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Puliafito CA, Wykoff CC. New Frontiers in Retina: highlights of the 2020 angiogenesis, exudation and degeneration symposium. Int J Retina Vitreous 2020; 6:18. [PMID: 32477592 PMCID: PMC7243329 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-020-00221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize the most important findings presented at the 2020 angiogenesis, exudation and degeneration symposium in five topic areas: (1) epidemiology of retinal vascular disease and macular degeneration; (2) dry AMD and geographic atrophy; (3) neovascular age-related macular degeneration; (4) drug delivery and devices and (5) diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles C. Wykoff
- Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, TX USA
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Puliafito CA, Wykoff CC. Looking ahead in retinal disease management: highlights of the 2019 angiogenesis, exudation and degeneration symposium. Int J Retina Vitreous 2019; 5:22. [PMID: 31161069 PMCID: PMC6542006 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-019-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles C Wykoff
- 2Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, USA
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Storey PP, Aziz HA, O'Keefe GAD, Borchert M, Lam LA, Puliafito CA, Olmos de Koo LC. Decreased severity of age-related macular degeneration in amblyopic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:1575-1578. [PMID: 29437581 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and a history of amblyopia have equal severity of AMD in both eyes. METHODS Billing records were used to locate all people with a history of amblyopia and AMD evaluated between 1 January 2003 and 1 June 2015 at a single ophthalmology institute. Two ophthalmic graders blinded to amblyopia status determined the severity of AMD in each eye using fundus photos and a validated grading scale. RESULTS A total of 14 people were found to have AMD and a documented history of amblyopia. Average patient age was 77.0 years and average best corrected visual acuity was 20/160 in eyes with a history of amblyopia and 20/40 in fellow eyes without amblyopia. Eyes with a history of amblyopia were found to have a lower AMD severity score (mean lower score: -1.38; paired t-test P=0.019). Of the 11 people with asymmetric disease severity, 10 individuals had worse AMD in the non-amblyopic eye while one person had worse AMD in the amblyopic eye (P=0.0067). CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study suggests that eyes with a history of amblyopia may manifest decreased severity of AMD compared with non-ambylopic eyes in the same patient. Further research is warranted to investigate this clinical observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Storey
- Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hassan A Aziz
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark Borchert
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda A Lam
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kim AY, Chu Z, Shahidzadeh A, Wang RK, Puliafito CA, Kashani AH. Quantifying Microvascular Density and Morphology in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:OCT362-70. [PMID: 27409494 PMCID: PMC4968771 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantify changes in retinal microvasculature in diabetic retinopathy (DR) by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA). Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study of healthy and diabetic adult subjects with and without DR. Retinal microvascular changes were assessed by using SD-OCTA images and an intensity-based optical microangiography algorithm. A semiautomated program was used to calculate indices of microvascular density and morphology in nonsegmented and segmented SD-OCTA images. Microvascular density was quantified by using skeleton density (SD) and vessel density (VD), while vessel morphology was quantified as fractal dimension (FD) and vessel diameter index (VDI). Statistical analyses were performed by using the Student's t-test or analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey honest significant difference tests for multiple comparisons. Results Eighty-four eyes with DR and 14 healthy eyes were studied. Spearman's rank test demonstrated a negative correlation between DR severity and SD, VD, and FD, and a positive correlation with VDI (ρ = −0.767, −0.7166, −0.768, and +0.5051, respectively; P < 0.0001). All parameters showed high reproducibility between graders (ICC = 0.971, 0.962, 0.937, and 0.994 for SD, VD, FD, and VDI, respectively). Repeatability (κ) was greater than 0.99 for SD, VD, FD, and VDI. Conclusions Vascular changes in DR can be objectively and reliably characterized with SD, VD, FD, and VDI. In general, decreasing capillary density (SD and VD), branching complexity (FD), and increasing average vascular caliber (VDI) were associated with worsening DR. Changes in capillary density and morphology were significantly correlated with diabetic macular edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhongdi Chu
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Anoush Shahidzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Amir H Kashani
- Department of Ophthalmology USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Koulisis N, Kim AY, Chu Z, Shahidzadeh A, Burkemper B, Olmos de Koo LC, Moshfeghi AA, Ameri H, Puliafito CA, Isozaki VL, Wang RK, Kashani AH. Quantitative microvascular analysis of retinal venous occlusions by spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176404. [PMID: 28437483 PMCID: PMC5402954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantitatively evaluate the retinal microvasculature in human subjects with retinal venous occlusions (RVO) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Design Retrospective, cross-sectional, observational case series. Participants Sixty subjects (84 eyes) were included (20 BRVO, 14 CRVO, 24 unaffected fellow eyes, and 26 controls). Methods OCTA was performed on a prototype, spectral domain-OCTA system in the 3x3mm central macular region. Custom software was used to quantify morphology and density of retinal capillaries using four quantitative parameters. The vasculature of the segmented retinal layers and nonsegmented whole retina were analyzed. Main outcome measures Fractal dimension (FD), vessel density (VD), skeletal density (SD), and vessel diameter index (VDI) within the segmented retinal layers and nonsegmented whole retina vasculature. Results Nonsegmented analysis of RVO eyes demonstrated significantly lower FD (1.64±0.01 vs 1.715±0.002; p<0.001), VD (0.32±0.01 vs 0.432±0.002; p<0.001), and SD (0.073±0.004 vs 0.099±0.001; p<0.001) compared to controls. Compared to the fellow eye, FD, VD and SD were lower (p<0.001), and VDI was higher (p<0.001). FD, VD, and SD progressively decreased as the extent (or type) of RVO increased (control vs BRVO vs CRVO; p<0.001). In the unaffected fellow eye FD, VD and SD showed significant differences when compared to control eyes or affected RVO eyes (p<0.001). Conclusions Quantitative OCTA of the central 3x3mm macular region demonstrates significant differences in capillary density and morphology among subjects with BRVO and CRVO compared to controls or unaffected fellow eyes in all vascular layers. The unaffected fellow eyes also demonstrate significant differences when compared to controls. OCTA allows for noninvasive, layer-specific, quantitative evaluation of RVO-associated microvascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Koulisis
