1
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Trinité B, Durr E, Pons-Grífols A, O'Donnell G, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Rodriguez S, Urrea V, Tarrés F, Mane J, Ortiz R, Rovirosa C, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Zhang L, Blanco J. VLPs generated by the fusion of RSV-F or hMPV-F glycoprotein to HIV-Gag show improved immunogenicity and neutralizing response in mice. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00473-0. [PMID: 38641492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) vaccines have been long overdue. Structure-based vaccine design created a new momentum in the last decade, and the first RSV vaccines have finally been approved in older adults and pregnant individuals. These vaccines are based on recombinant stabilized pre-fusion F glycoproteins administered as soluble proteins. Multimeric antigenic display could markedly improve immunogenicity and should be evaluated in the next generations of vaccines. Here we tested a new virus like particles-based vaccine platform which utilizes the direct fusion of an immunogen of interest to the structural human immunodeficient virus (HIV) protein Gag to increase its surface density and immunogenicity. We compared, in mice, the immunogenicity of RSV-F or hMPV-F based immunogens delivered either as soluble proteins or displayed on the surface of our VLPs. VLP associated F-proteins showed better immunogenicity and induced superior neutralizing responses. Moreover, when combining both VLP associated and soluble immunogens in a heterologous regimen, VLP-associated immunogens provided added benefits when administered as the prime immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain; University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain; University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Ávila-Nieto C, Vergara-Alert J, Amengual-Rigo P, Ainsua-Enrich E, Brustolin M, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Pedreño-Lopez N, Rodon J, Urrea V, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E, Pérez M, Roca N, Tarrés-Freixas F, Cantero G, Pons-Grífols A, Rovirosa C, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Ortiz R, Barajas A, Trinité B, Lepore R, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D, Izquierdo-Useros N, Valencia A, Blanco J, Guallar V, Clotet B, Segalés J, Carrillo J. Immunization with V987H-stabilized Spike glycoprotein protects K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2349. [PMID: 38514609 PMCID: PMC10957958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are crucial to fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Most vaccines are based on a mutated version of the Spike glycoprotein [K986P/V987P (S-2P)] with improved stability, yield and immunogenicity. However, S-2P is still produced at low levels. Here, we describe the V987H mutation that increases by two-fold the production of the recombinant Spike and the exposure of the receptor binding domain (RBD). S-V987H immunogenicity is similar to S-2P in mice and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH), and superior to a monomeric RBD. S-V987H immunization confer full protection against severe disease in K18-hACE2 mice and GSH upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge (D614G or B.1.351 variants). Furthermore, S-V987H immunized K18-hACE2 mice show a faster tissue viral clearance than RBD- or S-2P-vaccinated animals challenged with D614G, B.1.351 or Omicron BQ1.1 variants. Thus, S-V987H protein might be considered for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pep Amengual-Rigo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Brustolin
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Roca
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Lepore
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine. University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundaciò Lluita contra les infeccions. Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruit, Badalona, Spain.
- CIBERINFEC. ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Barajas A, Amengual-Rigo P, Pons-Grífols A, Ortiz R, Gracia Carmona O, Urrea V, de la Iglesia N, Blanco-Heredia J, Anjos-Souza C, Varela I, Trinité B, Tarrés-Freixas F, Rovirosa C, Lepore R, Vázquez M, de Mattos-Arruda L, Valencia A, Clotet B, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Guallar V, Carrillo J, Blanco J. Virus-like particle-mediated delivery of structure-selected neoantigens demonstrates immunogenicity and antitumoral activity in mice. J Transl Med 2024; 22:14. [PMID: 38172991 PMCID: PMC10763263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoantigens are patient- and tumor-specific peptides that arise from somatic mutations. They stand as promising targets for personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines. The identification process for neoantigens has evolved with the use of next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatic tools in tumor genomics. However, in-silico strategies for selecting immunogenic neoantigens still have very low accuracy rates, since they mainly focus on predicting peptide binding to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, which is key but not the sole determinant for immunogenicity. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of neoantigen-based vaccines may be enhanced using an optimal delivery platform that elicits robust de novo immune responses. METHODS We developed a novel neoantigen selection pipeline based on existing software combined with a novel prediction method, the Neoantigen Optimization Algorithm (NOAH), which takes into account structural features of the peptide/MHC-I interaction, as well as the interaction between the peptide/MHC-I complex and the TCR, in its prediction strategy. Moreover, to maximize neoantigens' therapeutic potential, neoantigen-based vaccines should be manufactured in an optimal delivery platform that elicits robust de novo immune responses and bypasses central and peripheral tolerance. RESULTS We generated a highly immunogenic vaccine platform based on engineered HIV-1 Gag-based Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) expressing a high copy number of each in silico selected neoantigen. We tested different neoantigen-loaded VLPs (neoVLPs) in a B16-F10 melanoma mouse model to evaluate their capability to generate new immunogenic specificities. NeoVLPs were used in in vivo immunogenicity and tumor challenge experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the relevance of incorporating other immunogenic determinants beyond the binding of neoantigens to MHC-I. Thus, neoVLPs loaded with neoantigens enhancing the interaction with the TCR can promote the generation of de novo antitumor-specific immune responses, resulting in a delay in tumor growth. Vaccination with the neoVLP platform is a robust alternative to current therapeutic vaccine approaches and a promising candidate for future personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Anna Pons-Grífols
