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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Subramanya AR. A New Phase for WNK Kinase Signaling Complexes as Biomolecular Condensates. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024. [PMID: 38624245 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00013.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight transformative advances that have been made in the field of biomolecular condensates with special emphasis on condensate material properties, physiology, and kinases, using the With-No-Lysine (WNK) Kinases as a prototypical example. To convey how WNK kinases illustrate important concepts for biomolecular condensates, we start with a brief history, focus on defining features of biomolecular condensates, and delve into some examples of how condensates are implicated in cellular physiology (and pathophysiology). We then highlight how WNK kinases, through the action of "WNK droplets" that ubiquitously regulate intracellular volume, and kidney-specific "WNK bodies" that are implicated in distal tubule salt reabsorption and potassium homeostasis, exemplify many of the defining features of condensates. Lastly, this review will address the controversies within this emerging field and questions to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Dept of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Subramanya AR, Boyd-Shiwarski CR. Molecular Crowding: Physiologic Sensing and Control. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:429-452. [PMID: 37931170 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-025920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm is densely packed with molecules that contribute to its nonideal behavior. Cytosolic crowding influences chemical reaction rates, intracellular water mobility, and macromolecular complex formation. Overcrowding is potentially catastrophic; to counteract this problem, cells have evolved acute and chronic homeostatic mechanisms that optimize cellular crowdedness. Here, we provide a physiology-focused overview of molecular crowding, highlighting contemporary advances in our understanding of its sensing and control. Long hypothesized as a form of crowding-induced microcompartmentation, phase separation allows cells to detect and respond to intracellular crowding through the action of biomolecular condensates, as indicated by recent studies. Growing evidence indicates that crowding is closely tied to cell size and fluid volume, homeostatic responses to physical compression and desiccation, tissue architecture, circadian rhythm, aging, transepithelial transport, and total body electrolyte and water balance. Thus, molecular crowding is a fundamental physiologic parameter that impacts diverse functions extending from molecule to organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohan R Subramanya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Griffiths SE, Beacham RT, Norrell L, Morrison DE, Wang J, Mann J, Tennant W, Anderson EN, Franks J, Calderon M, Connolly KA, Cheema MU, Weaver CJ, Nkashama LJ, Weckerly CC, Querry KE, Pandey UB, Donnelly CJ, Sun D, Rodan AR, Subramanya AR. WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation. Cell 2022; 185:4488-4506.e20. [PMID: 36318922 PMCID: PMC9699283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When challenged by hypertonicity, dehydrated cells must recover their volume to survive. This process requires the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SLC12 cation chloride transporters by WNK kinases, but how these kinases are activated by cell shrinkage remains unknown. Within seconds of cell exposure to hypertonicity, WNK1 concentrates into membraneless condensates, initiating a phosphorylation-dependent signal that drives net ion influx via the SLC12 cotransporters to restore cell volume. WNK1 condensate formation is driven by its intrinsically disordered C terminus, whose evolutionarily conserved signatures are necessary for efficient phase separation and volume recovery. This disorder-encoded phase behavior occurs within physiological constraints and is activated in vivo by molecular crowding rather than changes in cell size. This allows kinase activity despite an inhibitory ionic milieu and permits cell volume recovery through condensate-mediated signal amplification. Thus, WNK kinases are physiological crowding sensors that phase separate to coordinate a cell volume rescue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shawn E Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca T Beacham
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Logan Norrell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Daryl E Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jacob Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William Tennant
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael Calderon
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kelly A Connolly
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire J Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lubika J Nkashama
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire C Weckerly
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine E Querry
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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Long KR, Rbaibi Y, Bondi CD, Ford BR, Poholek AC, Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Tan RJ, Locker JD, Weisz OA. Cubilin-, megalin-, and Dab2-dependent transcription revealed by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in kidney proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F14-F26. [PMID: 34747197 PMCID: PMC8698540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiligand receptors megalin (Lrp2) and cubilin (Cubn) and their endocytic adaptor protein Dab2 (Dab2) play essential roles in maintaining the integrity of the apical endocytic pathway of proximal tubule (PT) cells and have complex and poorly understood roles in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here, we used RNA-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) technology in a well-differentiated cell culture model to identify PT-specific transcriptional changes that are directly consequent to the loss of megalin, cubilin, or Dab2 expression. KO of Lrp2 had the greatest transcriptional effect, and nearly all genes whose expression was affected in Cubn KO and Dab2 KO cells were also changed in Lrp2 KO cells. Pathway analysis and more granular inspection of the altered gene profiles suggested changes in pathways with immunomodulatory functions that might trigger the pathological changes observed in KO mice and patients with Donnai-Barrow syndrome. In addition, differences in transcription patterns between Lrp2 and Dab2 KO cells suggested the possibility that altered spatial signaling by aberrantly localized receptors contributes to transcriptional changes upon the disruption of PT endocytic function. A reduction in transcripts encoding sodium-glucose cotransporter isoform 2 was confirmed in Lrp2 KO mouse kidney lysates by quantitative PCR analysis. Our results highlight the role of megalin as a master regulator and coordinator of ion transport, metabolism, and endocytosis in the PT. Compared with the studies in animal models, this approach provides a means to identify PT-specific transcriptional changes that are directly consequent to the loss of these target genes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Megalin and cubilin receptors together with their adaptor protein Dab2 represent major components of the endocytic machinery responsible for efficient uptake of filtered proteins by the proximal tubule (PT). Dab2 and megalin expression have been implicated as both positive and negative modulators of kidney disease. We used RNA sequencing to knock out CRISPR/Cas9 cubilin, megalin, and Dab2 in highly differentiated PT cells to identify PT-specific changes that are directly consequent to knockout of each component.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/genetics
