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Aresta AM, De Vietro N, Zambonin C. Analysis and Characterization of the Extracellular Vesicles Released in Non-Cancer Diseases Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization/Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4490. [PMID: 38674075 PMCID: PMC11050240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells play a crucial role in intercellular communications and interactions. The direct shedding of EVs from the plasma membrane represents a fundamental pathway for the transfer of properties and information between cells. These vesicles are classified based on their origin, biogenesis, size, content, surface markers, and functional features, encompassing a variety of bioactive molecules that reflect the physiological state and cell type of origin. Such molecules include lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Research efforts aimed at comprehending EVs, including the development of strategies for their isolation, purification, and characterization, have led to the discovery of new biomarkers. These biomarkers are proving invaluable for diagnosing diseases, monitoring disease progression, understanding treatment responses, especially in oncology, and addressing metabolic, neurological, infectious disorders, as well as advancing vaccine development. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)/Mass Spectrometry (MS) stands out as a leading tool for the analysis and characterization of EVs and their cargo. This technique offers inherent advantages such as a high throughput, minimal sample consumption, rapid and cost-effective analysis, and user-friendly operation. This review is mainly focused on the primary applications of MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF)/MS in the analysis and characterization of extracellular vesicles associated with non-cancerous diseases and pathogens that infect humans, animals, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maria Aresta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (N.D.V.)
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Aresta AM, De Vietro N, Gubitosa J, Rizzi V, De Pasquale I, Fini P, Cosma P, Curri ML, Zambonin C. Effect of a Composite Alginate/Grape Pomace Extract Packaging Material for Improving Meat Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15958. [PMID: 37958941 PMCID: PMC10649240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of food packaging materials that reduce the production of plastic, preserving at the same time the quality of food, is a topic of great interest today for the scientific community. Therefore, this article aims to report the effectiveness of an eco-friendly packaging material based on alginic acid and grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. (winemaking by-products) for storing red meat in a domestic refrigerator. Specifically, biogenic amines are considered "sentinels" of the putrefactive processes, and their presence was thus monitored. For this purpose, an experimental analytical protocol based on the use of solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed during this work for the determination of six biogenic amines (butylamine, cadaverine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, putrescine, and tyramine). Moreover, by combining the analytical results with those of pH and weight loss measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and microbiological analysis, it was proved that the studied materials could be proposed as an alternative packaging material for storing foods of animal origin, thus lowering the environmental impact according to sustainability principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maria Aresta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Nicoletta De Vietro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jennifer Gubitosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.R.); (P.C.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Vito Rizzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.R.); (P.C.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Ilaria De Pasquale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.R.); (P.C.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.R.); (P.C.); (M.L.C.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.A.); (C.Z.)
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DI Gilio A, Palmisani J, Picciariello A, Zambonin C, Aresta A, De Vietro N, Franchini SA, Ventrella G, Nisi M, Licen S, Barbieri P, Altomare D, de Gennaro G. Identification of a characteristic VOCs pattern in the exhaled breath of post-COVID subjects: are metabolic alterations induced by the infection still detectable? J Breath Res 2023. [PMID: 37379826 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ace27c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is expected to cause metabolic alterations due to viral replication and the host immune response resulting in increase of cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. The present prospective observational study is addressed at exploring the potentialities of breath analysis in discrimination between patients with a documented previous history of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and, at the moment of the enrollment, exhibiting a negative nasopharyngeal swab and acquired immunity (post-COVID) and healthy subjects with no evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (no-COVID). The main purpose is to understand if traces of metabolic alterations induced during the acute phase of the infection are still detectable after negativization, in the form of a characteristic VOCs pattern. An overall number of 60 volunteers aged between 25 and 70 years were enrolled in the study (post-COVID: n.30; no-COVID: n. 30), according to well-determined criteria. Breath and ambient air samples were collected by means of an automated sampling system (Mistral) and analyzed by Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). Statistical tests (Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test) and multivariate data analysis (Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis) were performed on data sets. Among