1
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Sarenac D, Henderson ME, Ekinci H, Clark CW, Cory DG, DeBeer-Schmitt L, Huber MG, Kapahi C, Pushin DA. Experimental realization of neutron helical waves. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd2002. [PMID: 36399573 PMCID: PMC9674294 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methods of preparation and analysis of structured waves of light, electrons, and atoms have been advancing rapidly. Despite the proven power of neutrons for material characterization and studies of fundamental physics, neutron science has not been able to fully integrate these techniques because of small transverse coherence lengths, the relatively poor resolution of spatial detectors, and low fluence rates. Here, we demonstrate methods that are practical with the existing technologies and show the experimental achievement of neutron helical wavefronts that carry well-defined orbital angular momentum values. We discuss possible applications and extensions to spin-orbit correlations and material characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sarenac
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Melissa E. Henderson
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Huseyin Ekinci
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Charles W. Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David G. Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Lisa DeBeer-Schmitt
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael G. Huber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Connor Kapahi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Dmitry A. Pushin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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2
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Corrigendum: Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? (2022 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter34464004). J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:509501. [PMID: 36303514 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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3
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:464004. [PMID: 36063817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8f7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the possibility of hosting organic color centers in (6, 6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are known to be metallic. Our calculations show that in short segments of (6, 6) nanotubes∼5nm in length there is a dipole-allowed singlet transition related to the quantum confinement of charge carriers in the smaller segments. The introduction ofsp3defects to the surface of (6, 6) nanotubes results in new dipole-allowed excited states. Some of these states are redshifted from the native confinement state of the defect-free (6, 6) segments; this is similar behavior to what is observed withsp3defects to exciton transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. This result suggests the possibility of electrically wiring organic color centers directly through armchair carbon nanotube hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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4
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Estabrook BJ, Tielens JT, Rahaman A, Ponirakis DW, Clark CW, Rice AN. Dynamic spatiotemporal acoustic occurrence of North Atlantic right whales in the offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts Wind Energy Areas. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2022. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Graybill JR, Shahi CB, Coplan MA, Thompson AK, Vest RE, Clark CW. Extreme ultraviolet photon conversion efficiency of tetraphenyl butadiene. Appl Opt 2020; 59:1217-1224. [PMID: 32225265 DOI: 10.1364/ao.380185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation can be converted to visible light using tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) as a phosphor. 1 µm films of TPB were prepared using thermal vapor deposition of the pure material and by spin coating suspensions of TPB in high-molecular-weight polystyrene/toluene solutions. Calibrated sources and detectors were used to determine the effective photon conversion efficiency of the films for incident EUV radiation in the wavelength range of $125\;{\rm nm}\le\lambda\le 200\;{\rm nm}$125nm≤λ≤200nm. After exposure to atmosphere, the efficiency of the vapor-deposited films decreased significantly, while the efficiency of the spin-coated films remained unchanged. The production of TPB films by spin coating offers the advantages of simplicity and long-term stability.
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6
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Kwon H, Kim M, Nutz M, Hartmann NF, Perrin V, Meany B, Hofmann MS, Clark CW, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Högele A, Wang Y. Probing Trions at Chemically Tailored Trapping Defects. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1786-1794. [PMID: 31807680 PMCID: PMC6891859 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trions, charged excitons that are reminiscent of hydrogen and positronium ions, have been intensively studied for energy harvesting, light-emitting diodes, lasing, and quantum computing applications because of their inherent connection with electron spin and dark excitons. However, these quasi-particles are typically present as a minority species at room temperature making it difficult for quantitative experimental measurements. Here, we show that by chemically engineering the well depth of sp3 quantum defects through a series of alkyl functional groups covalently attached to semiconducting carbon nanotube hosts, trions can be efficiently generated and localized at the trapping chemical defects. The exciton-electron binding energy of the trapped trion approaches 119 meV, which more than doubles that of "free" trions in the same host material (54 meV) and other nanoscale systems (2-45 meV). Magnetoluminescence spectroscopy suggests the absence of dark states in the energetic vicinity of trapped trions. Unexpectedly, the trapped trions are approximately 7.3-fold brighter than the brightest previously reported and 16 times as bright as native nanotube excitons, with a photoluminescence lifetime that is more than 100 times larger than that of free trions. These intriguing observations are understood by an efficient conversion of dark excitons to bright trions at the defect sites. This work makes trions synthetically accessible and uncovers the rich photophysics of these tricarrier quasi-particles, which may find broad implications in bioimaging, chemical sensing, energy harvesting, and light emitting in the short-wave infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Manuel Nutz
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Nicolai F. Hartmann
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vivien Perrin
