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Edgar RD, Perrone F, Foster AR, Payne F, Lewis S, Nayak KM, Kraiczy J, Cenier A, Torrente F, Salvestrini C, Heuschkel R, Hensel KO, Harris R, Jones DL, Zerbino DR, Zilbauer M. Culture-Associated DNA Methylation Changes Impact on Cellular Function of Human Intestinal Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1295-1310. [PMID: 36038072 PMCID: PMC9703134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) are a powerful tool to model major aspects of intestinal development, health, and diseases because patient-derived cultures retain many features found in vivo. A necessary aspect of the organoid model is the requirement to expand cultures in vitro through several rounds of passaging. This is of concern because the passaging of cells has been shown to affect cell morphology, ploidy, and function. METHODS Here, we analyzed 173 human IEO lines derived from the small and large bowel and examined the effect of culture duration on DNA methylation (DNAm). Furthermore, we tested the potential impact of DNAm changes on gene expression and cellular function. RESULTS Our analyses show a reproducible effect of culture duration on DNAm in a large discovery cohort as well as 2 publicly available validation cohorts generated in different laboratories. Although methylation changes were seen in only approximately 8% of tested cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) and global cellular function remained stable, a subset of methylation changes correlated with altered gene expression at baseline as well as in response to inflammatory cytokine exposure and withdrawal of Wnt agonists. Importantly, epigenetic changes were found to be enriched in genomic regions associated with colonic cancer and distant to the site of replication, indicating similarities to malignant transformation. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows distinct culture-associated epigenetic changes in mucosa-derived human IEOs, some of which appear to impact gene transcriptomic and cellular function. These findings highlight the need for future studies in this area and the importance of considering passage number as a potentially confounding factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Edgar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Perrone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - April R Foster
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Pathway Analysis, Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Lewis
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Komal M Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Cenier
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Torrente
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Salvestrini
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kai O Hensel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Witten/Herdecke University, Department of Paediatrics, Helios Medical Centre Wuppertal, Children's Hospital, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Centre for Pathway Analysis, Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Anatomy and Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel R Zerbino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Gasparetto M, Payne F, Nayak K, Kraiczy J, Glemas C, Philip-McKenzie Y, Ross A, Edgar RD, Zerbino DR, Salvestrini C, Torrente F, Ventham NT, Kalla R, Satsangi J, Sarkies P, Heuschkel R, Zilbauer M. Transcription and DNA Methylation Patterns of Blood-Derived CD8 + T Cells Are Associated With Age and Inflammatory Bowel Disease But Do Not Predict Prognosis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:232-244.e7. [PMID: 32814113 PMCID: PMC7428744 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gene expression patterns of CD8+ T cells have been reported to correlate with clinical outcomes of adults with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We aimed to validate these findings in independent patient cohorts. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood samples from 112 children with a new diagnosis of IBD (71 with Crohn's disease and 41 with ulcerative colitis) and 19 children without IBD (controls) and recorded medical information on disease activity and outcomes. CD8+ T cells were isolated from blood samples by magnetic bead sorting at the point of diagnosis and during the course of disease. Genome-wide transcription (n = 192) and DNA methylation (n = 66) profiles were generated using Affymetrix and Illumina arrays, respectively. Publicly available transcriptomes and DNA methylomes of CD8+ T cells from 3 adult patient cohorts with and without IBD were included in data analyses. RESULTS Previously reported CD8+ T-cell prognostic expression and exhaustion signatures were only found in the original adult IBD patient cohort. These signatures could not be detected in either a pediatric or a second adult IBD cohort. In contrast, an association between CD8+ T-cell gene expression with age and sex was detected across all 3 cohorts. CD8+ gene transcription was clearly associated with IBD in the 2 cohorts that included non-IBD controls. Lastly, DNA methylation profiles of CD8+ T cells from children with Crohn's disease correlated with age but not with disease outcome. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to validate previously reported findings of an association between CD8+ T-cell gene transcription and disease outcome in IBD. Our findings reveal the challenges of developing prognostic biomarkers for patients with IBD and the importance of their validation in large, independent cohorts before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gasparetto
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Glemas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yosef Philip-McKenzie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ross