all compounds detected (76 VOCs in 90% of breath samples), 5 VOCs (1-propanol, isopropanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, propanal and 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol) showed abundances in breath samples collected from post-COVID subjects significantly different with respect to those collected from no-COVID group (Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test, p-values < 0.05). Although not completely satisfactory separation between the groups was obtained, variables showing significant differences between the two groups and higher loadings for PCA are recognized biomarkers of COVID-19, according to previous studies in literature. Therefore, based on the outcomes obtained, traces of metabolic alterations induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection are still detectable after negativization. This evidence raises questions about the eligibility of post-COVID subjects in observational studies addressed at the detection of COVID-19. (Ethical Committee Registration number: 120/AG/11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia DI Gilio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Arcangelo Picciariello
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazzale Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Puglia, 70124, ITALY
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Antonella Aresta
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Nicoletta De Vietro
- Department of Chemistry , Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Silvana Angela Franchini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnolgies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Gianrocco Ventrella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Marirosa Nisi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
| | - Sabina Licen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 34127, ITALY
| | - Pierluigi Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 34127, ITALY
| | - Donato Altomare
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Piazzale Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Puglia, 70124, ITALY
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, Bari, Puglia, 70125, ITALY
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Zambonin C, Aresta A. MALDI-TOF/MS Analysis of Non-Invasive Human Urine and Saliva Samples for the Identification of New Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061925. [PMID: 35335287 PMCID: PMC8951187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a group of heterogeneous diseases that are a leading global cause of death. Even though mortality has decreased in the past thirty years for different reasons, most patients are still diagnosed at the advanced stage, with limited therapeutic choices and poor outcomes. Moreover, the majority of cancers are detected using invasive painful methods, such as endoscopic biopsy, making the development of non-invasive or minimally invasive methods for the discovery and fast detection of specific biomarkers a crucial need. Among body fluids, a valuable non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy, the most accessible and least invasive are undoubtedly urine and saliva. They are easily retrievable complex fluids containing a large variety of endogenous compounds that may provide information on the physiological condition of the body. The combined analysis of these fluids with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), a reliable and easy-to-use instrumentation that provides information with relatively simple sample pretreatments, could represent the ideal option to rapidly achieve fast early stage diagnosis of tumors and their real-time monitoring. On this basis, the present review summarizes the recently reported applications relevant to the MALDI analysis of human urine and saliva samples.
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Aresta A, Cotugno P, De Vietro N, Longo C, Mercurio M, Ferriol P, Zambonin C, Nonnis Marzano C. Volatile Organic Compounds, Indole, and Biogenic Amines Assessment in Two Mediterranean Irciniidae (Porifera, Demospongiae). Mar Drugs 2021; 19:711. [PMID: 34940710 PMCID: PMC8706640 DOI: 10.3390/md19120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the headspace determination of the volatile organic fraction emitted by two of the most common Mediterranean demosponges, Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus, and of indole and some biogenic amines released by sponges in an aqueous medium. A total of 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and 75 µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibers were used for the headspace extraction of low molecular weight sulfur compounds from a hermetically sealed vial containing sponge fragments, while the direct immersion determination of indole and biogenic amines was performed. The biogenic amines were extracted after in-solution derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. All analytical parameters (linearity, limits of detection, and quantification, precision, and recovery) were evaluated for indole and biogenic amines. SPME-GC-MS proved to be a reliable means of highlighting the differences between molecules released by different sponges, principally responsible for their smell. The combined approaches allowed the identification of several volatile compounds in the headspace and other molecules released by the sponges in an aqueous medium, including indole and the BAs cadaverine, histamine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, propylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine and tryptamine. The results obtained represent a further contribution to the picture of odoriferous molecules secreted by sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (N.D.V.); (C.Z.)
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (N.D.V.); (C.Z.)
| | - Nicoletta De Vietro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (N.D.V.); (C.Z.)
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (C.N.M.)
| | - Maria Mercurio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (C.N.M.)
| | - Pere Ferriol
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (N.D.V.); (C.Z.)
