1
|
Nichol AA, Halley M, Federico C, Cho MK, Sankar PL. Moral Engagement and Disengagement in Health Care AI Development. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38588388 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2024.2336906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) is utilized increasingly in health care, and can pose harms to patients, clinicians, health systems, and the public. In response, regulators have proposed an approach that would shift more responsibility to ML developers for mitigating potential harms. To be effective, this approach requires ML developers to recognize, accept, and act on responsibility for mitigating harms. However, little is known regarding the perspectives of developers themselves regarding their obligations to mitigate harms. METHODS We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with developers of ML predictive analytics applications for health care in the United States. RESULTS Participants varied widely in their perspectives on personal responsibility and included examples of both moral engagement and disengagement, albeit in a variety of forms. While most (70%) of participants made a statement indicative of moral engagement, most of these statements reflected an awareness of moral issues, while only a subset of these included additional elements of engagement such as recognizing responsibility, alignment with personal values, addressing conflicts of interests, and opportunities for action. Further, we identified eight distinct categories of moral disengagement reflecting efforts to minimize potential harms or deflect personal responsibility for preventing or mitigating harms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest possible facilitators and barriers to the development of ethical ML that could act by encouraging moral engagement or discouraging moral disengagement. Regulatory approaches that depend on the ability of ML developers to recognize, accept, and act on responsibility for mitigating harms might have limited success without education and guidance for ML developers about the extent of their responsibilities and how to implement them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne A Nichol
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Meghan Halley
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carole Federico
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mildred K Cho
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela L Sankar
- Department of Medical Ethics & Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
E.Koutrouli, Federico C, L.Williams, S.Burden. Prospective audit into the nutritional management of Neuro Vascular patients requiring nutrition support. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
3
|
Langhof H, Chin WWL, Wieschowski S, Federico C, Kimmelman J, Strech D. Preclinical efficacy in therapeutic area guidelines from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency: a cross-sectional study. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4229-4238. [PMID: 30153701 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Therapeutic area guidelines (TAGs) published by the EMA and the FDA offer guidance in planning the launch of a trial in a certain indication. We assessed and compared the guidance on preclinical efficacy of all available TAGs from EMA and FDA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EMA and FDA websites and databases were searched for all TAGs. A mixed deductive and inductive approach was applied to analyse and cluster content for preclinical efficacy. KEY RESULTS A total of 114 EMA and 120 FDA TAGs were identified, covering 126 indications. Our core finding is that 75% of EMA TAGs and 58% from the FDA TAGs do not offer any guidance on preclinical efficacy. TAGs varied widely on the extent, nature and detail of guidance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Guidance on preclinical efficacy in a consistent, comprehensive and explicit way that still allows for justified deviations is an important but neglected aspect of transparency for drug development. This transparency would help sponsors in designing preclinical studies and in negotiating more efficiently with regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Langhof
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - William Wei Lim Chin
- Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Wieschowski
- Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carole Federico
- STREAM (Studies of Translation, Ethics and Medicine), Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Kimmelman
- STREAM (Studies of Translation, Ethics and Medicine), Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Strech
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for History, Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wieschowski S, Chin WWL, Federico C, Sievers S, Kimmelman J, Strech D. Preclinical efficacy studies in investigator brochures: Do they enable risk-benefit assessment? PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004879. [PMID: 29621228 PMCID: PMC5886385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protection policies require favorable risk–benefit judgments prior to launch of clinical trials. For phase I and II trials, evidence for such judgment often stems from preclinical efficacy studies (PCESs). We undertook a systematic investigation of application materials (investigator brochures [IBs]) presented for ethics review for phase I and II trials to assess the content and properties of PCESs contained in them. Using a sample of 109 IBs most recently approved at 3 institutional review boards based at German Medical Faculties between the years 2010–2016, we identified 708 unique PCESs. We then rated all identified PCESs for their reporting on study elements that help to address validity threats, whether they referenced published reports, and the direction of their results. Altogether, the 109 IBs reported on 708 PCESs. Less than 5% of all PCESs described elements essential for reducing validity threats such as randomization, sample size calculation, and blinded outcome assessment. For most PCESs (89%), no reference to a published report was provided. Only 6% of all PCESs reported an outcome demonstrating no effect. For the majority of IBs (82%), all PCESs were