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Brendan Meany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Matthias S. Hofmann
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Charles W. Clark
- Joint
Quantum Institute, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20902, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K. Doorn
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Maryland
NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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7
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Sarenac D, Kapahi C, Chen W, Clark CW, Cory DG, Huber MG, Taminiau I, Zhernenkov K, Pushin DA. Generation and detection of spin-orbit coupled neutron beams. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20328-20332. [PMID: 31548384 PMCID: PMC6789912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906861116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling of light has come to the fore in nanooptics and plasmonics, and is a key ingredient of topological photonics and chiral quantum optics. We demonstrate a basic tool for incorporating analogous effects into neutron optics: the generation and detection of neutron beams with coupled spin and orbital angular momentum. The 3He neutron spin filters are used in conjunction with specifically oriented triangular coils to prepare neutron beams with lattices of spin-orbit correlations, as demonstrated by their spin-dependent intensity profiles. These correlations can be tailored to particular applications, such as neutron studies of topological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sarenac
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Connor Kapahi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wangchun Chen
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - David G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Michael G Huber
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Ivar Taminiau
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kirill Zhernenkov
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Pushin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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8
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Sarenac D, Cory DG, Nsofini J, Hincks I, Miguel P, Arif M, Clark CW, Huber MG, Pushin DA. Generation of a Lattice of Spin-Orbit Beams via Coherent Averaging. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:183602. [PMID: 30444408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a highly robust method, applicable to both electromagnetic and matter-wave beams, that can produce a beam consisting of a lattice of orbital angular momentum (OAM) states coupled to a two-level system. We also define efficient protocols for controlling and manipulating the lattice characteristics. These protocols are applied in an experimental realization of a lattice of optical spin-orbit beams. The novel passive devices we demonstrate here are also a natural alternative to existing methods for producing single-axis OAM and spin-orbit beams. Our techniques provide new tools for investigations of chiral and topological materials with light and particle beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarenac
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
| | - D G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L2Y5
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1Z8
| | - J Nsofini
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
| | - I Hincks
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Department of Applied Math, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
| | - P Miguel
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
| | - M Arif
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Charles W Clark
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M G Huber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - D A Pushin
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L3G1
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9
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Cholewiak D, Clark CW, Ponirakis D, Frankel A, Hatch LT, Risch D, Stanistreet JE, Thompson M, Vu E, Van Parijs SM. Communicating amidst the noise: modeling the aggregate influence of ambient and vessel noise on baleen whale communication space in a national marine sanctuary. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Sarenac D, Nsofini J, Hincks I, Arif M, Clark CW, Cory DG, Huber MG, Pushin DA. Methods for preparation and detection of neutron spin-orbit states. New J Phys 2018; 20:10.1088/1367-2630/aae3ac. [PMID: 34858077 PMCID: PMC8634251 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aae3ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The generation and control of neutron orbital angular momentum (OAM) states and spin correlated OAM (spin-orbit) states provides a powerful probe of materials with unique penetrating abilities and magnetic sensitivity. We describe techniques to prepare and characterize neutron spin-orbit states, and provide a quantitative comparison to known procedures. The proposed detection method directly measures the correlations of spin state and transverse momentum, and overcomes the major challenges associated with neutrons, which are low flux and small spatial coherence length. Our preparation techniques, utilizing special geometries of magnetic fields, are based on coherent averaging and spatial control methods borrowed from nuclear magnetic resonance. The described procedures may be extended to other probes such as electrons and electromagnetic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarenac
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - J Nsofini
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - I Hincks
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Applied Math, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
| | - M Arif
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - D G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L2Y5, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G1Z8, Canada
| | - M G Huber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - D A Pushin
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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11
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Sarenac D, Huber MG, Heacock B, Arif M, Clark CW, Cory DG, Shahi CB, Pushin DA. Holography with a neutron interferometer. Opt Express 2016; 24:22528-22535. [PMID: 27828323 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to perform neutron holography of a spiral phase plate. The object beam passes through a spiral phase plate, acquiring the phase twist characteristic of orbital angular momentum states. The reference beam passes through a fused silica prism, acquiring a linear phase gradient. The resulting hologram is a fork dislocation image, which could be used to reconstruct neutron beams with various orbital angular momenta. This work paves the way for novel applications of neutron holography, diffraction and imaging.