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel D. Edgar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Zerbino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Salvestrini
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Torrente
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas T. Ventham
- Academic Coloproctology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Kalla
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Satsangi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sarkies
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Kraiczy J, Nayak KM, Howell KJ, Ross A, Forbester J, Salvestrini C, Mustata R, Perkins S, Andersson-Rolf A, Leenen E, Liebert A, Vallier L, Rosenstiel PC, Stegle O, Dougan G, Heuschkel R, Koo BK, Zilbauer M. DNA methylation defines regional identity of human intestinal epithelial organoids and undergoes dynamic changes during development. Gut 2019; 68:49-61. [PMID: 29141958 PMCID: PMC6839835 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) are increasingly being recognised as a highly promising translational research tool. However, our understanding of their epigenetic molecular characteristics and behaviour in culture remains limited. DESIGN We performed genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiling of human IEOs derived from paediatric/adult and fetal small and large bowel as well as matching purified human gut epithelium. Furthermore, organoids were subjected to in vitro differentiation and genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. RESULTS We discovered stable epigenetic signatures which define regional differences in gut epithelial function, including induction of segment-specific genes during cellular differentiation. Established DNA methylation profiles were independent of cellular environment since organoids retained their regional DNA methylation over prolonged culture periods. In contrast to paediatric and adult organoids, fetal gut-derived organoids showed distinct dynamic changes of DNA methylation and gene expression in culture, indicative of an in vitro maturation. By applying CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to fetal organoids, we demonstrate that this process is partly regulated by TET1, an enzyme involved in the DNA demethylation process. Lastly, generating IEOs from a child diagnosed with gastric heterotopia revealed persistent and distinct disease-associated DNA methylation differences, highlighting the use of organoids as disease-specific research models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates striking similarities of epigenetic signatures in mucosa-derived IEOs with matching primary epithelium. Moreover, these results suggest that intestinal stem cell-intrinsic DNA methylation patterns establish and maintain regional gut specification and are involved in early epithelial development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Komal M Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate J Howell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Ross
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,Anne McLaren Laboratory & Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Salvestrini
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roxana Mustata
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally Perkins
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Leenen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anke Liebert
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory & Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip C Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Salvestrini C, Lucas M, Lionetti P, Torrente F, James S, Phillips AD, Murch SH. Matrix expansion and syncytial aggregation of syndecan-1+ cells underpin villous atrophy in coeliac disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106005. [PMID: 25198673 PMCID: PMC4157760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We studied the expression of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in coeliac disease (CD) mucosa, as they are critical determinants of tissue volume, which increases in active disease. We also examined mucosal expression of IL-6, which stimulates excess GAG synthesis in disorders such as Grave's ophthalmopathy. Methods We stained archival jejunal biopsies from 5 children with CD at diagnosis, on gluten-free diet and challenge for sulphated GAGs. We then examined duodenal biopsies from 9 children with CD compared to 9 histological normal controls, staining for sulphated GAGs, heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG), short-chain HSPG (Δ-HSPG) and the proteoglycan syndecan-1 (CD138), which is expressed on epithelium and plasma cells. We confirmed findings with a second monoclonal in another 12 coeliac children. We determined mucosal IL-6 expression by immunohistochemistry and PCR in 9 further cases and controls, and used quantitative real time PCR for other Th17 pathway cytokines in an additional 10 cases and controls. Results In CD, HSPG expression was lost in the epithelial compartment but contrastingly maintained within an expanded lamina propria. Within the upper lamina propria, clusters of syndecan-1+ plasma cells formed extensive syncytial sheets, comprising adherent plasma cells, lysed cells with punctate cytoplasmic staining and shed syndecan ectodomains. A dense infiltrate of IL-6+ mononuclear cells was detected in active coeliac disease, also localised to the upper lamina propria, with significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-17A but not IL-23 p19. Conclusions Matrix expansion, through syndecan-1+ cell recruitment and lamina propria GAG increase, underpins villous atrophy in coeliac disease. The syndecan-1+ cell syncytia and excess GAG production recapitulate elements of the invertebrate encapsulation reaction, itself dependent on insect transglutaminase and glutaminated early response proteins. As in other matrix expansion disorders, IL-6 is upregulated and represents a logical target for immunotherapy in patients with coeliac disease refractory to gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Salvestrini