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Y. Kim
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhongdi Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anoush Shahidzadeh
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce Burkemper
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa C. Olmos de Koo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew A. Moshfeghi
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hossein Ameri
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Veronica L. Isozaki
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amir H. Kashani
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- * E-mail:
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Puliafito CA, Cousins SW, Bacharach J, Gonzalez VH, Holekamp NM, Merrill PT, Ohr MP, Parrish RK, Riemann CD. Forming a Consensus: Data and Guidance for Physicians Treating Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:S4-S15. [PMID: 27096289 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160224-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The diabetic macular edema (DME) treatment paradigm has evolved as the understanding of the disease pathology has grown. Since 2012, four pharmacotherapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of DME. First-line treatment of DME with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] agents has become the gold standard; however, an appreciable percentage of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF therapies. In patients who inadequately respond to anti-VEGF therapies, the underlying disease pathology may be mediated by a multitude of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. For these patients, corticosteroids are an attractive treatment option because they not only downregulate VEGF, but also an array of cytokines. The phase 3 MEAD and FAME trials demonstrated significant visual acuity improvements associated with dexamethasone and fluocinolone acetonide, respectively, in patients with DME; however, class-specific adverse events, including increased intraocular pressure and cataract development, must be considered before use. A panel of experts gathered during the 2015 annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology for a roundtable discussion focused on patient selection and adverse event management associated with the use of the 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant.
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Kim AY, Rodger DC, Shahidzadeh A, Chu Z, Koulisis N, Burkemper B, Jiang X, Pepple KL, Wang RK, Puliafito CA, Rao NA, Kashani AH. Quantifying Retinal Microvascular Changes in Uveitis Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 171:101-112. [PMID: 27594138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify retinal capillary density and morphology in uveitis using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA). DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS Healthy and uveitic subjects were recruited from 2 tertiary care eye centers. Prototype SD-OCTA devices (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, California, USA) were used to generate 3 × 3-mm2 OCTA images centered on the fovea. Subjects were placed into 3 groups based on the type of optical microangiography (OMAG) algorithm used for image processing (intensity and/or phase) and type of retinal segmentation (automatic or manual). A semi-automated method was used to calculate skeleton density (SD), vessel density (VD), fractal dimension (FD), and vessel diameter index (VDI). Retinal vasculature was assessed in the superficial retinal layer (SRL), deep retinal layer (DRL), and nonsegmented retinal layer (NS-RL). A generalized estimating equations model was used to analyze associations between the OCTA measures and disease status within each retinal layer. A P value < .05 was accepted as significant. Reproducibility and repeatability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The SD, VD, and FD of the parafoveal capillaries were lower in uveitic eyes compared with healthy eyes in all retinal segments. In addition, SD and VD were significantly lower in the DRL of subjects with uveitic macular edema. There was no correlation in any capillary parameters and anatomic classification of uveitis. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative analysis of parafoveal capillary density and morphology in uveitis demonstrates significantly lower capillary density and complexity. SD-OCTA algorithms are robust enough to detect these changes and can provide a novel diagnostic index of disease for uveitis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Damien C Rodger
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anoush Shahidzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhongdi Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicole Koulisis
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce Burkemper
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuejuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathryn L Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Narsing A Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amir H Kashani
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Mandell JB, Kim AY, Shahidzadeh A, Ameri H, Puliafito CA, Moshfeghi AA. Widefield OCT Findings of a Patient With Stellate Nonhereditary Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:774-7. [PMID: 27548456 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160808-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors report extensive peripheral retinoschisis in a patient with stellate nonhereditary idiopathic foveomacular retinoschisis (SNIFR) detected by widefield optical coherence tomography (OCT). A 64-year-old woman diagnosed with foveomacular retinoschisis 3 years prior presented for evaluation after being seen by multiple other retina specialists. Standard macular spectral-domain OCT (6 mm) revealed typical foveomacular schisis involving only the outer retina. However, widefield OCT (12 mm) revealed diffuse bilateral retinoschisis involving both inner and outer retinal layers in the macula and midperiphery. Widefield imaging is important to evaluate and monitor complex peripheral retinoschisis that may be otherwise undetectable using conventional techniques. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47:774-777.].