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Univeritat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- Univeritat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola, Spain
| | | | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Nuria de la Iglesia
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juan Blanco-Heredia
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carla Anjos-Souza
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta del Canyet S/N., 08916, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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4
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Ávila-Nieto C, Vergara-Alert J, Amengual-Rigo P, Ainsua-Enrich E, Brustolin M, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Pedreño-Lopez N, Rodon J, Urrea V, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E, Pérez M, Roca N, Tarrés-Freixas F, Carabelli J, Cantero G, Pons-Grífols A, Rovirosa C, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Ortiz R, Barajas A, Trinité B, Lepore R, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Perez-Zsolt D, Izquierdo-Useros N, Valencia A, Blanco J, Clotet B, Guallar V, Segalés J, Carrillo J. Novel Spike-stabilized trimers with improved production protect K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291972. [PMID: 38124756 PMCID: PMC10731958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines are based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) or their subunits. However, S shows some structural instability that limits its immunogenicity and production, hampering the development of recombinant S-based vaccines. The introduction of the K986P and V987P (S-2P) mutations increases the production and immunogenicity of the recombinant S trimer, suggesting that these two parameters are related. Nevertheless, S-2P still shows some molecular instability and it is produced with low yield. Here we described a novel set of mutations identified by molecular modeling and located in the S2 region of the S-2P that increase its production up to five-fold. Besides their immunogenicity, the efficacy of two representative S-2P-based mutants, S-29 and S-21, protecting from a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant challenge was assayed in K18-hACE2 mice (an animal model of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease) and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) (a moderate disease model). S-21 induced higher level of WH1 and Delta variants neutralizing antibodies than S-2P in K18-hACE2 mice three days after challenge. Viral load in nasal turbinate and oropharyngeal samples were reduced in S-21 and S-29 vaccinated mice. Despite that, only the S-29 protein protected 100% of K18-hACE2 mice from severe disease. When GSH were analyzed, all immunized animals were protected from disease development irrespectively of the immunogen they received. Therefore, the higher yield of S-29, as well as its improved immunogenicity and efficacy protecting from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant, pinpoint the S-29 mutant as an alternative to the S-2P protein for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pep Amengual-Rigo
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Brustolin
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Roca
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Rosalba Lepore
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ortiz R, Barajas A, Pons-Grífols A, Trinité B, Tarrés-Freixas F, Rovirosa C, Urrea V, Barreiro A, Gonzalez-Tendero A, Cardona M, Ferrer L, Clotet B, Carrillo J, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Blanco J. Exploring FeLV-Gag-Based VLPs as a New Vaccine Platform-Analysis of Production and Immunogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109025. [PMID: 37240371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in domestic cats. Although different commercial vaccines are available, none of them provides full protection. Thus, efforts to design a more efficient vaccine are needed. Our group has successfully engineered HIV-1 Gag-based VLPs that induce a potent and functional immune response against the HIV-1 transmembrane protein gp41. Here, we propose to use this concept to generate FeLV-Gag-based VLPs as a novel vaccine strategy against this retrovirus. By analogy to our HIV-1 platform, a fragment of the FeLV transmembrane p15E protein was exposed on FeLV-Gag-based VLPs. After optimization of Gag sequences, the immunogenicity of the selected candidates was evaluated in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, showing strong cellular and humoral responses to Gag but failing to generate anti-p15E antibodies. Altogether, this study not only tests the versatility of the enveloped VLP-based vaccine platform but also sheds light on FeLV vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ortiz
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Doctorate School, Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Doctorate School, Medicine Department, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Anna Pons-Grífols
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Doctorate School, Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Carla Rovirosa
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Doctorate School, Medicine Department, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Doctorate School, Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Doctorate School, Medicine Department, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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6
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Pradenas E, Marfil S, Urrea V, Trigueros M, Pidkova T, Pons-Grífols A, Ortiz R, Rovirosa C, Tarrés-Freixas F, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Toledo R, Chamorro A, Noguera-Julian M, Mateu L, Blanco I, Grau E, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Trinité B, Blanco J. Impact of hybrid immunity booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection on SARS-CoV-2 VOCs cross-neutralization. iScience 2023; 26:106457. [PMID: 36999095 PMCID: PMC10027310 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of cross-variant neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 represents a major goal for current COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Additionally, natural infection may also contribute to broaden neutralizing responses. To assess the contribution of vaccines and natural infection, we cross-sectionally analyzed plasma neutralization titers of six groups of individuals, organized according to the number of vaccines they received and their SARS-CoV-2 infection history. Two doses of vaccine had a limited capacity to generate cross-neutralizing antibodies against Omicron variants of concern (VOCs) in uninfected individuals, but efficiently synergized with previous natural immunization in convalescent individuals. In contrast, booster dose had a critical impact on broadening the cross-neutralizing response in uninfected individuals, to level similar to hybrid immunity, while still improving cross-neutralizing responses in convalescent individuals. Omicron breakthrough infection improved cross-neutralization of Omicron subvariants in non-previously infected vaccinated individuals. Therefore, ancestral Spike-based immunization, via infection or vaccination, contributes to broaden SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Macedonia Trigueros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tetyana Pidkova