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lucas
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Meyer Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Torrente
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sean James
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Phillips
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H. Murch
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Zilbauer M, Jenke A, Wenzel G, Goedde D, Postberg J, Phillips AD, Lucas M, Noble-Jamieson G, Torrente F, Salvestrini C, Heuschkel R, Wirth S. Intestinal alpha-defensin expression in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2076-86. [PMID: 21910169 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced alpha-defensin expression has been reported in the terminal ileum (TI) of adult patients with ileal Crohn's disease (CD). However, little is known about alpha-defensin expression in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS In all, 283 intestinal biopsies were obtained from children with CD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy controls. Absolute mRNA copy numbers for HD5, HD6, IL-8, Villin 1, and Tcf-4 were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HD5 immunostaining was performed on biopsy sections and patients genotyped for NOD2 mutations. RESULTS Equal expression levels of alpha-defensins (HD5 and HD6) were found in TI biopsies of children with ileal CD (L1+L3) compared to patients with colonic disease (L2) and healthy controls. In contrast, we found significantly higher levels of alpha-defensins in the TI of children with UC compared to CD and controls. Reduced expression of Tcf-4 was observed exclusively in the duodenum and TI of CD patients with L1+L3 phenotype. We demonstrate significantly increased expression of HD5 and HD6 in the inflamed colon of IBD children (UC and CD) attributable to the presence of metaplastic Paneth cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study no difference in alpha-defensin expression was found in the TI of CD children and controls. However, significant reduction of Tcf-4 in L1+L3 phenotype suggests that a possibly impaired PC differentiation may lead to altered HD5 and HD6 expression at some stage of disease. Additionally, substantially increased expression of alpha-defensins in the inflamed colonic mucosa of children with IBD raises the question for their potential involvement in modulating inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal, Germany.
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Pichler J, Zilbauer M, Torrente F, Heuschkel R, Phillips A, Salvestrini C. Feasibility of a finger prick-based self-testing kit in first- and second-degree relatives of children with coeliac disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1840-3. [PMID: 21528057 PMCID: PMC3081063 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i14.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess feasibility of a finger prick-based kit as method for self-testing of first and second-degree relatives of coeliac disease (CD) patients.
METHODS: A total number of 379 subjects were invited to participate in this study, consisting of 197 first-degree and 182 second-degree relatives of CD patients. The self-testing kit (Biocard™) was sent out with included instructions for use. Completed tests were sent back to the study coordinator for assessment.
RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-six invited relatives carried out the Biocard™ test at home. Amongst these, 70% were children. In 97% of the cases the test was performed correctly. Three tests revealed a positive result, all of which were later confirmed by serology and histology as coeliac disease.
CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that Biocard™ test is a reliable, easy to use and well-accepted tool for home testing of first- and second-degree relatives of CD patients.
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Zilbauer M, Jenke A, Wenzel G, Postberg J, Heusch A, Phillips AD, Noble-Jamieson G, Torrente F, Salvestrini C, Heuschkel R, Wirth S. Expression of human beta-defensins in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15389. [PMID: 21042595 PMCID: PMC2962650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides known to play a major role in intestinal innate host defence. Altered mucosal expression of hBDs has been suggested to be implicated in chronic inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. However, little is known about expression of these peptides in children. METHODS Intestinal biopsies were obtained from the duodenum (n = 88), terminal ileum (n = 90) and ascending colon (n = 105) of children with Crohn's disease (n = 26), ulcerative colitis (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 16). Quantitative real-time (RT) PCR was performed and absolute mRNA copy numbers analyzed for hBD1-3 as well as inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-alpha. RESULTS Significant induction of hBD2 and hBD3 was observed in the inflamed terminal ileum and ascending colon of IBD children. In the ascending colon induction of hBD2 was found to be significantly lower in children with Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis. A strong correlation was found between inducible defensins hBD2 and 3 and the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-alpha, both in the terminal ileum and ascending colon. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates distinct changes in hBD expression throughout the intestinal tract of children with IBD, lending further support for their potential role in disease pathogenesis.