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Cotugno P, Massari F, Aresta A, Zambonin C, Ragni R, Monks K, Avagyan L, Böttcher J. Advanced Gel Permeation Chromatography system with increased loading capacity: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detection in olive oil as a case of study. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461920. [PMID: 33530008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is herein used as size exclusion clean-up technique for highly sensitive and straightforward detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in olive oil samples. An advanced chromatographic system has been developed to isolate a series of PAHs with cancerogenic potential, including PAH4 (benzo(a)pyrene BaP, benzo(a)anthracene BaA, benzo(b)fluoranthene BbF and chrysene Chry) reported in the European Regulation. The system avails of two glass chromatographic columns and a switching valve, that allow removal of interfering analytes in olive oil without resorting to any preliminary extraction process. A seven-fold increase of the loaded sample amount versus conventional chromatographic systems (1 g vs 0.150 g) has been pursued, as well as improved PAHs detection and quantification limits (LOD-LOQ for PAH4: 0.21-0.70 ng/g for BaA, 0.26-0.86 ng/g for Chry, 0.23-0.76 ng/g for BbF, 0.32-1.06 ng/g for BaP), in accordance with the continuous need of more and more reducing these limits in food analysis by the European Regulation. The protocol developed represents a highly innovative and efficient analytical method for organic pollutants in complex biological matrices as olive oil, that can have huge impact on technology for PAHs detection in food samples, being suitable for both industrial and small-scale laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cotugno
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Federica Massari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Aresta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Ragni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Kate Monks
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilit Avagyan
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Böttcher
- KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Geräte GmbH, Hegauer Weg 38, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Tragni V, Cotugno P, De Grassi A, Massari F, Di Ronzo F, Aresta AM, Zambonin C, Sanzani SM, Ippolito A, Pierri CL. Targeting mitochondrial metabolite transporters in Penicillium expansum for reducing patulin production. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 158:158-181. [PMID: 33250320 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need of alternative treatments to control fungal infection and consequent mycotoxin accumulation in harvested fruits and vegetables. Indeed, only few biological targets of antifungal agents have been characterized and can be used for limiting fungal spread from decayed fruits/vegetables to surrounding healthy ones during storage. On this concern, a promising target of new antifungal treatments may be represented by mitochondrial proteins due to some species-specific functions played by mitochondria in fungal morphogenesis, drug resistance and virulence. One of the most studied mycotoxins is patulin produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus genera. Patulin is toxic to many biological systems including bacteria, higher plants and animalia. Although precise biochemical mechanisms of patulin toxicity in humans are not completely clarified, its high presence in fresh and processed apple fruits and other apple-based products makes necessary developing a strategy for limiting its presence/accumulation. Patulin biosynthetic pathway consists of an enzymatic cascade, whose first step is represented by the synthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid, obtained from the condensation of one acetyl-CoA molecule with three malonyl-CoA molecules. The most abundant acetyl-CoA precursor is represented by citrate produced by mitochondria. In the present investigation we report about the possibility to control patulin production through the inhibition of mitochondrial/peroxisome transporters involved in the export of acetyl-CoA precursors from mitochondria and/or peroxisomes, with specific reference to the predicted P. expansum mitochondrial Ctp1p, DTC, Sfc1p, Oac1p and peroxisomal PXN carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tragni
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Biology Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy; BROWSer S.r.l. (https://browser-bioinf.com/) c/o, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Massari
- Biology Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Ronzo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Maria Aresta
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ippolito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy; BROWSer S.r.l. (https://browser-bioinf.com/) c/o, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, Biopharmaceutics, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Aresta A, Damascelli A, De Vietro N, Zambonin C. Measurement of squalene in olive oil by fractional crystallization or headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. International Journal of Food Properties 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1833033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Damascelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Aresta A, Milani G, Clodoveo ML, Franchini C, Cotugno P, Radojcic Redovnikovic I, Quinto M, Corbo F, Zambonin C. Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112509. [PMID: 32481534 PMCID: PMC7321086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria Lisa Clodoveo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Pz G. Cesare 11, Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
| | | | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, Via A.Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805442746
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
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Antelmi A, Svedman C, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Aresta A, De Benedetto GE, Zambonin C, Vestita M, Romita P, Foti C. Photoallergic contact dermatitis caused by wooden catholic bracelets: A report of two cases. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:71-73. [PMID: 32219860 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Vestita