described as reporting positive findings. Our results show that most IBs for phase I/II studies did not allow evaluators to systematically appraise the strength of the supporting preclinical findings. The very rare reporting of PCESs that demonstrated no effect raises concerns about potential design or reporting biases. Poor PCES design and reporting thwart risk–benefit evaluation during ethical review of phase I/II studies. To make a clinical trial ethical, regulatory agencies and institutional review boards have to judge whether the trial-related benefits (the knowledge gain) outweigh the trial-inherent risks. For early-phase human research, these risk–benefit assessments are often based on evidence from preclinical animal studies reported in so-called “investigator brochures.” However, our analysis shows that the vast majority of such investigator brochures lack sufficient information to systematically appraise the strength of the supporting preclinical findings. Furthermore, the very rare reporting of preclinical efficacy studies that demonstrated no effect raises concerns about potential design and/or reporting biases. The poor preclinical study design and reporting thwarts risk–benefit evaluation during ethical review of early human research. Regulators should develop standards for the design and reporting of preclinical efficacy studies in order to support the conduct of ethical clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wieschowski
- Institute for Ethics, History, and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - William Wei Lim Chin
- Institute for Ethics, History, and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carole Federico
- Studies of Translation, Ethics, and Medicine (STREAM), Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sören Sievers
- Institute for Ethics, History, and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kimmelman
- Studies of Translation, Ethics, and Medicine (STREAM), Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Strech
- Institute for Ethics, History, and Philosophy of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Filacchione G, Raponi A, Capaccioni F, Ciarniello M, Tosi F, Capria MT, De Sanctis MC, Migliorini A, Piccioni G, Cerroni P, Barucci MA, Fornasier S, Schmitt B, Quirico E, Erard S, Bockelee-Morvan D, Leyrat C, Arnold G, Mennella V, Ammannito E, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bibring JP, Blanco A, Blecka MI, Carlson R, Carsenty U, Colangeli L, Combes M, Combi M, Crovisier J, Drossart P, Encrenaz T, Federico C, Fink U, Fonti S, Fulchignoni M, Ip WH, Irwin P, Jaumann R, Kuehrt E, Langevin Y, Magni G, McCord T, Moroz L, Mottola S, Palomba E, Schade U, Stephan K, Taylor F, Tiphene D, Tozzi GP, Beck P, Biver N, Bonal L, Combe JP, Despan D, Flamini E, Formisano M, Frigeri A, Grassi D, Gudipati MS, Kappel D, Longobardo A, Mancarella F, Markus K, Merlin F, Orosei R, Rinaldi G, Cartacci M, Cicchetti A, Hello Y, Henry F, Jacquinod S, Reess JM, Noschese R, Politi R, Peter G. Seasonal exposure of carbon dioxide ice on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 2016; 354:1563-1566. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Filacchione
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - A. Raponi
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - F. Capaccioni
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. Ciarniello
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - F. Tosi
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. T. Capria
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. C. De Sanctis
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - A. Migliorini
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - G. Piccioni
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - P. Cerroni
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. A. Barucci
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - S. Fornasier
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - B. Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - E. Quirico
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - S. Erard
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - D. Bockelee-Morvan
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - C. Leyrat
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G. Arnold
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - V. Mennella
- INAF Osservatorio di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - E. Ammannito
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, 603 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA
| | - G. Bellucci
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - J. Benkhoff
- ESA (European Space Agency), European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwjik, Netherlands
| | - J. P. Bibring
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatial, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - A. Blanco
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi,” Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M. I. Blecka
- Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. Carlson
- NASA JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - U. Carsenty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - L. Colangeli
- ESA (European Space Agency), European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwjik, Netherlands
| | - M. Combes
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - M. Combi
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Crovisier
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - P. Drossart
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - T. Encrenaz
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | - U. Fink
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - S. Fonti
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi,” Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M. Fulchignoni
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - W.-H. Ip
- National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P. Irwin
- Departement of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - R. Jaumann
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Kuehrt
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatial, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - G. Magni
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - T. McCord
