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Rivera LF, Lezcano-Coba C, Galué J, Rodriguez X, Juarez Y, de Souza WM, Capitan-Barrios Z, Valderrama A, Abrego L, Cedeño H, Jackman C, Waggoner JJ, Aguilar PV, Guzman H, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, López-Vèrges S, Donnelly CA, Estofolete CF, Nogueira ML, Faria NR, Vasilakis N, Vittor AY, Smith DR, Carrera JP. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Madariaga and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infections. medRxiv 2024:2024.02.02.24302220. [PMID: 38352566 PMCID: PMC10863014 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.24302220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Madariaga virus (MADV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are emerging arboviruses affecting rural and remote areas of Latin America. However, there are limited clinical and epidemiological reports available, and outbreaks are occurring at an increasing frequency. We addressed this gap by analyzing all the available clinical and epidemiological data of MADV and VEEV infections recorded since 1961 in Panama. A total of 168 of human alphavirus encephalitis cases were detected in Panama from 1961 to 2023. Here we describe the clinical signs and symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of these cases, and also explored signs and symptoms as potential predictors of encephalitic alphavirus infection when compared to those of other arbovirus infections occurring in the region. Our results highlight the challenges clinical diagnosis of alphavirus disease in endemic regions with overlapping circulation of multiple arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Rivera
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | - Carlos Lezcano-Coba
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | - Josefrancisco Galué
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | - Xacdiel Rodriguez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | - Yelissa Juarez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | | | - Zeuz Capitan-Barrios
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
| | - Leyda Abrego
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
- Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá
| | | | | | | | | | - Hilda Guzman
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert B. Tesh
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Cassia F. Estofolete
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Nogueira
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darién, Panama
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Carrera JP, Araúz D, Rojas A, Cardozo F, Stittleburg V, Morales Claro I, Galue J, Lezcano-Coba C, Romero Rebello Moreira F, -Rivera LF, Chen-Germán M, Moreno B, Capitan-Barrios Z, López-Vergès S, Pascale JM, Sabino EC, Valderrama A, Hanley KA, Donnelly CA, Vasilakis N, Faria NR, Waggoner JJ. Real-time RT-PCR for Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex, Madariaga, and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses: application in human and mosquito public health surveillance in Panama. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0015223. [PMID: 37982611 PMCID: PMC10729654 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00152-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Madariaga virus (MADV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex (VEEV) are New World alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. They cause febrile and sometimes severe neurological diseases in human and equine hosts. Detecting them during the acute phase is hindered by non-specific symptoms and limited diagnostic tools. We designed and clinically assessed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays (rRT-PCRs) for VEEV complex, MADV, and EEEV using whole-genome sequences. Validation involved 15 retrospective serum samples from 2015 to 2017 outbreaks, 150 mosquito pools from 2015, and 118 prospective samples from 2021 to 2022 surveillance in Panama. The rRT-PCRs detected VEEV complex RNA in 10 samples (66.7%) from outbreaks, with one having both VEEV complex and MADV RNAs. VEEV complex RNA was found in five suspected dengue cases from disease surveillance. The rRT-PCR assays identified VEEV complex RNA in three Culex (Melanoconion) vomerifer pools, leading to VEEV isolates in two. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the VEEV ID subtype in positive samples. Notably, 11.9% of dengue-like disease patients showed VEEV infections. Together, our rRT-PCR validation in human and mosquito samples suggests that this method can be incorporated into mosquito and human encephalitic alphavirus surveillance programs in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dimelza Araúz
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Alejandra Rojas
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Fátima Cardozo
- Departamento de Producción, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Victoria Stittleburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ingra Morales Claro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josefrancisco Galue
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carlos Lezcano-Coba
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe -Rivera
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Maria Chen-Germán
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Brechla Moreno
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Zeuz Capitan-Barrios
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Juan Miguel Pascale
- Clinical of Tropical Diseases and Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (MRC-GIDA), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Carrera JP, Galué J, de Souza WM, Torres-Cosme R, Lezcano-Coba C, Cumbrera A, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Guzman H, Weaver SC, Vittor AY, Samudio R, Miguel Pascale J, Valderrama A, Cáceres Carrera L, Donnelly CA, Faria NR. Madariaga and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus seroprevalence in rodent enzootic hosts in Eastern and Western Panama. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.28.555226. [PMID: 37693579 PMCID: PMC10491141 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
While rodents are primary reservoirs of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), their role in Madariaga virus (MADV) transmission remains uncertain, particularly given their overlapping geographic distribution. This study explores the interplay of alphavirus prevalence, rodent diversity, and land use within Darien and Western Panama provinces. A total of three locations were selected for rodent sampling in Darien province: Los Pavitos, El Real de Santa Maria and Santa Librada. Two sites were selected in Western Panama province: El Cacao and Cirí Grande. We used plaque reduction neutralization tests to assess MADV and VEEV seroprevalences in 599 rodents of 16 species across five study sites. MADV seroprevalence was observed at higher rates in Los Pavitos (Darien province), 9.0%, 95% CI: 3.6-17.6, while VEEV seroprevalence was elevated in El Cacao (Western Panama province), 27.3%, 95% CI: 16.1-40.9, and El Real de Santa María (Darien province), 20.4%, 95% CI: 12.6-29.7. Species like Oryzomys coesi, 23.1%, 95% CI: 5.0-53.8, and Transandinomys bolivaris, 20.0%, 95% CI: 0.5-71.6 displayed higher MADV seroprevalences than other species, whereas Transandinomys bolivaris, 80.0%, 95% CI: 28.3-99.4, and Proechimys semispinosus, 27.3%, 95% CI: 17.0-39.6, exhibited higher VEEV seroprevalences. Our findings provide support to the notion that rodents are vertebrate reservoirs of MADV and reveal spatial variations in alphavirus seropositivity among rodent species, with different provinces exhibiting distinct rates for MADV and VEEV. Moreover, specific rodent species are linked to unique seroprevalence patterns for these viruses, suggesting that rodent diversity and environmental conditions might play a significant role in shaping alphavirus distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darien, Panama
| | - Josefrancisco Galué
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darien, Panama
| | - William M. de Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carlos Lezcano-Coba
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Viral Emerging Disease Dynamics Group, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darien, Panama
| | - Alberto Cumbrera
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA
- Geographic System Information Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Texas, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Geographic System Information Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Texas, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Geographic System Information Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Texas, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Y. Vittor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Juan Miguel Pascale
- Clinical Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Carson Centre for Research in Environment and Emerging Infectious Diseases, La Peñita, Darien, Panama
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, UK
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