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Aresta A, Cotugno P, De Vietro N, Massari F, Zambonin C. Determination of Polyphenols and Vitamins in Wine-Making by-Products by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1749846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Biology, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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12
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Aresta A, De Vietro N, Zambonin C. Ultra-Trace Determination of Sudan I, II, III, and IV in Wastewater by Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and on-Line Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1747481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta De Vietro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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13
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Aresta A, Cotugno P, Zambonin C. Solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization for assessment of mammalian and vegetable milks with emphasis on the content of major phytoestrogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6398. [PMID: 31024018 PMCID: PMC6484104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new solvent-free method for the simultaneous determination of some major phytoestrogens (equol, enterodiol, daidzein, genistein, glycitein) in different commercial milks (cow, goat and soy-rice) was developed. After solid phase microextraction, performed by direct immersion of a 65 μm-polydimethylsiloxane–divinylbenzene fiber in diluted (1:100 with 0.2% formic acid - 30% sodium chloride) milk samples (18 °C for 20 min under stirring), a direct on-fiber silylation with N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (70 °C for 20 min) was performed prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Since the target compounds were determined as aglycones, the hydrolytic removal of the aglycone from the glycosides was performed. The method permitted the determination of the target analytes in all the considered milk samples as well as the detection of some major amphipathic fats indicating that the approach could potentially be applied in the future for further applications, such as milk profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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14
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Aresta A, Cotugno P, Zambonin C. Determination of Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Marbofloxacin in Bovine Urine, Serum, and Milk by Microextraction by a Packed Sorbent Coupled to Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1496093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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16
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Calvello R, Aresta A, Trapani A, Zambonin C, Cianciulli A, Salvatore R, Clodoveo ML, Corbo F, Franchini C, Panaro MA. Bovine and soybean milk bioactive compounds: Effects on inflammatory response of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem 2016; 210:276-85. [PMID: 27211648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effects of commercial bovine and soybean milks and their bioactive compounds, namely genistein, daidzein and equol, on the inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of human intestinal Caco-2 cells were examined, in terms of nitric oxide (NO) release and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) expression. Both milks and their bioactive compounds significantly inhibited, dose-dependently, the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, resulting in a decreased NO production. The NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated intestinal cells was also examined. In all cases we observed that cell pre-treatment before LPS activation inhibited the IkB phosphorylation. Accordingly, quantification of bioactive compounds by solid phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography has shown that they were absorbed, metabolized and released by Caco-2 cells in culture media. In conclusion, we demonstrated that milks and compounds tested are able to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory responses from intestinal cells, interfering with NF-kB dependent molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Calvello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Cianciulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Lisa Clodoveo
- Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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17
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Aresta A, Zambonin C. Simultaneous determination of salicylic, 3-methyl salicylic, 4-methyl salicylic, acetylsalicylic and benzoic acids in fruit, vegetables and derived beverages by SPME-LC-UV/DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:63-68. [PMID: 26775020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic and benzoic acid are phenolic acids occurring in plant cells, thus they can be present in fruit and vegetables at various levels. They possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, however they may induce symptoms and health problems in a small percentage of the population. Therefore, a low phenolic acid diet may be of clinical benefit to such individuals. In order to achieve this goal, the concentration of these substances in different food and beverages should be assessed. The present work describes for the first time a new method, based on solid phase microextraction (polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber) coupled to liquid chromatography with UV diode array detection, for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid, 3-methyl salicylic acid, 4-methyl salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and benzoic acid in selected fruit, vegetables and beverages. All the aspects influencing fiber adsorption (time, temperature, pH, salt addition) and desorption (desorption and injection time, desorption solvent mixture composition) of the analytes have been investigated. An isocratic separation was performed using an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (pH 2.8; 2 mM) mixture (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. The estimated LOD and LOQ values (μg/mL) were in the range 0.002-0.028 and 0.007-0.095. The within-day and day-to-day precision values (RSD%) were between 4.7-6.1 and 6.6-9.4, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of fava beans, blueberries, kiwi, tangerines, lemons, oranges and fruit juice (lemon and blueberry) samples. The major advantage of the method is that it only requires simple homogenization and/or centrifugation and dilution steps prior to SPME and injection in the LC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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18