- Bear Fight Institute, Winthrop, WA 98862, USA
| | - L. Moroz
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Mottola
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Palomba
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - U. Schade
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Stephan
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Taylor
- Departement of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Tiphene
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G. P. Tozzi
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
| | - P. Beck
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - N. Biver
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - L. Bonal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - D. Despan
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | - M. Formisano
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - A. Frigeri
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - D. Grassi
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. S. Gudipati
- NASA JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D. Kappel
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Longobardo
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - F. Mancarella
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi,” Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - K. Markus
- Institute for Planetary Research, DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt), Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Merlin
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - R. Orosei
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Rinaldi
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - M. Cartacci
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - A. Cicchetti
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - Y. Hello
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - F. Henry
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - S. Jacquinod
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - J. M. Reess
- Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences and Letters Research University, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie) Université Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - R. Noschese
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - R. Politi
- INAF-IAPS (Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica–Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali), Rome, Italy
| | - G. Peter
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, DLR, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Capaccioni F, Coradini A, Filacchione G, Erard S, Arnold G, Drossart P, De Sanctis MC, Bockelee-Morvan D, Capria MT, Tosi F, Leyrat C, Schmitt B, Quirico E, Cerroni P, Mennella V, Raponi A, Ciarniello M, McCord T, Moroz L, Palomba E, Ammannito E, Barucci MA, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bibring JP, Blanco A, Blecka M, Carlson R, Carsenty U, Colangeli L, Combes M, Combi M, Crovisier J, Encrenaz T, Federico C, Fink U, Fonti S, Ip WH, Irwin P, Jaumann R, Kuehrt E, Langevin Y, Magni G, Mottola S, Orofino V, Palumbo P, Piccioni G, Schade U, Taylor F, Tiphene D, Tozzi GP, Beck P, Biver N, Bonal L, Combe JP, Despan D, Flamini E, Fornasier S, Frigeri A, Grassi D, Gudipati M, Longobardo A, Markus K, Merlin F, Orosei R, Rinaldi G, Stephan K, Cartacci M, Cicchetti A, Giuppi S, Hello Y, Henry F, Jacquinod S, Noschese R, Peter G, Politi R, Reess JM, Semery A. Cometary science. The organic-rich surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by VIRTIS/Rosetta. Science 2015; 347:aaa0628. [PMID: 25613895 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The VIRTIS (Visible, Infrared and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft has provided evidence of carbon-bearing compounds on the nucleus of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The very low reflectance of the nucleus (normal albedo of 0.060 ± 0.003 at 0.55 micrometers), the spectral slopes in visible and infrared ranges (5 to 25 and 1.5 to 5% kÅ(-1)), and the broad absorption feature in the 2.9-to-3.6-micrometer range present across the entire illuminated surface are compatible with opaque minerals associated with nonvolatile organic macromolecular materials: a complex mixture of various types of carbon-hydrogen and/or oxygen-hydrogen chemical groups, with little contribution of nitrogen-hydrogen groups. In active areas, the changes in spectral slope and absorption feature width may suggest small amounts of water-ice. However, no ice-rich patches are observed, indicating a generally dehydrated nature for the surface currently illuminated by the Sun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Capaccioni
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy.
| | - A Coradini
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - G Filacchione
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - S Erard
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - G Arnold
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - P Drossart
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - M C De Sanctis
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - D Bockelee-Morvan
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - M T Capria
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - F Tosi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - C Leyrat
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - B Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - E Quirico
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - P Cerroni
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - V Mennella
- Osservatorio di Capodimonte, INAF, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Raponi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - M Ciarniello
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - T McCord
- Bear Fight Institute, Winthrop, WA 98862, USA
| | - L Moroz
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - E Palomba
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - E Ammannito
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M A Barucci
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - G Bellucci
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - J Benkhoff