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Matsunaga DR, Yi JJ, De Koo LO, Ameri H, Puliafito CA, Kashani AH. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Diabetic Retinopathy in Human Subjects. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 46:796-805. [PMID: 26431294 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150909-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel, non-invasive OCT technique capable of imaging the retinal vasculature. This study aims to evaluate the retinal microvasculature in diabetic human subjects with OCTA and assess potential clinical applications. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of 33 subjects with diabetic retinopathy. OCTA was performed on 3 mm × 3 mm sections using a swept-source OCTA prototype and a phase- and intensity-based contrasting algorithm. OCT angiograms were studied with corresponding clinical examination and fluorescein angiograms, when available, to assess accuracy and clinical utility. RESULTS OCTA was able to demonstrate most clinically relevant vascular changes in subjects with diabetic retinopathy, including microaneurysms, impaired vascular perfusion, some forms of intraretinal fluid, vascular loops, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, neovascularization, and cotton-wool spots that were largely consistent with fluorescein angiography. CONCLUSION OCTA generates high-resolution angiograms that illustrate many of the clinically relevant findings in diabetic retinopathy and offers a novel complement or alternative to fluorescein angiography. Although currently an investigational technique, OCTA in combination with standard OCT imaging is at least as good as fluorescein angiography in the evaluation of the macular complications of diabetic retinopathy.
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Albini TA, Puliafito CA. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Interview with Thomas A. Albini, MD. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:390-2. [PMID: 27065384 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160324-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Puliafito CA. Introduction. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:S4. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160401-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Duker JS, Puliafito CA. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:299-300. [PMID: 26985807 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160229-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Olmos de Koo LC, Puliafito CA. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:194-6. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160126-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reichel E, Puliafito CA. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:96-4. [PMID: 26731219 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20151214-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Puliafito CA, Dugel PU, Cousins SW, Packo KH, Eaton AM, Parrish RK, Kiss S, Reichel E. Improving Outcomes for Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:S5-S15. [PMID: 26653894 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20151124-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the most common causes of vision loss in patients who have diabetes, and all of these patients are at risk for developing DME. The onset is often painless, difficult to detect, and can occur at any stage of diabetes. Ideally, DME is preventable, but treatment must be considered when preventative methods fail. Although physicians have several different treatment options for patients with DME, some patients who receive treatment can respond poorly and may even lose vision. Until recently, laser photocoagulation was regarded as the standard of care for DME; however, pharmaceutical treatments are rapidly replacing this standard as the desire to maximize systemic treatment of DME increases. A panel of experts gathered during the 2015 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology for a roundtable discussion designed to focus on improving outcomes for patients with DME using pharmaceutical treatment, including the use of anti-VEGFs and corticosteroids, based on the most current research and clinical data.
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Puliafito CA. Introduction. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20151101-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moshfeghi DM, Puliafito CA. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:780-79. [PMID: 26247462 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150730-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Matsunaga D, Yi J, Puliafito CA, Kashani AH. OCT angiography in healthy human subjects. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 45:510-5. [PMID: 25423629 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20141118-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To noninvasively evaluate the retinal microvasculature in healthy human subjects with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional, observational study of five healthy subjects. OCTA was performed on 3 × 3 mm(2) sections centered on the fovea, nasal macula, and temporal macula. Retinal vasculature was assessed within three horizontal slabs consisting of the inner, middle, and outer retina. The vasculature within each retinal slab was reconstructed using phase-based and intensity contrast-based algorithms and visualized as separate en face images. RESULTS OCTA in healthy subjects demonstrates capillary networks consistent with previous histological studies. No retinal vessels were found in the outer retina. OCT angiography of the inner and middle retinal layers showed region-specific vascular patterns that consistently corroborated qualitative findings from past histological studies. CONCLUSION OCTA generates high-resolution, noninvasive angiograms qualitatively similar to conventional fluorescein angiography. OCTA may serve as a bridge to assess some features of the retinal microvasculature between conventionally performed angiograms.