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cells, Cultured
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/pathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/genetics
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Monodelphis
- Myopia/genetics
- Myopia/metabolism
- Myopia/pathology
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/metabolism
- Proteinuria/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Long
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corry D Bondi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - B Rhodes Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph D Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Weaver CJ, Beacham RT, Shiwarski DJ, Connolly KA, Nkashama LJ, Mutchler SM, Griffiths SE, Knoell SA, Sebastiani RS, Ray EC, Marciszyn AL, Subramanya AR. Effects of extreme potassium stress on blood pressure and renal tubular sodium transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1341-F1356. [PMID: 32281415 PMCID: PMC7311711 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00527.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized mouse blood pressure and ion transport in the setting of commonly used rodent diets that drive K+ intake to the extremes of deficiency and excess. Male 129S2/Sv mice were fed either K+-deficient, control, high-K+ basic, or high-KCl diets for 10 days. Mice maintained on a K+-deficient diet exhibited no change in blood pressure, whereas K+-loaded mice developed an ~10-mmHg blood pressure increase. Following challenge with NaCl, K+-deficient mice developed a salt-sensitive 8 mmHg increase in blood pressure, whereas blood pressure was unchanged in mice fed high-K+ diets. Notably, 10 days of K+ depletion induced diabetes insipidus and upregulation of phosphorylated NaCl cotransporter, proximal Na+ transporters, and pendrin, likely contributing to the K+-deficient NaCl sensitivity. While the anionic content with high-K+ diets had distinct effects on transporter expression along the nephron, both K+ basic and KCl diets had a similar increase in blood pressure. The blood pressure elevation on high-K+ diets correlated with increased Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and γ-epithelial Na+ channel expression and increased urinary response to furosemide and amiloride. We conclude that the dietary K+ maneuvers used here did not recapitulate the inverse effects of K+ on blood pressure observed in human epidemiological studies. This may be due to the extreme degree of K+ stress, the low-Na+-to-K+ ratio, the duration of treatment, and the development of other coinciding events, such as diabetes insipidus. These factors must be taken into consideration when studying the physiological effects of dietary K+ loading and depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R. Boyd-Shiwarski
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire J. Weaver
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca T. Beacham
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J. Shiwarski
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A. Connolly
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lubika J. Nkashama
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie M. Mutchler
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn E. Griffiths
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sophia A. Knoell
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Romano S. Sebastiani
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan C. Ray
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison L. Marciszyn
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arohan R. Subramanya
- 1Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,3Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,4Veterans Administration, Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Weaver CJ, Beacham RT, Griffiths SE, Subramanya AR. WNK1 Regulates Cell Volume via Crowding‐Induced Phase Transitions. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Roy A, Namboodiri HN, Nkashama LJ, Xie J, McClain KL, Marciszyn A, Kleyman TR, Tan RJ, Stolz DB, Puthenveedu MA, Huang CL, Subramanya AR. Potassium-regulated distal tubule WNK bodies are kidney-specific WNK1 dependent. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:499-509. [PMID: 29237822 PMCID: PMC6014176 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK bodies are large punctate membraneless cytosolic signaling foci that sequester WNK serine–threonine kinases and form in renal distal tubular epithelial cells during shifts in total body potassium balance. The assembly of these structures requires KS-WNK1, a truncated isoform of the WNK1 gene that is exclusively expressed in the distal tubule. With-no-lysine (WNK) kinases coordinate volume and potassium homeostasis by regulating renal tubular electrolyte transport. In the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), potassium imbalance causes WNK signaling complexes to concentrate into large discrete foci, which we call “WNK bodies.” Although these structures have been reported previously, the mechanisms that drive their assembly remain obscure. Here, we show that kidney-specific WNK1 (KS-WNK1), a truncated kinase-defective WNK1 isoform that is highly expressed in the DCT, is critical for WNK body formation. While morphologically distinct WNK bodies were evident in the distal tubules of mice subjected to dietary potassium loading and restriction, KS-WNK1 knockout mice were deficient in these structures under identical conditions. Combining in vivo observations in kidney with reconstitution studies in cell culture, we found that WNK bodies are dynamic membraneless foci that are distinct from conventional organelles, colocalize with the ribosomal protein L22, and cluster the WNK signaling pathway. The formation of WNK bodies requires an evolutionarily conserved cysteine-rich hydrophobic motif harbored within a unique N-terminal exon of KS-WNK1. We propose that WNK bodies are not pathological aggregates, but rather are KS-WNK1–dependent microdomains of the DCT cytosol that modulate WNK signaling during physiological shifts in potassium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ankita Roy
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hima N Namboodiri
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lubika J Nkashama
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kara L McClain
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Allison Marciszyn
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Ray
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine and .,Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and.,Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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