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12
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Estabrook BJ, Ponirakis DW, Clark CW, Rice AN. Widespread spatial and temporal extent of anthropogenic noise across the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf ecosystem. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Thomisch K, Boebel O, Clark CW, Hagen W, Spiesecke S, Zitterbart DP, Van Opzeeland I. Spatio-temporal patterns in acoustic presence and distribution of Antarctic blue whales Balaenoptera musculus intermedia in the Weddell Sea. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Ellison WT, Racca R, Clark CW, Streever B, Frankel AS, Fleishman E, Angliss R, Berger J, Ketten D, Guerra M, Leu M, McKenna M, Sformo T, Southall B, Suydam R, Thomas L. Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Hodge KB, Muirhead CA, Morano JL, Clark CW, Rice AN. North Atlantic right whale occurrence near wind energy areas along the mid-Atlantic US coast: implications for management. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Clark CW, Barankov R, Huber MG, Arif M, Cory DG, Pushin DA. Controlling neutron orbital angular momentum. Nature 2015; 525:504-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Foss-Feig M, Gong ZX, Clark CW, Gorshkov AV. Nearly linear light cones in long-range interacting quantum systems. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:157201. [PMID: 25933335 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.157201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In nonrelativistic quantum theories with short-range Hamiltonians, a velocity v can be chosen such that the influence of any local perturbation is approximately confined to within a distance r until a time t∼r/v, thereby defining a linear light cone and giving rise to an emergent notion of locality. In systems with power-law (1/r^{α}) interactions, when α exceeds the dimension D, an analogous bound confines influences to within a distance r only until a time t∼(α/v)logr, suggesting that the velocity, as calculated from the slope of the light cone, may grow exponentially in time. We rule out this possibility; light cones of power-law interacting systems are bounded by a polynomial for α>2D and become linear as α→∞. Our results impose strong new constraints on the growth of correlations and the production of entangled states in a variety of rapidly emerging, long-range interacting atomic, molecular, and optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Foss-Feig
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Zhe-Xuan Gong
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alexey V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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18
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Hughes PP, Beasten A, McComb JC, Coplan MA, Al-Sheikhly M, Thompson AK, Vest RE, Sprague MK, Irikura KK, Clark CW. High-resolution, vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of boron trifluoride. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:194301. [PMID: 25416885 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of investigations of thermal neutron detection based on mixtures of (10)BF3 with other gases, knowledge was required of the photoabsorption cross sections of (10)BF3 for wavelengths between 135 and 205 nm. Large discrepancies in the values reported in existing literature led to the absolute measurements reported in this communication. The measurements were made at the SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The measured absorption cross sections vary from 10(-20) cm(2) at 135 nm to less than 10(-21) cm(2) in the region from 165 to 205 nm. Three previously unreported absorption features with resolvable structure were found in the regions 135-145 nm, 150-165 nm, and 190-205 nm. Quantum mechanical calculations, using the TD-B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ variant of time-dependent density functional theory implemented in Gaussian 09, suggest that the observed absorption features arise from symmetry-changing adiabatic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Hughes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Amy Beasten
- Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jacob C McComb
- Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Michael A Coplan
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alan K Thompson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Robert E Vest
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Matthew K Sprague
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Karl K Irikura
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Charles W Clark
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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19
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Shirley WE, Anderson BM, Clark CW, Wilson RM. Half-quantum vortex molecules in a binary dipolar Bose gas. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:165301. [PMID: 25361261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.165301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the ground state phases of a rotating two-component, or binary, Bose-Einstein condensate, wherein one component possesses a large permanent magnetic dipole moment. A variety of nontrivial phases emerge in this system, including a half-quantum vortex (HQV) chain phase and a HQV molecule phase, where HQVs bind at short distances. We attribute these phases to the development of a minimum in the HQV interaction potential, which emerges without coherent coupling or attractive interactions between the components. Thus, we show that the presence of dipolar interactions in this system provides a unique mechanism for the formation of HQV molecules and results in a rich ground state phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur E Shirley
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA and Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Brandon M Anderson
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ryan M Wilson
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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20
