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Anderson MA, Zolotarevsky E, Cooper KL, Sherman S, Shats O, Whitcomb DC, Lynch HT, Ghiorzo P, Rubinstein WS, Vogel KJ, Sasson AR, Grizzle WE, Ketcham MA, Lee SY, Normolle D, Plonka CM, Mertens AN, Tripon RC, Brand RE. Alcohol and tobacco lower the age of presentation in sporadic pancreatic cancer in a dose-dependent manner: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1730-9. [PMID: 22929760 PMCID: PMC3923585 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the association between tobacco and alcohol dose and type and the age of onset of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PancCa). METHODS Prospective data from the Pancreatic Cancer Collaborative Registry were used to examine the association between age of onset and variables of interest including: gender, race, birth country, educational status, family history of PancCa, diabetes status, and tobacco and alcohol use. Statistical analysis included logistic and linear regression, Cox proportional hazard regression, and time-to-event analysis. RESULTS The median age to diagnosis for PancCa was 66.3 years (95% confidence intervals (CIs), 64.5-68.0). Males were more likely than females to be smokers (77% vs. 69%, P=0.0002) and heavy alcohol and beer consumers (19% vs. 6%, 34% vs. 19%, P<0.0001). In univariate analysis for effects on PancCa presentation age, the following were significant: gender, alcohol and tobacco use (amount, status and type), family history of PancCa, and body mass index. Both alcohol and tobacco had dose-dependent effects. In multivariate analysis, alcohol status and dose were independently associated with increased risk for earlier PancCa onset with greatest risk occurring in heavy drinkers (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.04-2.54). Smoking status had the highest risk for earlier onset pancreatic cancer with a HR of 2.69 (95% CI, 1.97-3.68) for active smokers and independent effects for dose (P=0.019). The deleterious effects for alcohol and tobacco appear to resolve after 10 years of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol and tobacco use are associated with a dose-related increased risk for earlier age of onset of PancCa. Although beer drinkers develop pancreatic cancer at an earlier age than nondrinkers, alcohol type did not have a significant effect after controlling for alcohol dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eugene Zolotarevsky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristine L. Cooper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Sherman
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Oleg Shats
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - David C. Whitcomb
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry T. Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University
School Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties,
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Wendy S. Rubinstein
- Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health
Systems, Evanston, Illinois, USA,University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago,
Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen J. Vogel
- Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health
Systems, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Aaron R. Sasson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marsha A. Ketcham
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlyn M. Plonka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy N. Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Renee C. Tripon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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El-Zaatari M, Daignault S, Tessier A, Kelsey G, Travnikar LA, Cantu EF, Lee J, Plonka CM, Simeone DM, Anderson MA, Merchant JL. Plasma Shh levels reduced in pancreatic cancer patients. Pancreas 2012; 41:1019-28. [PMID: 22513293 PMCID: PMC3404255 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31824a0eeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Normally, sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the pancreas during fetal development and transiently after tissue injury. Although pancreatic cancers express Shh, it is not known if the protein is secreted into the blood and whether its plasma levels change with pancreatic transformation. The goal of this study was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect human Shh in blood and determine its levels in subjects with and without pancreatic cancer. METHODS A human Shh enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed, and plasma Shh levels were measured in blood samples from healthy subjects and patients with pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. The biological activity of plasma Shh was tested using NIH-3T3 cells. RESULTS The mean levels of Shh in human blood were lower in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer than in healthy subjects. Hematopoietic cells did not express Shh, suggesting that Shh is secreted into the bloodstream. Plasma fractions enriched with Shh did not induce Gli-1 messenger RNA, suggesting that the protein was not biologically active. CONCLUSIONS Shh is secreted from tissues and organs into the circulation, but its activity is blocked by plasma proteins. Reduced plasma levels were found in pancreatic cancer patients, but alone were not sufficient to predict pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Art Tessier
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gail Kelsey
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lisa A. Travnikar
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Esperanza F. Cantu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Caitlyn M. Plonka
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Michelle A. Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence: Juanita L. Merchant, M.D., Ph.D., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB, Rm. 2051, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, Phone: (734) 647-2944, Fax: (734) 736-4686,
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