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Schmidt CA, Tambutté E, Venn AA, Zou Z, Castillo Alvarez C, Devriendt LS, Bechtel HA, Stifler CA, Anglemyer S, Breit CP, Foust CL, Hopanchuk A, Klaus CN, Kohler IJ, LeCloux IM, Mezera J, Patton MR, Purisch A, Quach V, Sengkhammee JS, Sristy T, Vattem S, Walch EJ, Albéric M, Politi Y, Fratzl P, Tambutté S, Gilbert PUPA. Myriad Mapping of nanoscale minerals reveals calcium carbonate hemihydrate in forming nacre and coral biominerals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1812. [PMID: 38418834 PMCID: PMC10901822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is abundant on Earth, is a major component of marine biominerals and thus of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and it plays a major role in the global carbon cycle by storing atmospheric CO2 into solid biominerals. Six crystalline polymorphs of CaCO3 are known-3 anhydrous: calcite, aragonite, vaterite, and 3 hydrated: ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O), monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O, MHC), and calcium carbonate hemihydrate (CaCO3·½H2O, CCHH). CCHH was recently discovered and characterized, but exclusively as a synthetic material, not as a naturally occurring mineral. Here, analyzing 200 million spectra with Myriad Mapping (MM) of nanoscale mineral phases, we find CCHH and MHC, along with amorphous precursors, on freshly deposited coral skeleton and nacre surfaces, but not on sea urchin spines. Thus, biomineralization pathways are more complex and diverse than previously understood, opening new questions on isotopes and climate. Crystalline precursors are more accessible than amorphous ones to other spectroscopies and diffraction, in natural and bio-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Laurent S Devriendt
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Carolyn P Breit
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Connor L Foust
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrii Hopanchuk
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Connor N Klaus
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Isaac J Kohler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Jaiden Mezera
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Madeline R Patton
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Annie Purisch
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Virginia Quach
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Tarak Sristy
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shreya Vattem
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Evan J Walch
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Marie Albéric
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire de chimie de la matière condensée, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yael Politi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Schmidt CA, Stifler CA, Luffey EL, Fordyce BI, Ahmed A, Barreiro Pujol G, Breit CP, Davison SS, Klaus CN, Koehler IJ, LeCloux IM, Matute Diaz C, Nguyen CM, Quach V, Sengkhammee JS, Walch EJ, Xiong MM, Tambutté E, Tambutté S, Mass T, Gilbert PUPA. Faster Crystallization during Coral Skeleton Formation Correlates with Resilience to Ocean Acidification. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1332-1341. [PMID: 35037457 PMCID: PMC8796227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
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The mature skeletons
of hard corals, termed stony or scleractinian
corals, are made of aragonite (CaCO3). During their formation,
particles attaching to the skeleton’s growing surface are calcium
carbonate, transiently amorphous. Here we show that amorphous particles
are observed frequently and reproducibly just outside the skeleton,
where a calicoblastic cell layer envelops and deposits the forming
skeleton. The observation of particles in these locations, therefore,
is consistent with nucleation and growth of particles in intracellular
vesicles. The observed extraskeletal particles range in size between
0.2 and 1.0 μm and contain more of the amorphous precursor phases
than the skeleton surface or bulk, where they gradually crystallize
to aragonite. This observation was repeated in three diverse genera
of corals, Acropora sp., Stylophora pistillata—differently sensitive to ocean acidification (OA)—and Turbinaria peltata, demonstrating that intracellular particles
are a major source of material during the additive manufacturing of
coral skeletons. Thus, particles are formed away from seawater, in
a presumed intracellular calcifying fluid (ICF) in closed vesicles
and not, as previously assumed, in the extracellular calcifying fluid
(ECF), which, unlike ICF, is partly open to seawater. After particle
attachment, the growing skeleton surface remains exposed to ECF, and,
remarkably, its crystallization rate varies significantly across genera.
The skeleton surface layers containing amorphous pixels vary in thickness
across genera: ∼2.1 μm in Acropora,
1.1 μm in Stylophora, and 0.9 μm in Turbinaria. Thus, the slow-crystallizing Acropora skeleton surface remains amorphous and soluble longer, including
overnight, when the pH in the ECF drops. Increased skeleton surface
solubility is consistent with Acropora’s vulnerability
to OA, whereas the Stylophora skeleton surface layer
crystallizes faster, consistent with Stylophora’s
resilience to OA. Turbinaria, whose response to OA
has not yet been tested, is expected to be even more resilient than Stylophora, based on the present data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Emily L Luffey
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin I Fordyce
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Asiya Ahmed
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Carolyn P Breit
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sydney S Davison
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Connor N Klaus
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Isaac J Koehler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Isabelle M LeCloux
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Celeo Matute Diaz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Catherine M Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Virginia Quach
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jaden S Sengkhammee
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Evan J Walch
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Max M Xiong
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Department of Marine Biology, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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