Abstract 4515: Metabolic stress sensor MondoA mediates in vivo aggressiveness of common ALL by induction of HIF1α

Tumor cells evolve adaptive mechanisms to survive hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative or genotoxic stress to ultimately drive tumor progression (Sorensen et al. 2015). We previously described MondoA (also known as MLXIP, MAX like protein X interacting protein) as a metabolic stress sensor, required for leukemogenesis. Lymphocytes, in particular B Lymphocytes are adapted to hypoxic environments from their very beginning. They are destined to travel from the hypoxic bone marrow via normoxic peripheral blood to hypoxic lymph nodes. They thus are specialized in glycolysis to compensate the lack of oxidative phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions. Leukemic counterparts of B-lymphocytes exploit these features for their survival. Glucose-derived metabolites control the nuclear activity of the transcription factor MondoA. Here we report on the expression of MondoA in common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) compared to other malignancies, its role in malignancy of cALL in vivo, downstream pathways and correlation with relapse risk.

Methods. Our human/murine xenotransplantation model with immunodeficient RAG2-/-gc-/- mice was used (Richter et al. 2009). NALM6 and 697 cALL lines were lentivirally transduced with MondoA short hairpin RNA. Upon successful MondoA knock down (KD), KD and control lines were injected into the mice; CD10+ blasts in blood, spleen and marrow were assessed.

Results. We found MondoA to be most strongly expressed in pediatric cALL and AML. Moreover MondoA expression was high in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. MondoA KD in cALL cell lines and their subsequent analysis in xenograft mice resulted in a reduced number of leukemic blasts in blood, marrow and spleen. Spleen size and weight normalized in mice after MondoA KD. Further microarray analysis revealed an enrichment of glycolytic and hypoxia response gene sets by MondoA. Moreover, HIF1a induction under hypoxia required MondoA. We demonstrate that hypoxia facilitates vincristine resistance of cALL. MondoA is induced under hypoxia and confers cALL cells chemotherapeutic resistance. Tied to these results, MondoA overexpression correlated with relapse risk; its expression was 63% higher in the very high-risk group as compared to the non-high-risk group of cALL. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that MondoA maintains leukemic burden and aggressiveness of cALL in vivo possibly by modulating metabolic and hypoxia stress response, in particular by induction of HIF1a.

Citation Format: Alexandra A. Sipol, Thomas G. Grunewald, Juliane Schmaeh, Monique L. den Boer, Rebeca Alba Rubío, Michaela Baldauf, Caroline Wernicke, Martin Horstmann, Gunnar Cario, Günther Richter, Stefan Burdach. Metabolic stress sensor MondoA mediates in vivo aggressiveness of common ALL by induction of HIF1α [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4515. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4515

Abstract 2462: MondoA mediates in vivo aggressiveness of common ALL and may serve as a T-cell immunotherapy target

Oncogene addiction provides ideal targets for immunotherapy. We previously described MondoA (also known as MLXIP, MAX like protein X interacting protein) as a metabolic stress sensor, required for leukemogenesis. Here we report on the expression of MondoA in common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) compared to other malignancies, its role in malignancy of cALL in vivo, downstream pathways and correlation with relapse risk. Given the non-accessibility of transcription factors by drugs or chimeric antigen receptor transgenic T cells (CARs), we tested the targetability of MondoA by allo-restricted, peptide specific T cells.

Our human/murine xenotransplantation model with immunodeficient RAG2-/-gc-/- mice was used (Richter et al. 2009). NALM6 and 697 cALL lines were lentivirally transduced with MondoA short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Upon successful MondoA knock down (KD), KD and control lines were injected into the mice; CD10+ blasts in blood, spleen and marrow were assessed. MondoA specific T cells were generated by priming of donor HLAA0201 negative (A2-) T-cells with A2+ dendritic cells bearing MondoA peptides, multimer-based sorting and subcloning of A2-CD8+ T-cells. For priming of T cells, five MondoA peptides were chosen by SYMPEITHI, BIMAS and NetCTL1.2. analyses. Peptide 428 stabilized best A2 expression on TAP-deficient T2 cells. Specificity and functionality of T cell clones were tested by ELISpot interferon gamma (IFg) and granzyme B assays with six MondoA+ leukemia lines (A2+, A2-). Off target effects of MondoA specific T-cell clones were assessed by IFg reactivity against the MondoA expressing A2+ NALM6 cell line vs. A2+ and A2- EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines from six donors. Peptide homology was assessed with BLAST algorithms in SWISSPROT.