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - J P Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatial, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - A Blanco
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Italy
| | - M Blecka
- Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Carlson
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - U Carsenty
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - L Colangeli
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - M Combes
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - M Combi
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Crovisier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - T Encrenaz
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | | | - U Fink
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - S Fonti
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Italy
| | - W H Ip
- National Central University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P Irwin
- Departement of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - R Jaumann
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany. Free University of Berlin, Institute of Geosciences, Malteserstraße 74-100, Building Haus A, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Kuehrt
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Y Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatial, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - G Magni
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - S Mottola
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - V Orofino
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi," Università del Salento, Italy
| | - P Palumbo
- Università "Parthenope," Napoli, Italy
| | - G Piccioni
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - U Schade
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Taylor
- Departement of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - D Tiphene
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - G P Tozzi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF, Firenze, Italy
| | - P Beck
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - N Biver
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - L Bonal
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - J-Ph Combe
- Bear Fight Institute, Winthrop, WA 98862, USA
| | - D Despan
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - E Flamini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - S Fornasier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - A Frigeri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - D Grassi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - M Gudipati
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A Longobardo
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - K Markus
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - F Merlin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - R Orosei
- Istituto di Radioastronomia, INAF, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Rinaldi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - K Stephan
- Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Cartacci
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - A Cicchetti
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - S Giuppi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - Y Hello
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - F Henry
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - S Jacquinod
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - R Noschese
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - G Peter
- Institut für Optische Sensorsysteme, DLR, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Politi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome, Italy
| | - J M Reess
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| | - A Semery
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris/CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie[acute accent over last letter in "Université"]/Université Paris-Diderot, Meudon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kehagia AA, Tairyan K, Federico C, Glover GH, Illes J. More education, less administration: reflections of neuroimagers' attitudes to ethics through the qualitative looking glass. Sci Eng Ethics 2012; 18:775-788. [PMID: 21626219 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-011-9282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In follow-up to a large-scale ethics survey of neuroscientists whose research involves neuroimaging, brain stimulation and imaging genetics, we conducted focus groups and interviews to explore their sense of responsibility about integrating ethics into neuroimaging and readiness to adopt new ethics strategies as part of their research. Safety, trust and virtue were key motivators for incorporating ethics into neuroimaging research. Managing incidental findings emerged as a predominant daily challenge for faculty, while student reports focused on the malleability of neuroimaging data and scientific integrity. The most frequently cited barrier was time and administrative burden associated with the ethics review process. Lack of scholarly training in ethics also emerged as a major barrier. Participants constructively offered remedies to these challenges: development and dissemination of best practices and standardized ethics review for minimally invasive neuroimaging protocols. Students in particular, urged changes to curricula to include early, focused training in ethics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Kehagia
- National Core for Neuroethics, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner S124, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bianchi R, Coradini A, Federico C, Giberti G, Lanciano P, Pozzi JP, Sartoris G, Scandone R. Modeling of surface deformation in volcanic areas: The 1970-1972 and 1982-1984 crises of Campi Flegrei, Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb092ib13p14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Coradini A, Capaccioni F, Erard S, Arnold G, De Sanctis MC, Filacchione G, Tosi F, Barucci MA, Capria MT, Ammannito E, Grassi D, Piccioni G, Giuppi S, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bibring JP, Blanco A, Blecka M, Bockelee-Morvan D, Carraro F, Carlson R, Carsenty U, Cerroni P, Colangeli L, Combes M, Combi M, Crovisier J, Drossart P, Encrenaz ET, Federico C, Fink U, Fonti S, Giacomini L, Ip WH, Jaumann R, Kuehrt E, Langevin Y, Magni G, McCord T, Mennella V, Mottola S, Neukum G, Orofino V, Palumbo P, Schade U, Schmitt B, Taylor F, Tiphene D, Tozzi G. The Surface Composition and Temperature of Asteroid 21 Lutetia As Observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS. Science 2011; 334:492-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1204062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
