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Raffaele S, Thougaard E, Laursen CCH, Gao H, Andersen KM, Nielsen PV, Ortí-Casañ N, Blichfeldt-Eckhardt M, Koch S, Deb-Chatterji M, Magnus T, Stubbe J, Madsen K, Meyer M, Degn M, Eisel ULM, Wlodarczyk A, Fumagalli M, Clausen BH, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Microglial TNFR2 signaling regulates the inflammatory response after CNS injury in a sex-specific fashion. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:269-285. [PMID: 38142915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a major role in damage progression and tissue remodeling after acute CNS injury, including ischemic stroke (IS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating microglial responses to injury may thus reveal novel therapeutic targets to promote CNS repair. Here, we investigated the role of microglial tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), a transmembrane receptor previously associated with pro-survival and neuroprotective responses, in shaping the neuroinflammatory environment after CNS injury. By inducing experimental IS and SCI in Cx3cr1CreER:Tnfrsf1bfl/fl mice, selectively lacking TNFR2 in microglia, and corresponding Tnfrsf1bfl/fl littermate controls, we found that ablation of microglial TNFR2 significantly reduces lesion size and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and favors infiltration of leukocytes after injury. Interestingly, these effects were paralleled by opposite sex-specific modifications of microglial reactivity, which was found to be limited in female TNFR2-ablated mice compared to controls, whereas it was enhanced in males. In addition, we show that TNFR2 protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects affected by IS and SCI, as well as healthy donors, significantly correlate with disease stage and severity, representing a valuable tool to monitor the inflammatory response after acute CNS injury. Hence, these results advance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating microglia reactivity after acute CNS injury, aiding the development of sex- and microglia-specific, personalized neuroregenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Estrid Thougaard
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C H Laursen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510630 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, 510630 Guangzhou, China
| | - Katrine M Andersen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pernille V Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Natalia Ortí-Casañ
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Morten Blichfeldt-Eckhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Vejle Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Simon Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milani Deb-Chatterji
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA.
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Hansen RB, Laursen CCH, Nawaz N, Madsen JS, Nielsen HH, Kruuse C, Møller A, Degn M, Lambertsen KL. Leukocyte TNFR1 and TNFR2 Expression Contributes to the Peripheral Immune Response in Cases with Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040861. [PMID: 33918875 PMCID: PMC8069317 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) have been found in brain parenchyma of stroke patients, and plasma levels are increased in the acute phase of stroke. We evaluated associations between TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels and stroke severity, infarct size, and functional outcome. Furthermore, we examined cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on leukocyte subpopulations to explore the origin of the increased receptor levels. Blood samples were taken from 33 acute ischemic stroke patients and 10 healthy controls. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma concentrations were measured and correlated against the Scandinavian Stroke Scale at admission, infarct volume, and the modified Rankin Scale score three months after stroke onset. Classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes as well as neutrophils were purified, and cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was examined using flow cytometry. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels were both increased after ischemic stroke, but we found no correlation with patient outcome measurements. Compared to healthy controls, ischemic stroke patients had decreased non-classical monocyte and neutrophil populations expressing TNFR1 and increased neutrophils expressing TNFR2, and decreased non-classical populations co-expressing both TNFR1 and TNFR2. This study supports the hypothesis of an acute immunological response orchestrated by the peripheral immune system following an ischemic stroke. However, the origin of the increased TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels could not be clearly linked to peripheral monocytes or neutrophils. Future studies are needed and will help clarify the potential role as treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B. Hansen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C. H. Laursen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niala Nawaz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna S. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle H. Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Kruuse
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neurology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
| | - Kate L. Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- OPEN—Open Patient data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
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