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Tikunov YM, Roohanitaziani R, Meijer‐Dekens F, Molthoff J, Paulo J, Finkers R, Capel I, Carvajal Moreno F, Maliepaard C, Nijenhuis‐de Vries M, Labrie CW, Verkerke W, van Heusden AW, van Eeuwijk F, Visser RGF, Bovy AG. The genetic and functional analysis of flavor in commercial tomato: the FLORAL4 gene underlies a QTL for floral aroma volatiles in tomato fruit. Plant J 2020; 103:1189-1204. [PMID: 32369642 PMCID: PMC7496274 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has become a popular model for genetic studies of fruit flavor in the last two decades. In this article we present a study of tomato fruit flavor, including an analysis of the genetic, metabolic and sensorial variation of a collection of contemporary commercial glasshouse tomato cultivars, followed by a validation of the associations found by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of representative biparental segregating populations. This led to the identification of the major sensorial and chemical components determining fruit flavor variation and detection of the underlying QTLs. The high representation of QTL haplotypes in the breeders' germplasm suggests that there is great potential for applying these QTLs in current breeding programs aimed at improving tomato flavor. A QTL on chromosome 4 was found to affect the levels of the phenylalanine-derived volatiles (PHEVs) 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane. Fruits of near-isogenic lines contrasting for this locus and in the composition of PHEVs significantly differed in the perception of fruity and rose-hip-like aroma. The PHEV locus was fine mapped, which allowed for the identification of FLORAL4 as a candidate gene for PHEV regulation. Using a gene-editing-based (CRISPR-CAS9) reverse-genetics approach, FLORAL4 was demonstrated to be the key factor in this QTL affecting PHEV accumulation in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Tikunov
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Raana Roohanitaziani
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fien Meijer‐Dekens
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Joao Paulo
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Iris Capel
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fatima Carvajal Moreno
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Chris Maliepaard
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Mariska Nijenhuis‐de Vries
- Food & Biobased ResearchWageningen University and ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708WGthe Netherlands
| | - Caroline W. Labrie
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University and ResearchViolierenweg 1Bleiswijk2665MVthe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verkerke
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University and ResearchViolierenweg 1Bleiswijk2665MVthe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. van Heusden
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
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Tikunov YM, Molthoff J, de Vos RC, Beekwilder J, van Houwelingen A, van der Hooft JJ, Nijenhuis-de Vries M, Labrie CW, Verkerke W, van de Geest H, Viquez Zamora M, Presa S, Rambla JL, Granell A, Hall RD, Bovy AG. Non-smoky glycosyltransferase1 prevents the release of smoky aroma from tomato fruit. Plant Cell 2013; 25:3067-78. [PMID: 23956261 PMCID: PMC3784599 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid volatiles are responsible for the key tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) aroma attribute termed "smoky." Release of these volatiles from their glycosylated precursors, rather than their biosynthesis, is the major determinant of smoky aroma in cultivated tomato. using a combinatorial omics approach, we identified the non-smoky glycosyltransferase1 (NSGT1) gene. Expression of NSGT1 is induced during fruit ripening, and the encoded enzyme converts the cleavable diglycosides of the smoky-related phenylpropanoid volatiles into noncleavable triglycosides, thereby preventing their deglycosylation and release from tomato fruit upon tissue disruption. In an nsgt1/nsgt1 background, further glycosylation of phenylpropanoid volatile diglycosides does not occur, thereby enabling their cleavage and the release of corresponding volatiles. Using reverse genetics approaches, the NSGT1-mediated glycosylation was shown to be the molecular mechanism underlying the major quantitative trait locus for smoky aroma. Sensory trials with transgenic fruits, in which the inactive nsgt1 was complemented with the functional NSGT1, showed a significant and perceivable reduction in smoky aroma. NSGT1 may be used in a precision breeding strategy toward development of tomato fruits with distinct flavor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Tikunov
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Wouter Verkerke
- Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Presa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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