10
|
Aiuppa A, Federico C, Giudice G, Gurrieri S, Liuzzo M, Shinohara H, Favara R, Valenza M. Rates of carbon dioxide plume degassing from Mount Etna volcano. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Aiuppa A, Bellomo S, D'Alessandro W, Federico C, Ferm M, Valenza M. Volcanic plume monitoring at Mount Etna by diffusive (passive) sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Aiuppa
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - S. Bellomo
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - W. D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - C. Federico
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - M. Ferm
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Valenza
- Dipartimento Chimica e Fisica della Terra e Applicazioni (CFTA); Università di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sazanov AA, Sazanova AL, Kozyreva AA, Smirnov AF, Federico C, Motta S, Saccone S, Bernardi G. [Comparative compositional mapping of chicken and quail chromosomes]. Genetika 2003; 39:819-825. [PMID: 12884522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of various isochore families on mitotic chromosomes of domestic chicken and Japanese quail was studied by the method of fluorescence in situ DNA--DNA hybridization (FISH). DNA of various isochore families was shown to be distributed irregularly and similarly on chromosomes of domestic chicken and Japanese quail. The GC-rich isochore families (H2, H3, and H4) hybridized mainly to microchromosomes and a majority of macrochromosome telomeric regions. In chicken, an intense fluorescence was also in a structural heterochromatin region of the Z chromosome long arm. In some regions of the quail macrochromosome arms, hybridization was also with isochore families H3 and H4. On macrochromosomes of both species, the pattern of hybridization with isochores of the H2 and H3 families resembled R-banding. The light isochores (L1 and L2 families) are mostly detected within macrochromosome internal regions corresponding to G bands, whereas microchromosomes lack light isochores. Although mammalian and avian karyotypes differ significantly in organization, the isochore distribution in genomes of these two lineages of the warm-blooded animals is similar in principle. On macrochromosomes of the two avian species studied, a pattern of isochore distribution resembled that of mammalian chromosomes. The main specific feature of the avian genome, a great number of microchromosomes (about 30% of the genome), determines a compositional specialization of the latter. This suggests the existence of not only structural but also functional compartmentalization of the avian genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Sazanov
- All-Russian Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, 189504 Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Andreozzi L, Federico C, Motta S, Saccone S, Sazanova AL, Sazanov AA, Smirnov AF, Galkina SA, Lukina NA, Rodionov AV, Carels N, Bernardi G. Compositional mapping of chicken chromosomes and identification of the gene-richest regions. Chromosome Res 2002; 9:521-32. [PMID: 11721951 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012436900788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
'Compositional chromosomal mapping', namely the assessment of the GC level of chromosomal bands, led to the identification, in the human chromosomes, of the GC-richest H3+ bands and of the GC-poorest L1+ bands, which were so called on the basis of the isochore family predominantly present in the bands. The isochore organization of the avian genome is very similar to those of most mammals, the only difference being the presence of an additional, GC-richest, H4 isochore family. In contrast, the avian karyotypes are very different from those of mammals, being characterized, in most species, by few macrochromosomes and by a large number of microchromosomes. The 'compositional mapping' of chicken mitotic and meiotic chromosomes by in-situ hybridization of isochore families showed that the chicken GC-richest isochores are localized not only on a large number of microchromosomes but also on almost all telomeric bands of macrochromosomes. On the other hand, the GC-poorest isochores are generally localized on the internal regions of macrochromosomes and are almost absent in microchromosomes. Thus, the distinct localization of the GC-richest and the GC-poorest bands observed on human chromosomes appears to be a general feature of chromosomes from warm-blooded vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The recently available DNA sequences from chromosomes 21 and 22 enabled us to define the relationships of different band types with isochores and with gene concentration and to compare these relationships with previous results. We showed that chromosomal bands appear as Giemsa or Reverse bands depending not on their absolute GC level, but on the composition GC level relative to those of adjacent contiguous bands. We also demonstrated that the GC-richest, and gene-richest H3+ bands are characterized by a lower DNA compaction compared with the GC-poorest, gene-poorest L1+ bands. Moreover, our results indicate that the human genome contains about 30,000 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saccone
- Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Terao M, Kurosaki M, Marini M, Vanoni MA, Saltini G, Bonetto V, Bastone A, Federico C, Saccone S, Fanelli R, Salmona M, Garattini E. Purification of the aldehyde oxidase homolog 1 (AOH1) protein and cloning of the AOH1 and aldehyde oxidase homolog 2 (AOH2) genes. Identification of a novel molybdo-flavoprotein gene cluster on mouse chromosome 1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46347-63. [PMID: 11562361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105744200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning of the AOH1 and AOH2 genes, which encode two novel mammalian molybdo-flavoproteins. We have purified the AOH1 protein to homogeneity in its catalytically active form from mouse liver. Twenty tryptic peptides, identified or directly sequenced by mass spectrometry, confirm the primary structure of the polypeptide deduced from the AOH1 gene. The enzyme contains one molecule of FAD, one atom of molybdenum, and four atoms of iron per subunit and shows spectroscopic features similar to those of the prototypic molybdo-flavoprotein xanthine oxidoreductase. The AOH1 and AOH2 genes are 98 and 60 kilobases long, respectively, and consist of 35 coding exons. The AOH1 gene has the potential to transcribe an extra leader non-coding exon, which is located downstream of exon 26, and is transcribed in the opposite orientation relative to all the other exons. AOH1 and AOH2 map to chromosome 1 in close proximity to each other and to the aldehyde oxidase gene, forming a molybdo-flavoenzyme gene cluster. Conservation in the position of exon/intron junctions among the mouse AOH1, AOH2, aldehyde oxidase, and xanthine oxidoreductase loci indicates that these genes are derived from the duplication of an ancestral precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Centro Catullo e Daniela Borgomainerio, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," via Eritrea, 62, Milano 20157, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The human genome is formed by isochores belonging to five families, L1, L2, H1, H2 and H3, that are characterized by increasing GC levels and gene concentrations. In-situ hybridization of DNA from different isochore families provides, therefore, information not only on the correlation between isochores and chromosomal bands, but also on the distribution of genes in chromosomes. Three subsets of R(everse) bands were identified: H3+, H3* and H3-, that contain large, moderate, and no detectable amounts, respectively, of the gene-richest H2 and H3 isochores, and replicate very early and early, respectively, in S phase of the cell cycle. Here, we investigated the GC levels, replication timings and DNA compaction of G(iemsa) bands. We showed that G bands comprise two different subsets of bands, one of which is predominantly composed of L1 isochores, replicates at the end of the S phase, has a higher DNA compaction relative to H3+ bands and corresponds to the darkest G bands of Francke (1994). In contrast, the other subset is composed of L2 and H1 isochores, has less-extreme properties in replication and composition and corresponds to the less-dark G bands of Francke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Federico
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Previous investigations on the correlations between isochore organization and human chromosomal bands have identified three sets of R(everse) bands: H3+, H3* and H3-, endowed with large, moderate, and no detectable amounts of the gene-richest H3 isochores, respectively. In the present work we compared the replication timing of these three sets of bands and showed that the chromosomal bands containing H3 isochores replicate almost entirely (in the case of H3+ bands) or largely (in the case of H3* bands) at the onset of S phase, whereas chromosomal bands not containing H3 isochores (H3- bands) replicate later. The existence, at a resolution of 400 bands per haploid genome, of at least three distinct subsets of R bands is, therefore, not only supported by their GC and gene concentration but also by their replication times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Federico
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris VII, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tumbaga P, Beharry K, Akmal Y, Federico C, Modanlou HD. Biochemical changes in prostanoids and cerebral expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 during morphine sulfate infusion in the newborn piglet . Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 1999; 58:273-84. [PMID: 10593169 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(99)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To examine the biochemical regulation of morphine sulfate (MS) on prostanoid synthesis, conscious newborn piglets received a bolus dose of 100 microg/kg followed by a continuous infusion dose of 100 microg/kg/h. The control group received equivalent volume bolus and continuous infusion of 5% dextrose. Blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery and sagittal sinus vein before, during and after infusion for measurement of prostanoids. The expression of mRNAs encoding cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2 in the brainstem, thalamus, cortex, and cerebellum of the newborn piglets were also examined. Systemic PGE2 levels declined substantially during and post MS infusion (p < 0.01), whereas sagittal sinus vein PGE2 levels increased following the bolus dose (p < 0.01) and at 4 h of continuous infusion (p < 0.01). MS infusion did not affect systemic 6-ketoPGF1alpha levels, however, in the cerebral circulation 6-ketoPGF1alpha levels increased 146% (p < 0.01) following the bolus dose and remained elevated throughout the infusion and post infusion times. Systemic TxB2 levels increased transiently at 4 h (p < 0.01) and sagittal sinus vein TxB2 increased at 0.5 and 1 h (p < 0.01) during continuous infusion. RT-PCR assays revealed a 1.5- (p < 0.001) to 4-fold (p < 0.001) increased expression of COX-1 mRNA in the MS-infused brain samples. In contrast, no differences in COX-2 mRNA were detected between the groups. These data imply that MS may have significant effects on prostanoid synthesis in the newborn. The data further show that the MS-induced prostanoid responses appear to be mediated via COX-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Tumbaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange 92868, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saccone S, Federico C, Solovei I, Croquette MF, Della Valle G, Bernardi G. Identification of the gene-richest bands in human prometaphase chromosomes. Chromosome Res 1999; 7:379-86. [PMID: 10515213 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009220131225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is a mosaic of long, compositionally homogeneous DNA segments, the isochores, that can be partitioned into