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Puliafito CA, Fine HF. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:400-2. [PMID: 25835310 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150323-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
We developed an optical coherence photoacoustic microscopy (OC-PAM) system, which can accomplish optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) simultaneously by using a single pulsed broadband light source. With a center wavelength of 800 nm and a bandwidth of 30 nm, the system is suitable for imaging the retina. Generated from the same group of photons, the OCT and PAM images are intrinsically registered in the lateral directions. To test the capabilities of the system on multimodal ophthalmic imaging, we imaged the retina of pigmented rats. The OCT images showed the retinal structures with quality similar to conventional OCT, while the PAM images revealed the distribution of absorbers in the retina. Since the absorption of hemoglobin is relatively weak at around 800 nm, the NIR PAM signals are generated mainly from melanin in the posterior segment of the eye, thus providing melanin-specific imaging of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Tan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Rong Wen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Yiwen Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
- Corresponding author:
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Jeong S, Patel N, Edlund CK, Hartiala J, Hazelett DJ, Itakura T, Wu PC, Avery RL, Davis JL, Flynn HW, Lalwani G, Puliafito CA, Wafapoor H, Hijikata M, Keicho N, Gao X, Argüeso P, Allayee H, Coetzee GA, Pletcher MT, Conti DV, Schwartz SG, Eaton AM, Fini ME. Identification of a Novel Mucin Gene HCG22 Associated With Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2737-48. [PMID: 25813999 PMCID: PMC4416661 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of ocular hypertension (OH) leading to primary open-angle glaucoma shares many features with a secondary form of OH caused by treatment with glucocorticoids, but also exhibits distinct differences. In this study, a pharmacogenomics approach was taken to discover candidate genes for this disorder. METHODS A genome-wide association study was performed, followed by an independent candidate gene study, using a cohort enrolled from patients treated with off-label intravitreal triamcinolone, and handling change in IOP as a quantitative trait. RESULTS An intergenic quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified at chromosome 6p21.33 near the 5' end of HCG22 that attained the accepted statistical threshold for genome-level significance. The HCG22 transcript, encoding a novel mucin protein, was expressed in trabecular meshwork cells, and expression was stimulated by IL-1, and inhibited by triamcinolone acetate and TGF-β. Bioinformatic analysis defined the QTL as an approximately 4 kilobase (kb) linkage disequilibrium block containing 10 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Four of these SNPs were identified in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GTEx eQTL browser as modifiers of HCG22 expression. Most are predicted to disrupt or improve motifs for transcription factor binding, the most relevant being disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor binding motif. A second QTL was identified within the predicted signal peptide of the HCG22 encoded protein that could affect its secretion. Translation, O-glycosylation, and secretion of the predicted HCG22 protein was verified in cultured trabecular meshwork cells. CONCLUSIONS Identification of two independent QTLs that could affect expression of the HCG22 mucin gene product via two different mechanisms (transcription or secretion) is highly suggestive of a role in steroid-induced OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California
| | - Nitin Patel
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher K Edlund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jaana Hartiala
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dennis J Hazelett
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Tatsuo Itakura
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 5Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert L Avery
- California Retina Consultants, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Janet L Davis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Geeta Lalwani
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 7Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Med
| | | | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hooman Allayee
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 3Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angele
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 4USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los An
| | - Mathew T Pletcher
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stephen G Schwartz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California
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Nguyen QD, Puliafito CA. 8 questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:296-8. [PMID: 25707064 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150213-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ho AC, Puliafito CA, Ho AC. 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:145-7. [PMID: 25559530 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150101-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kiss S, Puliafito CA. 8 questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014; 45:1-2. [PMID: 25423627 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20141118-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Singh RP, Puliafito CA. 8 questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014; 45:477-8. [PMID: 25291785 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140909-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brown DM, Puliafito CA. 8 questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014; 45:353-5. [PMID: 25037016 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140709-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim JE, Puliafito CA. Eight questions with Dr. Puliafito. