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Fields JK, Gyllenbäck EJ, Bogacz M, Obi J, Birkedal GS, Sjöström K, Maravillas K, Grönberg C, Rattik S, Kihn K, Flowers M, Smith AK, Hansen N, Fioretos T, Huyhn C, Liberg D, Deredge D, Sundberg EJ. Antibodies targeting the shared cytokine receptor IL-1 receptor accessory protein invoke distinct mechanisms to block all cytokine signaling. Cell Rep 2024:114099. [PMID: 38636519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)-family cytokines are potent modulators of inflammation, coordinating a vast array of immunological responses across innate and adaptive immune systems. Dysregulated IL-1-family cytokine signaling, however, is involved in a multitude of adverse health effects, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Within the IL-1 family of cytokines, six-IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ-require the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) as their shared co-receptor. Common features of cytokine signaling include redundancy of signaling pathways, sharing of cytokines and receptors, pleiotropy of the cytokines themselves, and multifaceted immune responses. Accordingly, targeting multiple cytokines simultaneously is an emerging therapeutic strategy and can provide advantages over targeting a single cytokine pathway. Here, we show that two monoclonal antibodies, CAN10 and 3G5, which target IL-1RAcP for broad blockade of all associated cytokines, do so through distinct mechanisms and provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Marek Bogacz
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juliet Obi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Kino Maravillas
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle Kihn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maria Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ally K Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nils Hansen
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chau Huyhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Grönberg C, Rattik S, Tran-Manh C, Zhou X, Rius Rigau A, Li YN, Györfi AH, Dickel N, Kunz M, Kreuter A, Matei EA, Zhu H, Skoog P, Liberg D, Distler JH, Trinh-Minh T. Combined inhibition of IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 signalling by targeting IL1RAP ameliorates skin and lung fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2024:ard-2023-225158. [PMID: 38594058 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-225158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin (IL)-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is an essential coreceptor required for signalling through the IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 receptors. Here, we investigate the antifibrotic potential of the combined inhibition of these cytokines by an anti-IL1RAP antibody to provide a scientific background for clinical development in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS The expression of IL1RAP-associated signalling molecules was determined by data mining of publicly available RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data as well as by imaging mass cytometry. The efficacy of therapeutic dosing of anti-IL1RAP antibodies was determined in three complementary mouse models: sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis model and topoisomerase-I (topo)-induced fibrosis. RESULTS SSc skin showed upregulation of IL1RAP and IL1RAP-related signalling molecules on mRNA and protein level compared with normal skin. IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 all regulate distinct gene sets related to different pathophysiological processes in SSc. The responses of human fibroblasts and endothelial cells to IL-1, IL-33 and IL-36 were completely blocked by treatment with an anti-IL1RAP antibody in vitro. Moreover, anti-IL1RAP antibody treatment reduced dermal and pulmonary fibrosis in cGvHD-induced, bleomycin-induced and topoisomerase-induced fibrosis. Importantly, RNAseq analyses revealed effects of IL1RAP inhibition on multiple processes related to inflammation and fibrosis that are also deregulated in human SSc skin. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence for the therapeutic benefits of targeting IL1RAP in SSc. Our findings have high translational potential as the anti-IL1RAP antibody CAN10 has recently entered a phase one clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cuong Tran-Manh
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Aleix Rius Rigau
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Andrea-Hermina Györfi
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Nicholas Dickel
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, HELIOS Saint Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Emil-Alexandru Matei
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | - Jörg Hw Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - Thuong Trinh-Minh
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, NRW, Germany
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Mulholland M, Depuydt MAC, Jakobsson G, Ljungcrantz I, Grentzmann A, To F, Bengtsson E, Jaensson Gyllenbäck E, Grönberg C, Rattik S, Liberg D, Schiopu A, Björkbacka H, Kuiper J, Bot I, Slütter B, Engelbertsen D. Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein blockade limits the development of atherosclerosis and reduces plaque inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae046. [PMID: 38563353 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is a co-receptor required for signalling through the IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 receptors. Using a novel anti-IL1RAP-blocking antibody, we investigated the role of IL1RAP in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing data from human atherosclerotic plaques revealed the expression of IL1RAP and several IL1RAP-related cytokines and receptors, including IL1B and IL33. Histological analysis showed the presence of IL1RAP in both the plaque and adventitia, and flow cytometry of murine atherosclerotic aortas revealed IL1RAP expression on plaque leucocytes, including neutrophils and macrophages. High-cholesterol diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were treated with a novel non-depleting IL1RAP-blocking antibody or isotype control for the last 6 weeks of diet. IL1RAP blockade in mice resulted in a 20% reduction in subvalvular plaque size and limited the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in plaques and of T cells in adventitia, compared with control mice. Indicative of reduced plaque inflammation, the expression of several genes related to leucocyte recruitment, including Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, was reduced in brachiocephalic arteries of anti-IL1RAP-treated mice, and the expression of these chemokines in human plaques was mainly restricted to CD68+ myeloid cells. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 induced CXCL1 release from both macrophages and fibroblasts, which could be mitigated by IL1RAP blockade. CONCLUSION Limiting IL1RAP-dependent cytokine signalling pathways in atherosclerotic mice reduces plaque burden and plaque inflammation, potentially by limiting plaque chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mulholland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Immune Regulation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Jakobsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cardiac Inflammation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Immune Regulation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrietta Grentzmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Immune Regulation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fong To