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Soldevilla MS, Rice AN, Clark CW, Garrison LP. Passive acoustic monitoring on the North Atlantic right whale calving grounds. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Wilson RM, Peden BM, Clark CW, Rittenhouse ST. Spin waves and dielectric softening of polar molecule condensates. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:135301. [PMID: 24745433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.135301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We consider an oblate Bose-Einstein condensate of heteronuclear polar molecules in a weak applied electric field. This system supports a rich quasiparticle spectrum that plays a critical role in determining its bulk dielectric properties. In particular, in sufficiently weak fields the system undergoes a polarization wave rotonization, leading to the development of textured electronic structure and a dielectric instability that is characteristic of the onset of a negative static dielectric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Wilson
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Brandon M Peden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Seth T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA and ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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22
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Eckel S, Lee JG, Jendrzejewski F, Murray N, Clark CW, Lobb CJ, Phillips WD, Edwards M, Campbell GK. Hysteresis in a quantized superfluid ‘atomtronic’ circuit. Nature 2014; 506:200-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Wilson RM, Anderson BM, Clark CW. Meron ground state of Rashba spin-orbit-coupled dipolar bosons. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:185303. [PMID: 24237532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.185303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the effects of dipolar interactions on a Bose-Einstein condensate with synthetically generated Rashba spin-orbit coupling. The dipolar interaction we consider includes terms that couple spin and orbital angular momentum in a way perfectly congruent with the single-particle Rashba coupling. We show that this internal spin-orbit coupling plays a crucial role in the rich ground-state phase diagram of the trapped condensate. In particular, we predict the emergence of a thermodynamically stable ground state with a meron spin configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Wilson
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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24
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Safronova MS, Porsev SG, Clark CW. Ytterbium in quantum gases and atomic clocks: van der Waals interactions and blackbody shifts. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:230802. [PMID: 23368178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.230802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the C(6) coefficients of Yb-Yb, Yb-alkali, and Yb-group II van der Waals interactions with 2% uncertainty. The only existing experimental result for such quantities is for the Yb-Yb dimer. Our value, C(6)=1929(39) a.u., is in excellent agreement with the recent experimental determination of 1932(35) a.u. We have also developed a new approach for the calculation of the dynamic correction to the blackbody radiation shift. We have calculated this quantity for the Yb 6s(2) (1)S(0)-6s6p (3)P(0)(o) clock transition with 3.5% uncertainty. This reduces the fractional uncertainty due to the blackbody radiation shift in the Yb optical clock at 300 K to the 10(-18) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Safronova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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25
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Edwards M, Krygier M, Seddiqi H, Benton B, Clark CW. Approximate mean-field equations of motion for quasi-two-dimensional Bose-Einstein-condensate systems. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 86:056710. [PMID: 23214909 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for approximating the solution of the three-dimensional, time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) for Bose-Einstein-condensate systems where the confinement in one dimension is much tighter than in the other two. This method employs a hybrid Lagrangian variational technique whose trial wave function is the product of a completely unspecified function of the coordinates in the plane of weak confinement and a Gaussian in the strongly confined direction having a time-dependent width and quadratic phase. The hybrid Lagrangian variational method produces equations of motion that consist of (1) a two-dimensional (2D) effective GPE whose nonlinear coefficient contains the width of the Gaussian and (2) an equation of motion for the width that depends on the integral of the fourth power of the solution of the 2D effective GPE. We apply this method to the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates confined in ring-shaped potentials and compare the approximate solution to the numerical solution of the full 3D GPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Edwards
- Department of Physics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8031, USA
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26
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Mussoline SE, Risch D, Clark CW, Hatch LT, Weinrich MT, Wiley DN, Thompson MA, Corkeron PJ, Van Parijs SM. Seasonal and diel variation in North Atlantic right whale up-calls: implications for management and conservation in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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27