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2014; 45:261-3. [PMID: 24840533 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20140505-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dai C, Liu X, Zhang HF, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Absolute retinal blood flow measurement with a dual-beam Doppler optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:7998-8003. [PMID: 24222303 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the capability of a novel dual-beam Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique for simultaneous in vivo measurement of the Doppler angle and, thus, the absolute retinal blood velocity and the retinal flow rate, without the influence of motion artifacts. METHODS A novel dual-beam Doppler spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) was developed. The two probing beams are separated with a controllable distance along an arbitrary direction, both of which are controlled by two independent 2D optical scanners. Two sets of optical Doppler tomography (ODT) images are acquired simultaneously. The Doppler angle of each blood vessel segment is calculated from the relative coordinates of the centers of the blood vessel in the two corresponding ODT images. The absolute blood flow velocity and the volumetric blood flow rate can then be calculated. To measure the total retinal blood flow, we used a circular scan pattern centered at the optic disc to obtain two sets of concentric OCT/ODT images simultaneously. RESULTS We imaged two normal human subjects at ages of 48 and 34 years. The total retinal blood flow rates of the two human subjects were calculated to be 47.01 μL/min (older subject) and 51.37 μL/min (younger subject), respectively. Results showed that the performance of this imaging system is immune to eye movement, since the two sets of ODT images were acquired simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS The dual-beam OCT/ODT system is successful in measuring the absolute retinal blood velocity and the volumetric flow rate. The advantage of the technique is that the two sets of ODT images used for the calculation are acquired simultaneously, which eliminates the influence of eye motion and ensures the accuracy of the calculated hemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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Abstract
This editorial describes the challenge of managing eyes that demonstrate signs of persistent exudation after anti-VEGF treatment and illuminates the significance of a new report of using high-dose ranibizumab in treating recalcitrant neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Puliafito CA. Ocriplasmin Is a Useful Clinical Tool; Careful Case Selection Will Improve Treatment Results. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2013; 44:319. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20130715-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abràmoff M, Abrams GW, Agarwal A, Ai E, Aiello LM, Aiello LP, Albert DM, Aschbrenner MW, Ávila M, Aylward GW, Bedell M, Belfort R, Bennett J, Bergstrom C, Besirli CG, Bhende PS, Binder S, Bird AC, Blodi BA, Blumenkranz MS, Boldt HC, Bornfeld N, Bottoni F, Boulton ME, Bowne SJ, Brantley MA, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Bringmann A, Brinton DA, Brown GC, Brown JC, Brunner S, Bush RA, Cao D, Capone A, Carruthers D, Cavallerano JD, Chakravarthy U, Chan CC, Chan W, Charles S, Charteris DG, Chen DF, Chen J, Chen Y, Cheung CYL, Chew EY, Chiang A, Chiang MF, Constable IJ, Coscas G, Cruess AF, Cunningham ET, Curcio CA, Daiger SP, Damato BE, Davis JL, Davis MD, Day S, De Potter P, de Smet MD, Denniston AK, Dhaliwal RS, Ding X, Do DV, Dou G, Dunn WA, Ehlers JP, Engelbert M, Faia LJ, Falsini B, Fawzi AA, Fekrat S, Feldon SE, Fernandes RAB, Ferreyra HA, Ferrington DA, Ferris FL, Finger PT, Fisher SK, Fishman GA, Fleckenstein M, Flynn HW, Fok AC, Foulds WS, Freeman WR, Freton A, Friedlander M, Frishman LJ, Fu AD, Garcia Filho CADA, Garcia-Valenzuela E, Gaudric A, Gayed M, Genead MA, Gerding H, Giani A, Goldberg MF, Gombos DS, Gopal L, Gordon C, Goto H, Gragoudas ES, Grant MB, Green WR, Gregg RG, Gregor Z, Gregori G, Gregory-Evans K, Grob S, Groenewald C, Grossniklaus HE, Grover S, Gullapalli VK, Gupta A, Guthoff RF, Hahn P, Haller JA, Harbour JW, Haritoglou C, Hartnett ME, Hawkins BS, He S, Herwig MC, Heussen FM, Hinton DR, Holz FG, Houston SK, Hui YN, Humayun MS, Ikuno Y, Isaac D, Ishibashi T, Jabs DA, Jaffe GJ, Jampol LM, Joffe L, Johnson M, Johnson MW, Johnson RN, Joussen AM, Julian K, Jumper JM, Kaiser PK, Kampik A, Katamay R, Kay CN, Keane PA, Kenney MC, Khaderi KR, Khodair MA, Kim IK, Kim TW, Kirchhof B, Klein BE, Klein R, Konstantinidis L, Kozak I, Kuppermann BD, Labriola LT, Lai TY, Lam DS, Lam LA, Landers MB, Lane AM, Lavik EB, Leary JF, Lee SY, Lee TC, Leung LSB, Lewis DA, Lewis GP, Leys A, Li X, Liakopoulos S, Lin CP, Lin P, Liu DT, London NJ, Lujan BJ, Luo Y, Lutty GA, MacLaren R, Madreperla S, Maguire AM, Mainster MA, Mansfield NC, Markoe AM, Marmor MF, Martin DF, Massey SC, McCall MA, McCannel TA, McCutchan JA, McDonald HR, Mehta MP, Meier P, Merbs S, Meredith TA, Meyer CH, Mieler WF, Miller JW, Mirza RG, Mitter SK, Mittra RA, Miyake Y, Montemagno C, Moshiri A, Mruthyunjaya P, Muccioli C, Mullins RF, Murata T, Murphree AL, Murphy RP, Murray PI, Murray TG, Nagpal M, Namperumalsamy P, Nanda SK, Nguyen QD, Nussenblatt RB, Oh KT, Ohji M, Ohno-Matsui K, Palanker D, Patel PS, Pavlick AC, Peereboom DM, Pennesi ME, Pepose JS, Perry JD, Puliafito CA, Quiram PA, Raman R, Ramchandran RS, Rao HV, Rao NA, Rao PK, Rathinam SR, Recchia FM, Redmond KJ, Reh TA, Reichenbach A, Ritch R, Rosenfeld PJ, Rubin GS, Ruiz-Garcia H, Ryan SJ, Sadda SR, Sadun AA, Sakamoto T, Sampath AP, Schachat AP, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Schwartz SG, Scott AW, Sebag J, Seddon JM, Sen HN, Sepah YJ, Sharma S, Sharma T, Sheu SJ, Shields CL, Shields JA, Shinoda K, Shukla D, Sieving PA, Silva PA, Silveira C, Singh AD, Smith SB, Smith WM, Sobrin L, Sodhi A, Sohn EH, Soubrane G, Spielberg L, Srivastava SK, Stachs O, Staurenghi G, Sternberg P, Stone EM, Sugino IK, Sullivan LS, Sullivan P, Sun JK, Sunness JS, Tadayoni R, Tang S, Terasaki H, Thomas MA, Thompson JT, Thumann G, Toth CA, Trese MT, Tsai JH, Turell ME, Turner PL, Udar N, Ulrich JN, Van Gelder RN, van Meurs JC, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Vavvas DG, Vemulakonda GA, Wang H, Wang Y, Weiland JD, Weleber RG, Wharam MD, Wickham L, Wiedemann P, Wiley HE, Wilkinson C, Wilson DJ, Wolfensberger TJ, Wong D, Wong IY, Wong TY, Wu DM, Yandiev Y, Yang CH, Yang CM, Yannuzzi LA, Yasuda M, Yeh PT, Yehoshua Z, Yiu G, Yoon YH, Yu HG, Yuan A, Zarbin MA, Zhang JJ, Zhang K, Zhao M, Zhou P. Contributors. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang HF, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy for in vivo retinal imaging: current status and prospects. