristics of a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) under both laboratory and field conditions are presented. Under laboratory conditions, we demonstrate that PTR-MS measures (within 10%) a 2.6 ppbv concentration of gaseous dimethyl sulfide. Using a stepwise dilution of a gaseous isoprene standard, we demonstrate the linearity of the response of PTR-MS across 3 orders of magnitude of mixing ratios, from 100 ppbv to less than 100 pptv. By combining this data set with that of its monosubstituted 13C isotopic analogue, we demonstrate the ability of the instrumentto reliably measure concentrations as low as approximately 50 pptv and to detect concentrations at significantly lower levels. We conclude our laboratory characterization by investigating the components of the instrument noise signal (drift, mean, and range) and develop an expression (noise statistic) that reliably predicts the instrumental noise associated with any signal across a wide range of masses. In the field, we deployed a PTR-MS at a clean-air coastal site and an urban kerbside monitoring station to demonstrate the measurement of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and benzene concentrations, respectively. At both sites, we were able to monitor diurnal variations in concentrations at unprecedented temporal resolutions (<5 min between successive measurements). We then demonstrate how the noise statistic can be applied to enable real fluctuations in atmospheric VOC concentrations to be reliably distinguished from instrument noise. We conclude by demonstrating how PTR-MS can be used to measure real-time VOC emission rate changes from vegetation in response to external forcing by examining the effect varying photon-flux density has upon emissions of isoprene from a Sitka spruce tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayward
- Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
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James JD, Harrison RM, Savage NH, Allen AG, Grenfell JL, Allan BJ, Plane JMC, Hewitt CN, Davison B, Robertson L. Quasi-Lagrangian investigation into dimethyl sulfide oxidation in maritime air using a combination of measurements and model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Pompe M, Owen S, Hewitt CN, Basa H, Veber M. Development of a calibration system to evaluate VOC losses in a branch enclosure. J Environ Monit 2000; 2:133-8. [PMID: 11253032 DOI: 10.1039/a909221h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable uncertainties are associated with the experimental estimates of emission rates of different volatile organic compound (VOC) species from the biosphere to the atmosphere. Some of this uncertainty derives from the sampling and analytical procedures used in emission rate measurements. A calibration system was developed in order to evaluate possible errors in the measurements of biogenic emission rates using a branch enclosure system. Two types of calibration procedures were tested, a standard additions technique and an internal standard procedure. Both techniques were used to evaluate possible losses while sampling isoprene and monoterpenes, which are the most abundant VOCs of biogenic origin. The losses to Teflon lines and the empty sampling system were tested and losses to the branch enclosure system installed on two VOC emitting plant species were evaluated. A considerable loss of isoprene (approximately 18% of inflow concentration 65 ng l(-1)) to the empty enclosure system and to the system installed on the plant was measured, but no losses of monoterpenes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pompe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Grenfell JL, Harrison RM, Allen AG, Shi JP, Penkett SA, O'Dowd CD, Smith MH, Hill MK, Robertson L, Hewitt CN, Davison B, Lewis AC, Creasey DJ, Heard DE, Hebestreit K, Alicke B, James J. An analysis of rapid increases in condensation nuclei concentrations at a remote coastal site in western Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Cao XL, Boissard C, Juan AJ, Hewitt CN, Gallagher M. Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from gorse (Ulex europaeus): Diurnal emission fluxes at Kelling Heath, England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Beverland IJ, Milne R, Boissard C, ÓNéill DH, Moncrieff JB, Hewitt CN. Measurement of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon fluxes from a Sitka Spruce forest using micrometeorological techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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22
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Terry GM, Stokes NJ, Lucas PW, Hewitt CN. Effects of reactive hydrocarbons and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant activity in cherry leaves. Environ Pollut 1995; 88:19-26. [PMID: 15091565 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)91044-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/1993] [Accepted: 04/20/1994] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One-year-old cherry trees were fumigated with propene and gas-phase hydrogen peroxide, singly and in combination, in controlled-environment chambers for an 8-week period during the summer season. A UV light source was included with the combined propene and hydrogen peroxide regime to provide a source of hydroxyl radicals and ozone, and thus all the constituents of a photochemical smog. Measurements were made of soluble protein concentration and of glutathione reductase activity in leaf extracts from two or three leaf classes in plants from each treatment regime at the end of each fumigation period. Significant increases in soluble protein concentration with respect to the controls were found in plants fumigated with propene and hydrogen peroxide. The occurrence and extent of these differences depended on the leaf class and on the timing of the fumigation period over the summer with respect to bud break. The activity of glutathione reductase was found to be significantly increased in mature lower leaves of plants which had been fumigated with hydrogen peroxide. This effect was independent of the timing of fumigation with respect to bud break. Enzyme activity was also increased in propene and in propene plus hydrogen peroxide treatments, but only when plants were fumigated early in the growth season.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Terry
- Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK, LA1 4YQ
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23
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Cao XL, Hewitt CN. Study of the Degradation by Ozone of Adsorbents and of Hydrocarbons Adsorbed during the Passive Sampling of Air. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:757-762. [PMID: 22191813 DOI: 10.1021/es00054a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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25
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Hewitt CN, Harrison RM. Atmospheric concentrations and chemistry of alkyllead compounds and environmental alkylation of lead. Environ Sci Technol 1987; 21:260-266. [PMID: 22185104 DOI: 10.1021/es00157a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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26
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Hewitt CN, Harrison RM. Formation and decomposition of trialkyllead compounds in the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 1986; 20:797-802. [PMID: 22196704 DOI: 10.1021/es00150a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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27
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Hewitt CN. Report of the Committee on "The Duties and Responsibilities of the Healthy Man for his Own and Others Health.". Public Health Pap Rep 1898; 24:270-280. [PMID: 19600842 PMCID: PMC2329292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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28
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Hewitt CN. Diphtheria: Suggestions for its Prevention and Limitation. Public Health Pap Rep 1898; 24:88-92. [PMID: 19600856 PMCID: PMC2329296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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29
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Hewitt CN. The Disabilities and Mortality of Children under Five Years of Age. Public Health Pap Rep 1897; 23:479-484. [PMID: 19600804 PMCID: PMC2329946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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30
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Probst CO, Bryce PH, Hewitt CN. Report of the Committee on the Transportation and Disposal of the Dead. Public Health Pap Rep 1896; 22:131. [PMID: 19600689 PMCID: PMC2329089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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31
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Hewitt CN. Leprosy and its Management in Minnesota. Public Health Pap Rep 1890; 16:172-175. [PMID: 19600384 PMCID: PMC2266381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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32
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Hewitt CN. The President's Address. Public Health Pap Rep 1888; 14:1-27. [PMID: 19600310 PMCID: PMC2266124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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33
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Hewitt CN, Hunt EM, Holt J, Gerrish FH. Report of Committee on State Boards of Health. Public Health Pap Rep 1886; 12:325-327. [PMID: 19600277 PMCID: PMC2266161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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34
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Hewitt CN. The Work of Hygiene in the Education of Children in the Common Schools, and in the Families and Society in which they Live. Public Health Pap Rep 1878; 4:81-87. [PMID: 19600001 PMCID: PMC2272366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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35
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Hewitt CN. Doctors and Drunkards. Atlanta Med Surg J 1874; 11:644-646. [PMID: 35825132 PMCID: PMC8846130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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