five families, two GC-poor families (L1 and L2), representing 63% of the genome, and three GC-rich families (H1, H2 and H3), representing 24%, 7.5% and 4-5% of the genome, respectively. Gene concentration increases with increasing GC levels, reaching a level 20-fold higher in H3 compared with L isochores. In-situ hybridization of DNA from different isochore families provides, therefore, information on the chromosomal distribution of genes. Using this approach, three subsets of reverse or Giemsa-negative bands, H3+, H3* and H3-, containing large, moderate, and no detectable amounts, respectively, of the gene-richest H3 isochores were identified at a resolution of 400 bands. H3+ bands largely coincide with the most heat-denaturation-resistant bands, the chromomycin-A3-positive, DAPI-negative bands, the bands with the highest CpG island concentrations, and the earliest replicating bands. Here, we have defined the H3+ bands at a 850-band resolution, and have thus identified the human genome regions, having an average size of 4 Mb, that are endowed with the highest gene density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saccone
- Dipartimento Biologia Animale, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Collavin L, Buzzai M, Saccone S, Bernard L, Federico C, DellaValle G, Brancolini C, Schneider C. cDNA characterization and chromosome mapping of the human GAS2 gene. Genomics 1998; 48:265-9. [PMID: 9521882 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine Gas2 is a microfilament-associated protein whose expression is increased at growth arrest in mammalian cells. During apoptosis, Gas2 is specifically cleaved at its C-terminus by a still unknown ICE-like protease, and the processed protein induces dramatic rearrangements in the cytoskeleton when overexpressed in several cell types. Here we report the characterization of a cDNA encoding the human homologue of Gas2, showing high conservation with the murine counterpart at the protein level. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and radiation hybrid mapping localized the GAS2 gene on human chromosome 11p14.3-p15.2, in a region homologous to the gas2 region on mouse chromosome 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Collavin
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
López J, Federico C. Navelblne (NVB), oral etoposide (VP16), in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eur J Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)85998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Macchi C, Catini C, Federico C, Gulisano M, Pacini P, Cecchi F, Corcos L, Brizzi E. Magnetic resonance angiographic evaluation of circulus arteriosus cerebri (circle of Willis): a morphologic study in 100 human healthy subjects. Ital J Anat Embryol 1996; 101:115-23. [PMID: 8997907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Circle of Willis was studied by Magnetic Resonance Angiography in 100 healthy subjects. In 41% of these cases, the arteries were arranged in the classically described way. In 21%, hypoplasia of the posterior communicating as. was noted, while in 13% the posterior cerebral as were found to originate from the internal carotid a.. In 9% of these cases, three anterior cerebral as. were present. In 3% the anterior communicating artery could not be identified, while the left posterior communicating artery was hypoplastic. In 2% the absence of a posterior communicating artery was associated with the origin of a posterior cerebral a. from the internal carotid. In another 2% the anterior cerebral as. were partially fused, and in yet another 2%, hypoplasia of both an anterior and a posterior cerebral a. was present. The remaining seven cases (7%), all different from each other, represented combinations of the above described variations. Statistical analysis indicated that anomalies occurred more commonly on the left than on the right side. The morphology of the Circle of Willis could not be correlated with either sex or Body Index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Macchi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruck R, Chamovitz DL, Federico C, Bar-Meir S. Does the 75SeHCAT test diagnose bile acid malabsorption? J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13:115-6. [PMID: 2007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
26
|
Birkenfeld S, Federico C, Dermansky-Avni Y, Bruck R, Melzer E, Bar-Meir S. Double-blind controlled trial of flumazenil in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35:519-22. [PMID: 2689262 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(89)72902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antisedative effect of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was studied in a double-blind placebo controlled trial in 61 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and sedation with benzodiazepines. The efficacy of flumazenil in reversing the effect of both benzodiazepines, diazepam and midazolam, was significantly higher than placebo (p less than 0.0001). The effect of flumazenil was prompt and was clearly noticed at the first assessment, 5 min after its administration. In none of the patients was a relapse of the sedative effect of the benzodiazepines noticed. The administration of flumazenil was free of major side effects. Flumazenil administration permits an earlier discharge of patients following endoscopy. Its availability in the endoscopy suite may improve the outcome of serious but rare side effects related to benzodiazepines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Birkenfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poehling GG, Whipple TL, Sweeney HJ, Federico C. This is the flame that was lit by the spark that was kindled by the dream.. Arthroscopy 1987; 3:87-9. [PMID: 3606771 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-8063(87)80023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
28
|
Berezin A, Mandelbaum S, Lima LA, Tuba N, Wajnsetejn A, Berezin E, Federico C, Ende L, Higa L, Nunes L, Levinzen S, Berbel R, Chuarzwalds S. Notes on the socio-economic, psychologic, cultural and media influences on breastfeeding and weaning practices in Sao Paulo. J Trop Pediatr 1980; 26:198. [PMID: 7441811 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/26.5.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|