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Greifenstein L, Kramer CS, Moon ES, Rösch F, Klega A, Landvogt C, Müller C, Baum RP. From Automated Synthesis to In Vivo Application in Multiple Types of Cancer-Clinical Results with [ 68Ga]Ga-DATA 5m.SA.FAPi. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081000. [PMID: 36015148 PMCID: PMC9415298 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled FAPI (fibroblast activation protein inhibitors) recently gained attention as widely applicable imaging and potential therapeutic compounds targeting CAF (cancer-associated fibroblasts) or DAF (disease-associated fibroblasts in benign disorders). Moreover, the use of FAPI has distinct advantages compared to FDG (e.g., increased sensitivity in regions with high glucose metabolism, no need for fasting, and rapid imaging). In this study, we wanted to evaluate the radiochemical synthesis and the clinical properties of the new CAF-targeting tracer [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi. The compound consists of a (radio)chemically easy to use hybrid chelate DATA.SA, which can be labeled at low temperatures, making it an interesting molecule for 'instant kit-type' labeling, and a squaric acid moiety that provides distinct advantages for synthesis and radiolabeling. Our work demonstrates that automatic synthesis of the FAP inhibitor [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi is feasible and reproducible, providing convenient access to this new hybrid chelator-based tracer. Our studies demonstrated the diagnostic usability of [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi for the unambiguous detection of cancer-associated fibroblasts of various carcinomas and their metastases (NSCLC, liposarcoma, parotid tumors, prostate cancer, and pancreas adenocarcinoma), while physiological uptake in brain, liver, intestine, bone, and lungs was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Greifenstein
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Carsten S. Kramer
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Euy Sung Moon
- Department of Chemistry–TRIGA, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Chemistry–TRIGA, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andre Klega
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Christian Landvogt
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Corinna Müller
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Richard P. Baum
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.P.B.)
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Abstract
The use of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment regimen of certain cancer types, but response assessment has become a difficult task with conventional methods such as CT/MRT or FDG PET-CT and the classical response criteria such as RECIST or PERCIST which have been developed for chemotherapeutic treatment. Plenty of new tracers have been published to improve the assessment of treatment response and to stratify the patient population. We gathered the information on published tracers (in total, 106 individual SPECT/PET tracers were identified) and performed a descriptor-based analysis; in this way, we classify the tracers with regard to target choice, developability (probability to progress from preclinical stage into the clinic), translatability (probability to be widely applied in the 'real world'), and (assumed) diagnostic quality. In our analysis, we show that most tracers are targeting PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, and CD8 receptors by using antibodies or their fragments. Another finding is that plenty of tracers possess only minor iterations regarding chelators and nuclides instead of approaching the problem in a new innovative way. Based on the data, we suggest an orthogonal approach by targeting intracellular targets with PET-activatable small molecules that are currently underrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten S. Kramer
- Curanosticum Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, D-65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kanagasundaram T, Kramer CS, Boros E, Kopka K. Rhenium and technetium-complexed silicon rhodamines as near-infrared imaging probes for bimodal SPECT- and optical imaging. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7294-7298. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first technetium-99m tricarbonyl core labelled fluorescent Si-rhodamine and its rhenium analogue for bimodal SPECT- and near-infrared fluorescence imaging is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thines Kanagasundaram
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Carsten S. Kramer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) e.V
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- 01328 Dresden
- Germany
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Kanagasundaram T, Timmermann A, Kramer CS, Kopka K. A new approach to silicon rhodamines by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling - scope and limitations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2569-2576. [PMID: 31728171 PMCID: PMC6839552 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Silicon rhodamines are of particular interest because of their advantageous dye properties (fluorescence- and biostability, quantum efficiency, tolerance to photobleaching). Therefore, silicon rhodamines find frequent application in STED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy, as sensor molecules for, e.g., ions and as fluorophores for the optical imaging of tumors. Different strategies were already employed for their synthesis. Because of just three known literature examples in which Suzuki–Miyaura cross couplings gave access to silicon rhodamines in poor to moderate yields, we wanted to improve these first valuable experimental results. Results: The preparation of the xanthene triflate was enhanced and several boron sources were screened to find the optimal coupling partner. After optimization of the palladium catalyst, different substituted boroxines were assessed to explore the scope of the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Conclusions: A number of silicon rhodamines were synthesized under the optimized conditions in up to 91% yield without the necessity of HPLC purification. Moreover, silicon rhodamines functionalized with free acid moieties are directly accessible in contrast to previously described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thines Kanagasundaram
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Timmermann
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten S Kramer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Matthias J, Kanagasundaram T, Kopka K, Kramer CS. Synthesis of a dihalogenated pyridinyl silicon rhodamine for mitochondrial imaging by a halogen dance rearrangement. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2333-2343. [PMID: 31666868 PMCID: PMC6808212 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since their first synthesis, silicon xanthenes and the subsequently developed silicon rhodamines (SiR) gained a lot of attention as attractive fluorescence dyes offering a broad field of application. We aimed for the synthesis of a fluorinable pyridinyl silicon rhodamine for the use in multimodal (PET/OI) medical imaging of mitochondria in cancerous cells. Results: A dihalogenated fluorinatable pyridinyl rhodamine could be successfully synthesized with the high yield of 85% by application of a halogen dance (HD) rearrangement. The near-infrared dye shows a quantum yield of 0.34, comparable to other organelle targeting SiR derivatives and absorbs at 665 nm (εmax = 34 000 M−1cm−1) and emits at 681 nm (τ = 1.9 ns). Using colocalization experiments with MitoTracker® Green FM, we could prove the intrinsic targeting ability to mitochondria in two human cell lines (Pearson coefficient >0.8). The dye is suitable for live cell STED nanoscopy imaging and shows a nontoxic profile which makes it an appropriate candidate for medical imaging. Conclusions: We present a biocompatible, nontoxic, small molecule near-infrared dye with the option of subsequent radiolabelling and excellent optical properties for medical and bioimaging. As a compound with intrinsic mitochondria targeting ability, the radiolabelled analogue can be applied in multimodal (PET/OI) imaging of mitochondria for diagnostic and therapeutic use in, e.g., cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Matthias
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Helmholtz International Graduate School, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thines Kanagasundaram
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten S Kramer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kramer CS, Bräse S. Thiourea-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction of a naphthoquinone monoketal dienophile. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1414-8. [PMID: 23946836 PMCID: PMC3740680 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of organocatalysts were screened for the catalysis of the naphthoquinone monoketal Diels-Alder reaction. In this study we found that Schreiner's thiourea catalyst 10 and Jacobson's thiourea catalyst 12 facilitate the cycloaddition of the sterically hindered naphthoquinone monoketal dienophile 3 with diene 4. The use of thiourea catalysis allowed for the first time the highly selective synthesis of the exo-product 2a in up to 63% yield. In this reaction a new quaternary center was built. The so formed cycloaddition product 2a represents the ABC tricycle of beticolin 0 (1) and is also a valuable model substrate for the total synthesis of related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten S Kramer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe; Tel: (+49) 721608-48581
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Bräse S, Gläser F, Kramer CS, Lindner S, Linsenmeier AM, Masters KS, Meister AC, Ruff BM, Zhong S. Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products. The chemistry of mycotoxins. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 2013; 97:v-300. [PMID: 23781707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bräse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Kramer CS. A "Big Apple" for the teacher. Organizing an educational campaign in New York City. Biomed Commun 1977; 5:40-1, 50-1. [PMID: 10304593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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