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Amadi B, Fagbemi AO, Kelly P, Mwiya M, Torrente F, Salvestrini C, Day R, Golden MH, Eklund EA, Freeze HH, Murch SH. Reduced production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans occurs in Zambian children with kwashiorkor but not marasmus. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:592-600. [PMID: 19116330 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kwashiorkor, a form of severe malnutrition with high mortality, is characterized by edema and systemic abnormalities. Although extremely common, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood, and its characteristic physical signs are unexplained. OBJECTIVE Because kwashiorkor can develop in protein-losing enteropathy, which is caused by a loss of enterocyte heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and previous observations suggest abnormal sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism, we examined whether intestinal GAG and HSPG are abnormal in children with kwashiorkor. DESIGN Duodenal biopsy samples collected from Zambian children with marasmus (n = 18), marasmic kwashiorkor (n = 8), and kwashiorkor (n = 15) were examined for expression of HSPG, GAGs, and immunologic markers and compared against reference samples from healthy UK control children. GAG and HSPG expression density and inflammatory cell populations were quantitated by computerized analysis. RESULTS The kwashiorkor group was less wasted and had a lower HIV incidence than did the other groups. All duodenal biopsy samples showed inflammation compared with the histologically uninflamed control samples. Biopsy samples from marasmic children had greater inflammation and greater CD3+ and HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen DR)-positive cell densities than did samples from children with kwashiorkor. Expression of both HSPG and GAGs was similar between marasmic and well-nourished UK children but was markedly lower in children with kwashiorkor in both the epithelium and lamina propria. Although underglycosylated and undersulfated, epithelial syndecan-1 protein was normally expressed in kwashiorkor, which confirmed that abnormalities arise after core protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal HSPG loss occurs in kwashiorkor, which may precipitate protein-losing enteropathy to cause edema. If occurring systemically, impaired HSPG expression could cause several previously unexplained features of kwashiorkor. We speculate that a genetic predisposition to reduced HSPG biosynthesis may offer a contrasting selective advantage, by both diminishing protein catabolism during transient undernutrition and protecting against specific infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Amadi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia
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Heuschkel R, Salvestrini C, Beattie RM, Hildebrand H, Walters T, Griffiths A. Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:839-49. [PMID: 18266237 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Around 1 in 4 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) present in childhood, the majority around the time of their pubertal growth spurt. This presents challenges over and above those of managing IBD in adults as this period is a time of dramatic psychological and physical transition for a child. Growth and nutrition are key priorities in the management of adolescents and young adults with IBD. Growth failure in IBD is characterized by delayed skeletal maturation and a delayed onset of puberty, and is best described in terms of height-for-age standard deviation score (Z score) or by variations in growth velocity over a period of 3-4 months. Growth failure is common at presentation in Crohn's disease (CD), but less common in ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology of growth failure is multifactorial. Principal determinants, however, include the inflammatory process per se, with proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1beta, IL-6) being directly implicated. Furthermore, poor nutrition and the consequences of prolonged corticosteroid use also contribute to the significant reduction in final adult height of almost 1 in 5 children. Initially a prompt, where possible steroid-free, induction of remission is indicated. The ideal is then to sustain a relapse-free remission until growth is complete, which is often not until early adulthood. These goals can often be achieved with a combination of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and early use of immunosuppressants. The advent of potent and efficacious biological agents considerably improves the range of growth-sparing interventions available to children around puberty, although well-timed surgery remains another highly effective means of achieving remission and significant catch-up growth. We carried out a systematic review of publications to identify the best available evidence for managing growth failure in children with IBD. Despite the paucity of high-quality publications, sufficient data were