We found MondoA to be most strongly expressed in pediatric cALL and AML. Moreover MondoA expression was high in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and alveolar rabdomyosarcoma. MondoA KD in cALL cell lines and their subsequent analysis in xenograft mice resulted in a reduced number of leukemic blasts in blood, marrow and spleen. Spleen size and weight normalized in treated mice after MondoA KD. Further microarray analysis revealed an induction of aerobic glycolysis switch genes and hypoxia-response by MondoA. Consequently, HIF1A stabilization required MondoA expression and tied to these results, MondoA overexpression correlated with relapse risk; its expression was 63% higher in the very high-risk group as compared to the non-high-risk group of cALL. Therapeutically, MondoA-derived peptide antigens and A2+ cALL lines were successfully recognized and killed by specific, allo-restricted CD8+ T cells.

In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that MondoA maintains leukemic burden and aggressiveness of cALL in vivo possibly by modulating metabolic and hypoxia stress response. Moreover, we identified MondoA as a promising target for immunotherapy of cALL.

Citation Format: Alexandra Sipol, Thomas G. P. Grunewald, Juliane Schmaeh, David Schirmer, Monique L. den Boer, Rebeca Alba Rubío, Michaela Baldauf, Caroline Wernicke, Hans-Jochem Kolb, Martin Horstmann, Gunnar Cario, Guünther Richter, Stefan Burdach. MondoA mediates in vivo aggressiveness of common ALL and may serve as a T-cell immunotherapy target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2462.

Functional Cortical Effects of Novel Allelic Variants of the Serotonin Transporter Gene-linked Polymorphic Region (5-HTTLPR) in Humans

INTRODUCTION

Genetic variations of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders. Recent evidence indicates that the biallelic polymorphic region (S and L allele) contains additional variations affecting the mRNA expression.

METHODS

According to recent preclinical and clinical studies, the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LD) was investigated as surrogate parameter for the central serotonergic activity in 185 healthy subjects subdivided according to newly identified 5-HTTLPR genotypes.

RESULTS

Individuals homozygous for the L (A) allele showed the lowest LD of all genotypes suggesting a high serotonergic neurotransmission. The other observed genotypes (L (A)/L (G), S/L (A), S/L (G), S/S) had an LD which was similar to each other but higher compared to the L (A)/L (A) genotype.

DISCUSSION

The data provide a rationale to subdivide the L allele of the 5-HTTLPR into L (A) and L (G) alleles in terms of their serotonin activity as indicated by the LD. The present IN VIVO measurements provide a basis for grouping the L (G) and S alleles for further investigations.

2,9-Dimethyl-β-carbolinium, a neurotoxin occurring in human brain, is a potent inducer of apoptosis as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium

The causes of neurodegeneration are not well understood. However, the role of environmental and endogenous toxins is receiving much attention. In this study, we compared the synthetic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium with beta-carbolines occurring in human brain. Methylation of both nitrogens is necessary to convert a beta-carboline into a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. The respective beta-carboline, 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion is neurotoxic in rats. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we incubated mouse neuroblastoma 2A cells with 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion, and compared the findings with effects of norharman, the precursor beta-carboline of methylated derivatives, and with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium. 2,9-Dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion caused a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (higher efficiency than 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium) and of mitochondrial membrane potential within the first minutes. After 60 min, the membrane potential dissipated. Concomitantly, the levels of glutathione increased in 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion but not in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium treated cells. After 24 h effector caspases 3 and 7 were activated and the number of apoptotic cells increased as revealed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting cytometry. When incubated longer (48 h), cells underwent late apoptosis/secondary necrosis as shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and confirmed qualitatively by an electron microscopy study. The effects of 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion on apoptotic changes were similar to those induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium(,) while norharman showed only a weak potency at the very high doses. To investigate whether 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion is neurotoxic under in vivo conditions and whether only dopaminergic neurones are affected we conducted a dose-response study. Three weeks after injection of 2,9-dimethyl-beta-carbolinium ion in the substantia nigra we found a dose-dependent decrease of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum of rats. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine were diminished although the decrease was less. The levels of noradrenaline increased after some doses. The findings strongly suggest an important role of endogenous beta-carbolines in neurodegeneration with apoptosis as the predominant mechanism.

