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Nowak SH, Armenta R, Schwartz CP, Gallo A, Abraham B, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Prado A, Maciel A, Zhang D, Day D, Christensen S, Kroll T, Alonso-Mori R, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Sokaras D. A versatile Johansson-type tender x-ray emission spectrometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:033101. [PMID: 32259983 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a high energy resolution x-ray spectrometer for the tender x-ray regime (1.6-5.0 keV) that was designed and operated at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The instrument is developed on a Rowland geometry (500 mm of radius) using cylindrically bent Johansson analyzers and a position sensitive detector. By placing the sample inside the Rowland circle, the spectrometer operates in an energy-dispersive mode with a subnatural line-width energy resolution (∼0.32 eV at 2400 eV), even when an extended incident x-ray beam is used across a wide range of diffraction angles (∼30° to 65°). The spectrometer is enclosed in a vacuum chamber, and a sample chamber with independent ambient conditions is introduced to enable a versatile and fast-access sample environment (e.g., solid/gas/liquid samples, in situ cells, and radioactive materials). The design, capabilities, and performance are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nowak
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Armenta
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Gallo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Abraham
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A T Garcia-Esparza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Biasin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Prado
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Maciel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Day
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - T Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Alonso-Mori
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Lam RK, Raj SL, Pascal TA, Pemmaraju CD, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Fabris N, Miotti P, Hull CJ, Rizzuto AM, Smith JW, Mincigrucci R, Masciovecchio C, Gessini A, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Roussel E, Spampinati S, Penco G, Di Mitri S, Trovò M, Danailov M, Christensen ST, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Coreno M, Poletto L, Drisdell WS, Prendergast D, Giannessi L, Principi E, Nordlund D, Saykally RJ, Schwartz CP. Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:023901. [PMID: 29376703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of available light sources with the requisite intensity and coherence. Here we report the observation of soft x-ray second harmonic generation near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite thin films generated by high intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses at the FERMI free electron laser. Our experimental results and accompanying first-principles theoretical analysis highlight the effect of resonant enhancement above the carbon K edge and show the technique to be interfacially sensitive in a centrosymmetric sample with second harmonic intensity arising primarily from the first atomic layer at the open surface. This technique and the associated theoretical framework demonstrate the ability to selectively probe interfaces, including those that are buried, with elemental specificity, providing a new tool for a range of scientific problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T A Pascal
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Fabris
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C J Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A M Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Spampinati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Trovò
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S T Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - M Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Elettra Laboratory, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - W S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ENEA, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Mukhopadhyay D, Walko DA, Jung IW, Schwartz CP, Wang J, López D, Shenoy GK. X-ray photonic microsystems for the manipulation of synchrotron light. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7057. [PMID: 25940542 PMCID: PMC4432626 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic microsystems played an essential role in the development of integrated photonic devices, thanks to their unique spatiotemporal control and spectral shaping capabilities. Similar capabilities to markedly control and manipulate X-ray radiation are highly desirable but practically impossible due to the massive size of the silicon single-crystal optics currently used. Here we show that micromechanical systems can be used as X-ray optics to create and preserve the spatial, temporal and spectral correlation of the X-rays. We demonstrate that, as X-ray reflective optics they can maintain the wavefront properties with nearly 100% reflectivity, and as a dynamic diffractive optics they can generate nanosecond time windows with over 100-kHz repetition rates. Since X-ray photonic microsystems can be easily incorporated into lab-based and next-generation synchrotron X-ray sources, they bring unprecedented design flexibility for future dynamic and miniature X-ray optics for focusing, wavefront manipulation, multicolour dispersion, and pulse slicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D. A. Walko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - I. W. Jung
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - C. P. Schwartz
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D. López
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G. K. Shenoy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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