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L'Homme B, Calaprice C, Calvano CD, Zambonin C, Leardi R, Focant JF. Ultra-trace measurement of Dechloranes to investigate food as a route of human exposure. Chemosphere 2015; 139:525-533. [PMID: 26313934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dechloranes, including Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), Dechlorane 602, Dechlorane 603, Dechlorane 604, Chlordene Plus, and Mirex are used as flame-retardants and were recently found in human serum of the European population. In order to investigate if food consumption would possibly be a significant route of exposure, we developed a method for the measurement of Dechloranes in food and feed. We showed that it was possible to extend the scope of the regular polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin like (DL-), and non-dioxin like (NDL-) regulated PCBs clean-up and fractionation procedure to Dechloranes and that no compound degradation occurred during the strong acidic treatments used for lipid digestion. Dechloranes were measured by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQMS/MS). We optimized injection parameters by face centered experimental design (FCD). The electron ionization fragmentation was investigated to set appropriate multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Instrumental and method limits of quantitation (iLOQs and mLOQs) were determined following EU guidelines for dioxin analyses in food. A total of 88 samples were analyzed to assess the prevalence of this route of exposure to humans. Average levels of the sum of Dechloranes ranged from 10 to 31pg/g fat, with the exception of fish, feed additives, and corn that were reported in pg/g wet weight at average levels of 9, 12, and 2pg/g ww. Based on Belgian food habits, a dietary intake was estimated to be 136pg/day. The relatively low reported levels indicate that other routes of human exposure should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L'Homme
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Calaprice
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leardi
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical and Food Chemistry and Technology, Via Brigata Salerno (ponte), University of Genoa, I-16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-François Focant
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Aresta A, Di Grumo F, Zambonin C. Determination of Major Isoflavones in Soy Drinks by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Aresta A, Nonnis Marzano C, Lopane C, Corriero G, Longo C, Zambonin C, Stabili L. Analytical investigations on the lindane bioremediation capability of the demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 90:143-149. [PMID: 25467876 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lindane is an organochlorine pesticide that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. It is of particular concern because of its toxicity, persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this context, we investigated the ability of the demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis to bioremediate lindane polluted seawater during in vitro experimentation. Lindane was extracted by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, we assessed the role exerted in lindane degradation by bacteria isolated from the sponge. Sponges showed low mortality in experimental conditions (lindane concentration 1 μg/L) and were able to remove about 50% of the lindane content from seawater in 48 h. Bacteria isolated from sponges showed a remarkable remediating capacity (up to 97% of lindane removed after 8-days). A lindane metabolite was identified, 1,3,4,5,6-pentachloro-cyclohexene. The results obtained are a prelude to the development of future strategies for the in situ bioremediation of this pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center S.M.A.R.T., University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Lopane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Corriero
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center S.M.A.R.T., University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Stabili
- DiSTeBa, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; IAMC, Section of Taranto-CNR, Via Roma, 3-70400 Taranto, Italy.
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Calvano CD, Monopoli A, Loizzo P, Faccia M, Zambonin C. Proteomic approach based on MALDI-TOF MS to detect powdered milk in fresh cow's milk. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:1609-1617. [PMID: 22931122 DOI: 10.1021/jf302999s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Milk and cheese are expensive foodstuffs, and their consumption is spread among the population because of their high nutritional value; for this reason they are often subjected to adulterations. Among the common illegal practices, the addition of powdered derivatives seems very difficult to detect because the adulterant materials have almost the same chemical composition of liquid milk. However, the high temperatures (180-200 °C) used for milk powder production could imply the occurrence of some protein modifications (e.g., glycation, lactosylation, oxidation, deamidation, dehydration). The modified proteins or peptides could then be used as markers for the presence of powdered milk. In this work, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was employed to analyze tryptic digests relevant to samples of raw liquid (without heat treatment), commercial liquid, and powdered cow's milk. Samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE); differences among liquid and powder milk were detected at this stage and eventually confirmed by MALDI analysis of the in gel digested proteins. Some diagnostic peptides of powdered milk, attributed to modified whey proteins and/or caseins, were identified. Then, a faster procedure was optimized, consisting of the separation of caseins from milk whey and the subsequent in-solution digestion of the two fractions, with the advantage of obtaining almost the same information in a limited amount of time. Finally, analyses were carried out with the fast procedure on liquid milk samples adulterated with powdered milk at different percentages, and diagnostic peptides were detected down to 1% of adulteration level.
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