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2012; 42 Suppl:S106-15. [PMID: 21790106 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20110627-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a new retinal imaging technology that offers the unique capability to measure optical absorption in the retina. Because PAOM is compatible with optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging, registered multimodal images can be acquired from a single device at comparable resolution for comprehensive anatomic and functional retinal characterizations. Therefore, PAOM is anticipated to have applications in both research and clinical diagnosis of many blinding diseases. The authors explain the basic principles of the photoacoustic effect and imaging. Then, different types of photoacoustic microscopy are introduced and compared. Finally, the current status of photoacoustic imaging in animal eyes is presented and the prospects of future development of PAOM are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao F Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Zhang X, Hu J, Knighton RW, Huang XR, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Dual-band spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging the spectral contrasts of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Opt Express 2011; 19:19653-9. [PMID: 21996906 PMCID: PMC3290519 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of the study is to provide an imaging tool to detect the earliest signs of glaucoma before clinically visible damage occurs to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Studies have shown that the optical reflectance of the damaged RNFL at short wavelength (<560 nm) is reduced much more than that at long wavelength, which provides spectral contrast for imaging the earliest damage to the RNFL. To image the spectral contrast we built a dual-band spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) centered at 808 nm (NIR) and 415 nm (VIS). The light at the two bands was provided by the fundamental and frequency-doubled outputs of a broadband Ti:Sapphire laser. The depth resolution of the NIR and VIS OCT systems are 4.7 µm and 12.2 µm in the air, respectively. The system was applied to imaging the rat retina in vivo. Significantly different appearances between the OCT cross sectional images at the two bands were observed. The ratio of the light reflected from the RNFL over that reflected from the entire retina at the two bands were quantitatively compared. The experimental results showed that the dual-band OCT system is feasible for imaging the spectral contrasts of the RNFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optics and Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 40047,
China
| | - Robert W. Knighton
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,
USA
| | - Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,
USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
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Zhang X, Zhang HF, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Simultaneous in vivo imaging of melanin and lipofuscin in the retina with photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy and autofluorescence imaging. J Biomed Opt 2011; 16:080504. [PMID: 21895304 PMCID: PMC3162618 DOI: 10.1117/1.3606569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We combined photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) with autofluorescence imaging for simultaneous in vivo imaging of dual molecular contrasts in the retina using a single light source. The dual molecular contrasts come from melanin and lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Melanin and lipofuscin are two types of pigments and are believed to play opposite roles (protective versus exacerbate) in the RPE in the aging process. We have successfully imaged the retina of pigmented and albino rats at different ages. The experimental results showed that multimodal PAOM system can be a potentially powerful tool in the study of age-related degenerative retinal diseases.
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Gregori G, Wang F, Rosenfeld PJ, Yehoshua Z, Gregori NZ, Lujan BJ, Puliafito CA, Feuer WJ. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of drusen in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:1373-9. [PMID: 21388687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure drusen area and volume in eyes with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging (SD-OCT). DESIGN Evaluation of diagnostic technology. PARTICIPANTS One hundred three eyes from 74 patients with drusen. METHODS Patients with drusen secondary to nonexudative AMD were enrolled in this study. Five separate SD-OCT scans, each consisting of 40 000 uniformly spaced A-scans organized as 200 A-scans in each B-scan and 200 horizontal B-scans, were performed on each eye. Each scan covered a retinal area of 6×6 mm centered on the fovea. A novel algorithm was used to quantitatively assess drusen area and volume. Measurements from the entire scans, as well as in regions contained within 3- and 5-mm circles centered on the fovea, were analyzed. Test-retest standard deviations of drusen area and volume measurements were calculated for each eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Drusen area and volume. RESULTS The algorithm created drusen maps that permitted both qualitative and quantitative assessment of drusen area and volume. Both the qualitative appearance and the quantitative measurements of drusen area and volume were highly reproducible over the 5 different datasets. The intraclass correlation coefficient was >0.99 for both area and volume measurements on the entire dataset as well as the 3- and 5-mm circles. The correlation between lesion size and the test-retest standard deviations can be eliminated by performing a square root transformation of the area measurements and a cube root transformation of the volume measurements. These transformed data allowed for the inclusion of all drusen sizes in the calculation of an estimated single pooled test-retest standard deviation, which will be useful for longitudinal studies of drusen natural history. CONCLUSIONS A novel algorithm for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of drusen imaged using SD-OCT was shown to be highly reproducible. The ability to assess drusen volume reliably represents a new quantitative parameter to measure in AMD and may be useful when assessing disease progression, particularly in trials for treatments of nonexudative AMD.