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Bhongale SG, Mathey L, Tsai SW, Clark CW, Zhao E. Bond order solid of two-dimensional dipolar fermions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:145301. [PMID: 22540802 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.145301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent experimental realization of dipolar Fermi gases near or below quantum degeneracy provides an opportunity to engineer Hubbard-like models with long-range interactions. Motivated by these experiments, we chart out the theoretical phase diagram of interacting dipolar fermions on the square lattice at zero temperature and half filling. We show that, in addition to p-wave superfluid and charge density wave order, two new and exotic types of bond order emerge generically in dipolar fermion systems. These phases feature homogeneous density but periodic modulations of the kinetic hopping energy between nearest or next-nearest neighbors. Similar, but manifestly different, phases of two-dimensional correlated electrons have previously only been hypothesized and termed "density waves of nonzero angular momentum." Our results suggest that these phases can be constructed flexibly with dipolar fermions, using currently available experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Bhongale
- School of Physics, Astronomy and Computational Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
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28
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Ellison WT, Southall BL, Clark CW, Frankel AS. A new context-based approach to assess marine mammal behavioral responses to anthropogenic sounds. Conserv Biol 2012; 26:21-8. [PMID: 22182143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute effects of anthropogenic sounds on marine mammals, such as from military sonars, energy development, and offshore construction, have received considerable international attention from scientists, regulators, and industry. Moreover, there has been increasing recognition and concern about the potential chronic effects of human activities (e.g., shipping). It has been demonstrated that increases in human activity and background noise can alter habitats of marine animals and potentially mask communications for species that rely on sound to mate, feed, avoid predators, and navigate. Without exception, regulatory agencies required to assess and manage the effects of noise on marine mammals have addressed only the acute effects of noise on hearing and behavior. Furthermore, they have relied on a single exposure metric to assess acute effects: the absolute sound level received by the animal. There is compelling evidence that factors other than received sound level, including the activity state of animals exposed to different sounds, the nature and novelty of a sound, and spatial relations between sound source and receiving animals (i.e., the exposure context) strongly affect the probability of a behavioral response. A more comprehensive assessment method is needed that accounts for the fact that multiple contextual factors can affect how animals respond to both acute and chronic noise. We propose a three-part approach. The first includes measurement and evaluation of context-based behavioral responses of marine mammals exposed to various sounds. The second includes new assessment metrics that emphasize relative sound levels (i.e., ratio of signal to background noise and level above hearing threshold). The third considers the effects of chronic and acute noise exposure. All three aspects of sound exposure (context, relative sound level, and chronic noise) mediate behavioral response, and we suggest they be integrated into ecosystem-level management and the spatial planning of human offshore activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Ellison
- Marine Acoustics Inc. 809 Aquidneck Avenue, Middletown, RI 02840, USA.
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29
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Safronova MS, Kozlov MG, Clark CW. Precision calculation of blackbody radiation shifts for optical frequency metrology. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:143006. [PMID: 22107192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.143006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that three group IIIB divalent ions, B(+), Al(+), and In(+), have anomalously small blackbody radiation (BBR) shifts of the ns(2) (1)S(0)-nsnp (3)P(0)(o) clock transitions. The fractional BBR shifts for these ions are at least 10 times smaller than those of any other present or proposed optical frequency standards at the same temperature, and are less than 0.3% of the Sr clock shift. We have developed a hybrid configuration-interaction + coupled-cluster method that provides accurate treatment of correlation corrections in such ions and yields a rigorous upper bound on the uncertainty of the final results. We reduce the BBR contribution to the fractional frequency uncertainty of the Al(+) clock to 4×10(-19) at T=300 K. We also reduce the uncertainties due to this effect at room temperature to 10(-18) level for B(+) and In(+) to facilitate further development of these systems for metrology and quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Safronova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-2570, USA
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30
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Cassidy AC, Clark CW, Rigol M. Generalized thermalization in an integrable lattice system. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:140405. [PMID: 21561173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.140405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
After a quench, observables in an integrable system may not relax to the standard thermal values, but can relax to the ones predicted by the generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) [M. Rigol et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 050405 (2007)]. The GGE has been shown to accurately describe observables in various one-dimensional integrable systems, but the origin of its success is not fully understood. Here we introduce a microcanonical version of the GGE and provide a justification of the GGE based on a generalized interpretation of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, which was previously introduced to explain thermalization of nonintegrable systems. We study relaxation after a quench of one-dimensional hard-core bosons in an optical lattice. Exact numerical calculations for up to 10 particles on 50 lattice sites (≈10(10) eigenstates) validate our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Cassidy