available in the literature to allow practical, evidence-based where possible, management guidelines to be formulated. Although there is clear evidence that exclusive enteral nutrition achieves mucosal healing, its effect on growth has only been assessed at 6 months. In contrast to corticosteroids, EEN has no negative effect on growth. Corticosteroids remain the key therapy responsible for medication-induced growth impairment, although the use of budesonide in selected patients may minimize the steroid effect on dividing growth plates. Immunosuppressants have become a mainstay of treatment in children with IBD, and are being used earlier in the disease course than ever before. However, there are currently no long-term data reporting better growth outcome if these agents are introduced very soon after diagnosis. In comparison, recent data from a large prospective trial of infliximab in children with moderate to severe CD suggested significant catch-up growth during the first year of regular infusions. The only other intervention that has documented clear catch-up growth has been surgical resection. Resection of localized CD, in otherwise treatment-resistant children, early in the disease process achieves clear catch-up growth within the next 6 months. There are no data available that growth hormone improves final adult height in children with CD. In conjunction with expert endocrinological support, pubertal delay, more common in boys, may be treated with parenteral testosterone if causing significant psychological problems. The optimal management of children and adolescents requires a multidisciplinary approach frequently available within the pediatric healthcare setting. Dedicated dietetic support, along with nurse-specialist, child psychologist, and with closely linked medical and surgical care will likely achieve the best possible start for children facing a lifetime of chronic gut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heuschkel
- Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hampstead, London, UK.
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Bode L, Salvestrini C, Park PW, Li JP, Esko JD, Yamaguchi Y, Murch S, Freeze HH. Heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 are essential in maintaining murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:229-38. [PMID: 18064305 DOI: 10.1172/jci32335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) fail to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier function and develop an excessive and potentially fatal efflux of plasma proteins. PLE occurs in ostensibly unrelated diseases, but emerging commonalities in clinical observations recently led us to identify key players in PLE pathogenesis. These include elevated IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, venous hypertension, and the specific loss of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the basolateral surface of intestinal epithelial cells during PLE episodes. Here we show that heparan sulfate and syndecan-1, the predominant intestinal epithelial heparan sulfate proteoglycan, are essential in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function. Heparan sulfate- or syndecan-1-deficient mice and mice with intestinal-specific loss of heparan sulfate had increased basal protein leakage and were far more susceptible to protein loss induced by combinations of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and increased venous pressure. Similarly, knockdown of syndecan-1 in human epithelial cells resulted in increased basal and cytokine-induced protein leakage. Clinical application of heparin has been known to alleviate PLE in some patients but its unknown mechanism and severe side effects due to its anticoagulant activity limit its usefulness. We demonstrate here that non-anticoagulant 2,3-de-O-sulfated heparin could prevent intestinal protein leakage in syndecan-deficient mice, suggesting that this may be a safe and effective therapy for PLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bode
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Cook L, Al-Hendawi E, Bates AW, Brennan M, Salvestrini C, Malik M, Torrente F, Ogunbiyi O, Lewis A, Heuschkel RB. Limited ileo-caecal resection for localised Crohn's disease in childhood: Clinical outcome and predictors of further surgery. J Crohns Colitis 2007; 1:82-6. [PMID: 21172189 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the outcome of limited ileo-caecal resection in children with localised Crohn's disease (CD) and determine predictors of further surgery. METHODS Review of children diagnosed with CD and operated on for ileo-caecal disease from 1995 to 2005. Age at diagnosis, endoscopic disease distribution, indication for surgery, site of recurrence and date of last follow-up were recorded. Surgery required removal of only the ileo-caecal junction and caecal pole with removal of the minimum terminal ileal length. RESULTS Thirty seven children underwent intestinal resection. Time between primary operation and most recent follow-up was 3.8 years (range 1 month-8.8 years). Indications for surgery were obstruction/stricture (20), treatment-resistant disease (13) and abscess/perforation peritonitis (4). Follow-up was available in 32. Nine (28%) required re-laparotomy. Median time to second laparotomy was 12 months (range 4-58 months). Eighteen children required no endoscopies after surgery (median follow-up 3.4 years). CONCLUSION Most conservative surgery occurs about 2 years after diagnosis. About 1 in 4 children have a further laparotomy within 12 months. Over half of these require division of adhesions. Limited ileo-caecal resection for localized Crohn's disease is not associated with early peri-anastomotic recurrence. Developments in laparoscopic surgery are likely to further reduce complications from adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cook