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pons-Grífols
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar-Gurrieri
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Corresponding author
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
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7
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Abella E, Trigueros M, Pradenas E, Muñoz-Lopez F, Garcia-Pallarols F, Ben Azaiz Ben Lahsen R, Trinité B, Urrea V, Marfil S, Rovirosa C, Puig T, Grau E, Chamorro A, Toledo R, Font M, Palacín D, Lopez-Segui F, Carrillo J, Prat N, Mateu L, Clotet B, Blanco J, Massanella M. Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with monoclonal gammopathies: A cross sectional study. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201479. [PMID: 35961779 PMCID: PMC9375155 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is the most effective strategy to protect individuals with haematologic malignancies against severe COVID-19, while eliciting limited vaccine responses. We characterized the humoral responses following 3 mo after mRNA-based vaccines in individuals at different plasma-cell disease stages: monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and multiple myeloma on first-line therapy (MM), compared with a healthy population. Plasma samples from uninfected MM patients showed lower SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and neutralization capacity compared with MGUS, SMM, and healthy individuals. Importantly, COVID-19 recovered MM individuals presented significantly higher plasma neutralization capacity compared with their uninfected counterparts, highlighting that hybrid immunity elicit stronger immunity even in this immunocompromised population. No differences in the vaccine-induced humoral responses were observed between uninfected MGUS, SMM and healthy individuals. In conclusion, MGUS and SMM patients could be SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated following the vaccine recommendations for the general population, whereas a tailored monitoring of the vaccine-induced immune responses should be considered in uninfected MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Abella
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Macedonia Trigueros
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz-Lopez
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Font
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Dolors Palacín
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària-Metropolitana Nord, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Francesc Lopez-Segui
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Prat
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària-Metropolitana Nord, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Trigueros M, Pradenas E, Palacín D, Muñoz-López F, Ávila-Nieto C, Trinité B, Bonet-Simó JM, Isnard M, Moreno N, Marfil S, Rovirosa C, Puig T, Grau E, Chamorro A, Martinez A, Toledo R, Font M, Ara J, Carrillo J, Mateu L, Blanco J, Clotet B, Prat N, Massanella M. Reduced humoral response 3 months following BNT162b2 vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 uninfected residents of long-term care facilities. Age Ageing 2022; 51:6589805. [PMID: 35595256 PMCID: PMC9122645 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is the most effective strategy to protect older residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF) against severe COVID-19, but primary vaccine responses are less effective in older adults. Here, we characterised the humoral responses of institutionalised seniors 3 months after they had received the mRNA/BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific total IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies were measured before and 3 months after vaccination in older residents of LTCF. Neutralisation capacity was assessed in a pseudovirus neutralisation assay against the original WH1 and later B.1.617.2/Delta variants. A group of younger adults was used as a reference group. Results three months after vaccination, uninfected older adults presented reduced SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels and a significantly lower neutralisation capacity against the WH1 and Delta variants compared with vaccinated uninfected younger individuals. In contrast, COVID-19-recovered older adults showed significantly higher SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG levels after vaccination than their younger counterparts, whereas showing similar neutralisation activity against the WH1 virus and an increased neutralisation capacity against the Delta variant. Although, similarly to younger individuals, previously infected older adults elicit potent cross-reactive immune responses, higher quantities of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies are required to reach the same neutralisation levels. Conclusions although hybrid immunity seems to be active in previously infected older adults 3 months after mRNA/BNT162b2 vaccination, humoral immune responses are diminished in COVID-19 uninfected but vaccinated older residents of LTCF. These results suggest that a vaccine booster dose should be prioritised for this particularly vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macedonia Trigueros
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Palacín
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària - Metropolitana Nord, 08023 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz-López
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Mar Isnard
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària - Metropolitana Nord, 08023 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nemesio Moreno
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària - Metropolitana Nord, 08023 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Font
- Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Ara
- Gerencia Territorial de la Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Prat
