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Slootweg E, Koropacka K, Roosien J, Dees R, Overmars H, Lankhorst RK, van Schaik C, Pomp R, Bouwman L, Helder J, Schots A, Bakker J, Smant G, Goverse A. Sequence Exchange between Homologous NB-LRR Genes Converts Virus Resistance into Nematode Resistance, and Vice Versa. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:498-510. [PMID: 28747428 PMCID: PMC5580749 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a limited repertoire of NB-LRR disease resistance (R) genes to protect themselves against myriad pathogens. This limitation is thought to be counterbalanced by the rapid evolution of NB-LRR proteins, as only a few sequence changes have been shown to be sufficient to alter resistance specificities toward novel strains of a pathogen. However, little is known about the flexibility of NB-LRR R genes to switch resistance specificities between phylogenetically unrelated pathogens. To investigate this, we created domain swaps between the close homologs Gpa2 and Rx1, which confer resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum) to the cyst nematode Globodera pallida and Potato virus X, respectively. The genetic fusion of the CC-NB-ARC of Gpa2 with the LRR of Rx1 (Gpa2CN/Rx1L) results in autoactivity, but lowering the protein levels restored its specific activation response, including extreme resistance to Potato virus X in potato shoots. The reciprocal chimera (Rx1CN/Gpa2L) shows a loss-of-function phenotype, but exchange of the first three LRRs of Gpa2 by the corresponding region of Rx1 was sufficient to regain a wild-type resistance response to G. pallida in the roots. These data demonstrate that exchanging the recognition moiety in the LRR is sufficient to convert extreme virus resistance in the leaves into mild nematode resistance in the roots, and vice versa. In addition, we show that the CC-NB-ARC can operate independently of the recognition specificities defined by the LRR domain, either aboveground or belowground. These data show the versatility of NB-LRR genes to generate resistance to unrelated pathogens with completely different lifestyles and routes of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kamila Koropacka
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Dees
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Antigen Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Klein Lankhorst
- Plant Research International, Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Bouwman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Antigen Technology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Postma WJ, Slootweg EJ, Rehman S, Finkers-Tomczak A, Tytgat TO, van Gelderen K, Lozano-Torres JL, Roosien J, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Bakker J, Goverse A, Smant G. The effector SPRYSEC-19 of Globodera rostochiensis suppresses CC-NB-LRR-mediated disease resistance in plants. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:944-54. [PMID: 22904163 PMCID: PMC3461567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis invades roots of host plants where it transforms cells near the vascular cylinder into a permanent feeding site. The host cell modifications are most likely induced by a complex mixture of proteins in the stylet secretions of the nematodes. Resistance to nematodes conferred by nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins usually results in a programmed cell death in and around the feeding site, and is most likely triggered by the recognition of effectors in stylet secretions. However, the actual role of these secretions in the activation and suppression of effector-triggered immunity is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the effector SPRYSEC-19 of G. rostochiensis physically associates in planta with the LRR domain of a member of the SW5 resistance gene cluster in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Unexpectedly, this interaction did not trigger defense-related programmed cell death and resistance to G. rostochiensis. By contrast, agroinfiltration assays showed that the coexpression of SPRYSEC-19 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses programmed cell death mediated by several coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR immune receptors. Furthermore, SPRYSEC-19 abrogated resistance to Potato virus X mediated by the CC-NB-LRR resistance protein Rx1, and resistance to Verticillium dahliae mediated by an unidentified resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum). The suppression of cell death and disease resistance did not require a physical association of SPRYSEC-19 and the LRR domains of the CC-NB-LRR resistance proteins. Altogether, our data demonstrated that potato cyst nematodes secrete effectors that enable the suppression of programmed cell death and disease resistance mediated by several CC-NB-LRR proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe J. Postma
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Erik J. Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | - Anna Finkers-Tomczak
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | | | | | - Jose L. Lozano-Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jan Roosien
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Rikus Pomp
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., E.J.S., S.R., A.F.-T., T.O.G.T., K.v.G., J.L.L.-T., J.R., R.P., C.v.S., J.B., A.G., G.S.); and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (W.J.P., R.P., J.B., A.G., G.S.)
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Slootweg E, Roosien J, Spiridon LN, Petrescu AJ, Tameling W, Joosten M, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Dees R, Borst JW, Smant G, Schots A, Bakker J, Goverse A. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution is required for activation of resistance by the potato NB-LRR receptor Rx1 and is balanced by its functional domains. Plant Cell 2010; 22:4195-215. [PMID: 21177483 PMCID: PMC3027179 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Rx1 protein, as many resistance proteins of the nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class, is predicted to be cytoplasmic because it lacks discernable nuclear targeting signals. Here, we demonstrate that Rx1, which confers extreme resistance to Potato virus X, is located both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Manipulating the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1 or its elicitor revealed that Rx1 is activated in the cytoplasm and cannot be activated in the nucleus. The coiled coil (CC) domain was found to be required for accumulation of Rx1 in the nucleus, whereas the LRR domain promoted the localization in the cytoplasm. Analyses of structural subdomains of the CC domain revealed no autonomous signals responsible for active nuclear import. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and nuclear fractionation indicated that the CC domain binds transiently to large complexes in the nucleus. Disruption of the Rx1 resistance function and protein conformation by mutating the ATP binding phosphate binding loop in the NB domain, or by silencing the cochaperone SGT1, impaired the accumulation of Rx1 protein in the nucleus, while Rx1 versions lacking the LRR domain were not affected in this respect. Our results support a model in which interdomain interactions and folding states determine the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Slootweg E, Roosien J, Spiridon LN, Petrescu AJ, Tameling W, Joosten M, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Dees R, Borst JW, Smant G, Schots A, Bakker J, Goverse A. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution is required for activation of resistance by the potato NB-LRR receptor Rx1 and is balanced by its functional domains. Plant Cell 2010; 22:4195-4215. [PMID: 21177483 DOI: 10.2307/41059420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Rx1 protein, as many resistance proteins of the nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class, is predicted to be cytoplasmic because it lacks discernable nuclear targeting signals. Here, we demonstrate that Rx1, which confers extreme resistance to Potato virus X, is located both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Manipulating the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1 or its elicitor revealed that Rx1 is activated in the cytoplasm and cannot be activated in the nucleus. The coiled coil (CC) domain was found to be required for accumulation of Rx1 in the nucleus, whereas the LRR domain promoted the localization in the cytoplasm. Analyses of structural subdomains of the CC domain revealed no autonomous signals responsible for active nuclear import. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and nuclear fractionation indicated that the CC domain binds transiently to large complexes in the nucleus. Disruption of the Rx1 resistance function and protein conformation by mutating the ATP binding phosphate binding loop in the NB domain, or by silencing the cochaperone SGT1, impaired the accumulation of Rx1 protein in the nucleus, while Rx1 versions lacking the LRR domain were not affected in this respect. Our results support a model in which interdomain interactions and folding states determine the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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