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Zhang X, Jiang M, Fawzi AA, Li X, Shung KK, Puliafito CA, Zhang HF, Jiao S. Simultaneous dual molecular contrasts provided by the absorbed photons in photoacoustic microscopy. Opt Lett 2010; 35:4018-20. [PMID: 21124598 PMCID: PMC3293242 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of simultaneously imaging two distinctive molecular contrasts provided by the absorbed photons in biological tissues with a single light source. The molecular contrasts are based on two physical effects induced by the absorbed photons: photoacoustics (PA) and autofluorescence (AF). In an integrated multimodal imaging system, the PA and AF signals were detected by a high-sensitivity ultrasonic transducer and an avalanche photodetector, respectively. The system was tested by imaging ocular tissue samples, including the retinal pigment epithelium and the ciliary body. The acquired images provided information on the spatial distributions of melanin and lipofuscin in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Minshan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Salehi-Had H, Puliafito CA. Fenretinide-Associated Multilayered Retinal Hemorrhage in a Patient with Hairy Cell Leukemia. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41 Suppl:S89-92. [DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20101031-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Somfai GM, Tátrai E, Ferencz M, Puliafito CA, DeBuc DC. Retinal Layer Thickness Changes in Eyes with Preserved Visual Acuity and Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema on Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41:593-7. [DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20100830-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
We have developed an adaptive optics photoacoustic microscope (AO-PAM) for high-resolution imaging of biological tissues, especially the retina. To demonstrate the feasibility of AO-PAM we first designed the AO system to correct the wavefront errors of the illuminating light of PAM. The aberrations of the optical system delivering the illuminating light to the sample in PAM was corrected with a close-loop AO system consisting of a 141-element MEMS-based deformable mirror (DM) and a Shack-Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor operating at 15 Hz. The photoacoustic signal induced by the illuminating laser beam was detected by a custom-built needle ultrasonic transducer. When the wavefront errors were corrected by the AO system, the lateral resolution of PAM was measured to be better than 2.5 µm using a low NA objective lens. We tested the system on imaging ex vivo ocular samples, e.g., the ciliary body and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a pig eye. The AO-PAM images showed significant quality improvement. For the first time we were able to resolve single RPE cells with PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee,WI 53201,
USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
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Debuc DC, Salinas HM, Ranganathan S, Tátrai E, Gao W, Shen M, Wang J, Somfai GM, Puliafito CA. Improving image segmentation performance and quantitative analysis via a computer-aided grading methodology for optical coherence tomography retinal image analysis. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15:046015. [PMID: 20799817 PMCID: PMC3188636 DOI: 10.1117/1.3470116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantitative analysis and error correction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal images by using a custom-built, computer-aided grading methodology. A total of 60 Stratus OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California) B-scans collected from ten normal healthy eyes are analyzed by two independent graders. The average retinal thickness per macular region is compared with the automated Stratus OCT results. Intergrader and intragrader reproducibility is calculated by Bland-Altman plots of the mean difference between both gradings and by Pearson correlation coefficients. In addition, the correlation between Stratus OCT and our methodology-derived thickness is also presented. The mean thickness difference between Stratus OCT and our methodology is 6.53 microm and 26.71 microm when using the inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction and outer segment/retinal pigment epithelium (OS/RPE) junction as the outer retinal border, respectively. Overall, the median of the thickness differences as a percentage of the mean thickness is less than 1% and 2% for the intragrader and intergrader reproducibility test, respectively. The measurement accuracy range of the OCT retinal image analysis (OCTRIMA) algorithm is between 0.27 and 1.47 microm and 0.6 and 1.76 microm for the intragrader and intergrader reproducibility tests, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrate R(2)>0.98 for all Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) regions. Our methodology facilitates a more robust and localized quantification of the retinal structure in normal healthy controls and patients with clinically significant intraretinal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cabrera Debuc
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Ruggeri M, Major JC, McKeown C, Knighton RW, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Retinal structure of birds of prey revealed by ultra-high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5789-95. [PMID: 20554605 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To reveal three-dimensional (3-D) information about the retinal structures of birds of prey in vivo. METHODS An ultra-high resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was built for in vivo imaging of retinas of birds of prey. The calibrated imaging depth and axial resolution of the system were 3.1 mm and 2.8 μm (in tissue), respectively. 3-D segmentation was performed for calculation of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) map. RESULTS High-resolution OCT images were obtained of the retinas of four species of birds of prey: two diurnal hawks (Buteo platypterus and Buteo brachyurus) and two nocturnal owls (Bubo virginianus and Strix varia). These images showed the detailed retinal anatomy, including the retinal layers and the structure of the deep and shallow foveae. The calculated thickness map showed the RNFL distribution. Traumatic injury to one bird's retina was also successfully imaged. CONCLUSIONS Ultra-high resolution SD-OCT provides unprecedented high-quality 2-D and 3-D in vivo visualization of the retinal structures of birds of prey. SD-OCT is a powerful imaging tool for vision research in birds of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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45