Serotonergic Effects of Smoking are Independent from the Human Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Polymorphism: Evidence from Auditory Cortical Stimulus Processing

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoking has been associated with mood enhancing properties and modulating effects on serotonin activity. The loudness dependence (LD) of the auditory-evoked N1/P2-component has been related to serotonergic neurotransmission, i. e. the allelic variants in the promoter of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-transporter (5-HTT) gene (SCL6A4). Moreover, smoking behavior has been associated to the 5-HTT-genotype. It was hypothesized that cigarette smoking modulates the LD and this effect was expected to interact with the 5-HTT-genotype.

METHODS

5-HTT-genotype and LD were determined in 63 healthy smokers and 114 nonsmokers.

RESULTS

LD was significantly affected by smoking status (p = 0.008) and 5-HTT-genotype (p = 0.045) but not by smoking*genotype-interaction or daily cigarette consumption. Current smokers exhibited a significantly weaker LD compared to nonsmokers. 5-HTT-genotype showed no significant effect on smoking behavior.

DISCUSSION

The results indicate a higher serotonergic activity in smokers as compared to nonsmokers independent of 5-HTT-genotype. Since former smokers and never smokers showed similar LDs, the serotonin enhancing effect of smoking seems to be a characteristic state, which may contribute to the maintenance of smoking behavior.

Numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 2, and 7 in astrocytomas studied by interphase cytogenetics

For both juvenile astrocytomas and astrocytomas of adults, numerical and structural aberrations of chromosomes 1 and 7 have been described. To study the frequency of those aberrations in more detail and to exclude in vitro artifacts, we investigated directly prepared material from 18 juvenile and 26 astrocytomas of adults by fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes specific for chromosome regions 1p36, 1q12, 2cen, and 7cen. Chromosome 2 was used as control in the hybridization with chromosome 7. To exclude tissue-specific alterations, we tested cerebral and cerebellar paraffin-embedded material from persons who had died from other diseases. In 13 of the juvenile astrocytomas, we found a loss of 1p36 in relation to 1q12 in 16 astrocytomas of adults, a gain of signals from 1p36 or both probes for chromosome 1 was seen. Gain of chromosome 7 was found in 25 cases. Unexpectedly, gain of chromosome 2 occurred in 32 cases. For both probes, there was no difference between astrocytomas of children and those of adults. Our data suggest that loss of 1p is an early event in the development of juvenile astrocytomas and that trisomy 7 is frequent in malignant tumors and tumors containing a potential of growing malignantly.

Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human interleukin 15 gene (IL-15)

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a novel cytokine whose biological activities are similar to those of interleukin 2 (IL-2). The genomic sequence of human IL-15 has been isolated based on its sequence homology with a cDNA clone encoding human IL-15. The human sequence is 14968 bp in length and includes all six protein-coding exons and five introns. The location of the introns in the human sequence is identical to their positions in the murine IL-15 gene. The same is true for the overall size of the gene, which was estimated to be at least 32 kb. Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with gene-specific primers on a panel of human/rodent hybrid cell DNAs, as well as by fluorescence in situ hybridization the human IL-15 gene was mapped to chromosome 4 region q25-35.

Involvement of chromosome 22 in ependymomas

We have karyotyped a total of twelve ependymomas using GTG-banding including seven for which preliminary results have already been published. One case showing hyperdiploid main line with two marker chromosomes was further analyzed by nonisotopic chromosome in situ suppression hybridization. It was shown that the marker chromosomes consisted of 1q, 14q and 1q, and 22q. The possible role of chromosome 22 in ependymomas and the usefulness of fluorescence in situ hybridization for cytogenetic analysis in tumor investigation are discussed.