- Dept. of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Pérez-Machado MA, Ashwood P, Torrente F, Salvestrini C, Sim R, Thomson MA, Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH. Spontaneous T(H)1 cytokine production by intraepithelial but not circulating T cells in infants with or without food allergies. Allergy 2004; 59:346-53. [PMID: 14982519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been established that the maintenance of immunological tolerance to dietary antigen and the intestinal flora (oral tolerance) is an actively-maintained process dependent upon mucosal lymphocyte populations. Early life exposures appear critical in the development of such tolerance. However little is known about the activation status of mucosal lymphocytes in human infancy and childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS We have performed flow cytometric analysis for cell lineage and cytokine-production status in peripheral blood and duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes taken during endoscopy from 20 children [median age 2.9 +/- 0.6 years (median +/- SE)] in whom investigation found no intestinal abnormalities (histologically normal controls) and 30 children (median age 1.6 +/- 0.4 years) with confirmed allergy to cow's milk and other dietary antigens. RESULTS Regardless of clinical status, spontaneous production of cytokines was low or undetectable in peripheral blood cells. By contrast, intraepithelial CD4 and CD8 cells isolated from the small intestine were often activated, with 5% or more showing spontaneous production of T(H)1 type [interleukin-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma] cytokines in both normal controls and food-allergic children. Stimulation in vitro strongly induced cytokine production in peripheral blood but not intraepithelial lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed similar density of IFN-gamma(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes in controls and allergic children. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes in human infants show a state of increased spontaneous activation compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, and show no significant impairment of T(H)1 responses in food allergic children.
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Lionetti P, Bronzini F, Salvestrini C, Bascietto C, Canani RB, Dé Angelis GL, Guariso G, Martelossi S, Papadatou B, Barabino A. Response to infliximab is related to disease duration in paediatric Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18:425-31. [PMID: 12940928 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infliximab is an effective therapy in adult patients with refractory and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Experience in children is still limited. AIM : To evaluate the experience in 22 children and adolescents treated with infliximab with refractory and/or fistulizing Crohn's disease, and to compare duration of response in children between early Crohn's disease and late Crohn's disease. METHODS The experience in 22 children and adolescents treated with a total of 73 infusions was evaluated retrospectively. Treatment indication was refractory Crohn's disease in 9/22 patients, fistulizing Crohn's disease in 7/22 patients and both these conditions in 6/22. All patients with refractory Crohn's disease had late Crohn's disease (> 1 year), whereas 6/13 patients with fistulas had early disease (< 1 year). RESULTS Mean Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) decreased from 41.2 to 16.2 at 4 weeks (P < 0.01), and to 15.4 at 18 weeks (P < 0.01). Mean PCDAI at 18 weeks in children with early Crohn's disease and late Crohn's disease was 5.5 and 18.1, respectively (P < 0.05). Complete closure of fistulas was obtained in 5/6 children with early Crohn's disease and in 2/7 children with late Crohn's disease. Immediate adverse reactions were observed in two children. CONCLUSIONS Infliximab is a highly effective treatment in children and adolescents with both severe refractory or fistulizing Crohn's disease. Children with early Crohn's disease have a higher chance of prolonged response to infliximab than children with late Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Università di Firenze-Ospedale Meyer, Florence, Italy
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