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Jiao S, Jiang M, Hu J, Fawzi A, Zhou Q, Shung KK, Puliafito CA, Zhang HF. Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy for in vivo retinal imaging. Opt Express 2010; 18:3967-72. [PMID: 20389409 PMCID: PMC2864517 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.003967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a non-invasive photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) for in vivo retinal imaging. PAOM detects the photoacoustic signal induced by pulsed laser light shined onto the retina. By using a stationary ultrasonic transducer in contact with the eyelids and scanning only the laser light across the retina, PAOM provides volumetric imaging of the retinal micro-vasculature and retinal pigment epithelium at a high speed. For B-scan frames containing 256 A-lines, the current PAOM has a frame rate of 93 Hz, which is comparable with state-of-the-art commercial spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). By integrating PAOM with SD-OCT, we further achieved OCT-guided PAOM, which can provide multi-modal retinal imaging simultaneously. The capabilities of this novel technology were demonstrated by imaging both the microanatomy and microvasculature of the rat retina in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Minshan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Amani Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201,
USA
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46
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Zhang HF, Wang J, Wei Q, Liu T, Jiao S, Puliafito CA. Collecting back-reflected photons in photoacoustic microscopy. Opt Express 2010; 18:1278-82. [PMID: 20173952 PMCID: PMC2896224 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the photoacoustic effect relies only on the absorbed optical energy, the back-reflected photons from samples in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy are usually discarded. By employing a 2 x 2 single-mode fiber optical coupler in a laser-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope for delivering the illuminating laser light and collecting the back reflected photons, a fiber-optic confocal microscope is integrated with the photoacoustic microscope. Thus, simultaneous multimodal imaging can be achieved with a single light source and images from the two modalities are intrinsically registered. Such capabilities are demonstrated in imaging both phantoms and small animals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201,
USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201,
USA
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012,
China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201,
USA
| | - Tan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201,
USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - Carmen A. Puliafito
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
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47
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Davis RP, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW, Puliafito CA. Surgical Management of Vitreofoveal Traction Syndrome: Optical Coherence Tomographic Evaluation and Clinical Outcomes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41:150-6. [DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20100303-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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DeBuc DC, Somfai GM, Ranganathan S, Tátrai E, Ferencz M, Puliafito CA. Reliability and reproducibility of macular segmentation using a custom-built optical coherence tomography retinal image analysis software. J Biomed Opt 2009; 14:064023. [PMID: 20059261 PMCID: PMC2799495 DOI: 10.1117/1.3268773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We determine the reliability and reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements with a custom-built OCT retinal image analysis software (OCTRIMA). Ten eyes of five healthy subjects undergo repeated standard macular thickness map scan sessions by two experienced examiners using a Stratus OCT device. Automatic/semi automatic thickness quantification of the macula and intraretinal layers is performed using OCTRIMA software. Intraobserver, interobserver, and intervisit repeatability and reproducibility coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) per scan are calculated. Intraobserver, interobserver, and intervisit variability combined account for less than 5% of total variability for the total retinal thickness measurements and less than 7% for the intraretinal layers except the outer segment/ retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) junction. There is no significant difference between scans acquired by different observers or during different visits. The ICCs obtained for the intraobserver and intervisit variability tests are greater than 0.75 for the total retina and all intraretinal layers, except the inner nuclear layer intraobserver and interobserver test and the outer plexiform layer, intraobserver, interobserver, and intervisit test. Our results indicate that thickness measurements for the total retina and all intraretinal layers (except the outer segment/RPE junction) performed using OCTRIMA are highly repeatable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 1638 North West 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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50
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Jiao S, Xie Z, Zhang HF, Puliafito CA. Simultaneous multimodal imaging with integrated photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett 2009; 34:2961-3. [PMID: 19794782 PMCID: PMC2883610 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a multimodal imaging technique by integrating photoacoustic microscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to provide simultaneous volumetric microscopic imaging of both optical absorption and scattering contrasts in biological tissues. In the integrated system, the two imaging modalities share the same optical scanning and delivery mechanisms after their probing and illumination light beams are combined. By further synchronizing the image acquisitions, the images from the two modalities are intrinsically registered. The capabilities of this novel technique were demonstrated by imaging both the microanatomy and microvasculature in mouse ears in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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