- Direcció d'Atenció Primària - Metropolitana Nord, 08023 Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-AIDS Research Institute and Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas CIBERINFEC, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Pérez-Yanes S, Pernas M, Marfil S, Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Ortiz R, Urrea V, Rovirosa C, Estévez-Herrera J, Olivares I, Casado C, Lopez-Galindez C, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Characteristics of the HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Are Linked With Viral Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:763039. [PMID: 35401460 PMCID: PMC8988142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.763039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and clinical progression is incomplete due to the variable contribution of host, immune, and viral factors. The involvement of viral factors has been investigated in extreme clinical phenotypes from rapid progressors to long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Among HIV-1 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) has been concentrated on in many studies for its important role in the immune response and in the first steps of viral replication. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of 41 Envs from 24 patients with different clinical progression rates and viral loads (VLs), LTNP-Elite Controllers (LTNP-ECs); Viremic LTNPs (vLTNPs), and non-controller individuals contemporary to LTNPs or recent, named Old and Modern progressors. We studied the Env expression, the fusion and cell-to-cell transfer capacities, as well as viral infectivity. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Envs were also performed. In every functional characteristic, the Envs from subjects with viral control (LTNP-ECs and vLTNPs) showed significant lower performance compared to those from the progressor individuals (Old and Modern). Regarding sequence analysis, the variable loops of the gp120 subunit of the Env (i.e., V2, V4, and mainly V5) of the progressor individuals showed longer and more glycosylated sequences than controller subjects. Therefore, HIV-1 Envs from virus of patients presenting viremic control and the non-progressor clinical phenotype showed poor viral functions and shorter sequences, whereas functional Envs were associated with virus of patients lacking virological control and with progressor clinical phenotypes. These correlations support the role of Env genotypic and phenotypic characteristics in the in vivo HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - María Pernas
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Concepción Casado,
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cecilio Lopez-Galindez,
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Julià Blanco,
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández,
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10
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Pradenas E, Trinité B, Urrea V, Marfil S, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rovirosa C, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Valencia A, Izquierdo-Useros N, Noguera-Julian M, Carrillo J, Paredes R, Mateu L, Chamorro A, Toledo R, Massanella M, Clotet B, Blanco J. Clinical course impacts early kinetics,magnitude, and amplitude of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies beyond 1 year after infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100523. [PMID: 35233547 PMCID: PMC8784437 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand the determinants of long-term immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the concurrent impact of vaccination and emerging variants, we follow a prospective cohort of 332 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) over more than a year after symptom onset. We evaluate plasma-neutralizing activity using HIV-based pseudoviruses expressing the spike of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and analyze them longitudinally using mixed-effects models. Long-term neutralizing activity is stable beyond 1 year after infection in mild/asymptomatic and hospitalized participants. However, longitudinal models suggest that hospitalized individuals generate both short- and long-lived memory B cells, while the responses of non-hospitalized individuals are dominated by long-lived B cells. In both groups, vaccination boosts responses to natural infection. Long-term (>300 days from infection) responses in unvaccinated participants show a reduced efficacy against beta, but not alpha nor delta, variants. Multivariate analysis identifies the severity of primary infection as an independent determinant of higher magnitude and lower relative cross-neutralization activity of long-term neutralizing responses. Long-term persistence (>12 months) of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Severity of infection determines the magnitude and quality of neutralizing response Vaccination boosts neutralizing response to natural infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Trinité B, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Rovirosa C, Urrea V, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Lepore R, Izquierdo-Useros N, Trujillo G, Trapé J, González-Fernández C, Flor A, Pérez-Vidal R, Toledo R, Chamorro A, Paredes R, Blanco I, Grau E, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J. Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses 2021; 13:1135. [PMID: 34204754 PMCID: PMC8231627 DOI: 10.3390/v13061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the spread of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a need to assess the protection conferred by both previous infections and current vaccination. Here we tested the neutralizing activity of infected and/or vaccinated individuals against pseudoviruses expressing the spike of the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1), the D614G mutant and the B.1.1.7 variant. Our data show that parameters of natural infection (time from infection and nature of the infecting variant) determined cross-neutralization. Uninfected vaccinees showed a small reduction in neutralization against the B.1.1.7 variant compared to both the WH1 strain and the D614G mutant. Interestingly, upon vaccination, previously infected individuals developed more robust neutralizing responses against B.1.1.7, suggesting that vaccines can boost the neutralization breadth conferred by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Lepore
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Glòria Trujillo
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Jaume Trapé
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Carolina González-Fernández
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Antonia Flor
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Rafel Pérez-Vidal
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
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