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Matrix and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Matrix and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Immune Regulation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Cantargia AB, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cardiac Inflammation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Cellular Metabolism and Inflammation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Engelbertsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research-Immune Regulation, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Mulholland M, Jakobsson G, Ljungcrantz I, Grentzmann A, Grönberg C, Rattik S, Schiopu A, Björkbacka H, Engelbertsen D. IL-1RAP blockade reduces atherosclerosis and limits plaque inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Grönberg C, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Recent advances on CD4 + T cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:58-66. [PMID: 28457923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease and the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. T helper (Th) cells are an important part in atherosclerotic plaque as they can be either disease promoting or protective. A body of evidence points to a pro-atherosclerotic role of Th1 cells, whereas the role of Th2, Th17 and iNKT cells seems more complex and dependent on surrounding factors, including the developmental stage of the disease. Opposed to Th1 cells, there is convincing support for an anti-atherogenic role of Tregs. Recent data identify the plasticity of Th cells as an important challenge in understanding the functional role of different Th cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Much of the knowledge of Th cell function in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models and translating this into human disease is challenging. Targeting Th cells and/or their specific cytokines represents an attractive option for future therapy against atherosclerosis, although the benefits and the risk of modulation of Th cells with these novel drug targets must first be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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Grönberg C, Asciutto G, Persson A, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Gonçalves I, Björkbacka H. Endarterectomy patients with elevated levels of circulating IL-16 have fewer cardiovascular events during follow-up. Cytokine 2016; 85:137-9. [PMID: 27344024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased interleukin 16 (IL-16) levels in carotid plaques have been associated with reduced incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events during follow-up in patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In the present study we aimed to determine whether high circulating levels of IL-16 also are associated with a decreased risk of CV events after CEA. METHODS Patients, who had their carotid plaques surgically removed (n=473), were followed for a mean follow-up time of 3.1years. Plasma levels of IL-16 the day before surgery were analyzed by proximity extension assay (PEA) and associated with the occurrence of CV events during follow-up (n=98). RESULTS High levels of circulating IL-16 were independently associated with a decreased risk of CV events when comparing the highest versus the lowest IL-16 tertile (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47; 95% CI 0.27-0.81; P=0.007), as well as with CV deaths (HR 0.25; 95% CI 0.09-0.70; P=0.008). CONCLUSION These present findings indicate an association between IL-16 and less clinical complications of atherosclerosis in a population with known advanced carotid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitríona Grönberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Giuseppe Asciutto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ana Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology (Coronary Arteries), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Grönberg C, Bengtsson E, Fredrikson GN, Nitulescu M, Asciutto G, Persson A, Andersson L, Nilsson J, Gonçalves I, Björkbacka H. Human Carotid Plaques With High Levels of Interleukin-16 Are Associated With Reduced Risk for Cardiovascular Events. Stroke 2015; 46:2748-54. [PMID: 26330445 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interleukin-16 (IL-16) functions as a regulator of T-cell growth and acts as an inducer of cell migration. The aim of this study was to determine whether IL-16 measured in human carotid plaques was associated with symptoms (eg, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax), markers of plaque stability, and postoperative cardiovascular events. METHODS Plaques obtained from patients who had ≥1 cerebrovascular ischemic events within 1 month before endarterectomy (n=111) were compared with plaques from patients without symptoms (n=95). Neutral lipids, smooth muscle cell, and macrophage contents were evaluated histologically, and collagen, elastin, and caspase-3 activity were measured biochemically. IL-16, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases were measured in plaque homogenates using a multiplex immunoassay. IL-16, CD3, CD4, and FoxP3 mRNA expressions in carotid plaques were analyzed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Carotid plaques from asymptomatic patients had higher levels of IL-16 mRNA. High plaque IL-16 protein levels (above median) were associated with reduced incidence of postoperative cardiovascular events during a mean follow-up of 21 months (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.99; P=0.047). IL-16 levels correlated with the plaque-stabilizing components: elastin, collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 and FoxP3 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that high levels of IL-16 are associated with asymptomatic carotid plaques, expression of factors contributing to plaque stability, and decreased risk of new cardiovascular events during a 2-year period after surgery, suggesting that IL-16 might have a protective role in human atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitríona Grönberg
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Nitulescu
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Asciutto
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Persson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Andersson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (C.G., E.B., G.N.F., M.N., A.P., L.A., J.N., I.G., H.B.) and Vascular Centre Malmö-Lund (G.A.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ekholm K, Grönberg C, Börjeson S, Berterö C. The next of kin experiences of symptoms and distress among patients with colorectal cancer: Diagnosis and treatment affecting the life situation. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Grönberg C, Björkbacka H. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:505-8. [PMID: 22964998 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835821d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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