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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31
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32
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Li S, Satija II, Clark CW, Rey AM. Exploring complex phenomena using ultracold atoms in bichromatic lattices. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 82:016217. [PMID: 20866717 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.016217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With an underlying common theme of competing length scales, we study the many-body Schrödinger equation in a quasiperiodic potential and discuss its connection with the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) problem of classical mechanics. We propose a possible visualization of such connection in experimentally accessible many-body observables. Those observables are useful probes for the three characteristic phases of the problem: the metallic, Anderson and band insulator phases. In addition, they exhibit fingerprints of nonlinear phenomena such as bifurcations and devil's staircases. Our numerical treatment is complemented with a perturbative analysis which provides insight on the underlying physics. The perturbation theory approach is particularly useful in illuminating the distinction between the Anderson insulator and the band insulator phases in terms of paired sets of dimerized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Li
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Levine ZH, Borchardt BR, Brandenburg NJ, Clark CW, Muralikrishnan B, Shakarji CM, Chen JJ, Siegel EL. RECIST versus volume measurement in medical CT using ellipsoids of known size. Opt Express 2010; 18:8151-8159. [PMID: 20588660 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred eighty three uniaxial ellipsoids with sizes from 4 mm to 11 mm were measured with a coordinate measuring matching (CMM) and also scanned using a medical computed tomography (CT) machine. Their volumes were determined by counting voxels over a threshold, as well as using equivalent volumes from the length given by the RECIST 1.1 criterion (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). The volumetric measurements yield an order of magnitude reduction in residuals compared to the CMM measurements than the residuals of the RECIST measurements also compared to the CMM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Levine
- National Institute for Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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34
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Safronova MS, Jiang D, Arora B, Clark CW, Kozlov MG, Safronova UI, Johnson WR. Black-body radiation shifts and theoretical contributions to atomic clock research. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2010; 57:94-105. [PMID: 20040432 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A review of theoretical calculations of black-body radiation (BBR) shifts in various systems of interest to atomic clock research is presented. Calculations for monovalent systems, such as Ca(+), Sr(+), and Rb are carried out using a relativistic all-order single-double method, where all single and double excitations of the Dirac-Fock wave function are included to all orders of perturbation theory. A recently developed method for accurate calculations of BBR shifts in divalent atoms such as Sr is discussed. This approach combines the relativistic allorder method and the configuration interaction method. The evaluation of uncertainties in theoretical values of BBR shifts is discussed in detail.
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35
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Balakrishnan R, Satija II, Clark CW. Particle-hole asymmetry and brightening of solitons in a strongly repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:230403. [PMID: 20366132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.230403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We study solitary wave propagation in the condensate of a system of hard-core bosons with nearest-neighbor interactions. For this strongly repulsive system, the evolution equation for the condensate order parameter of the system, obtained using spin-coherent state averages, is different from the usual Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE). The system is found to support two kinds of solitons when there is a particle-hole imbalance: a dark soliton that dies out as the velocity approaches the sound velocity and a new type of soliton which brightens and persists all the way up to the sound velocity, transforming into a periodic wave train at supersonic speed. Analogous to the GPE soliton, the energy-momentum dispersion for both solitons is characterized by Lieb II modes.
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36
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Rogers DJ, Richardson CJK, Goldhar J, Clark CW. Measurement of small birefringence and loss in a nonlinear single-mode waveguide. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:053107. [PMID: 19485492 DOI: 10.1063/1.3124798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We design and fabricate a birefringent semiconductor waveguide for application to nonlinear photonics, demonstrating that it is possible to engineer a small birefringence into such a device using multiple core layers. We also demonstrate a simple technique to accurately determine small waveguide birefringence using a differential measurement, present useful methods for coupling light into and out of the device, and make estimates of coupling and linear device losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rogers
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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37
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Danshita I, Clark CW. Heavily damped motion of one-dimensional Bose gases in an optical lattice. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:030407. [PMID: 19257333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of strongly correlated one-dimensional Bose gases in a combined harmonic and optical lattice potential subjected to sudden displacement of the confining potential. Using the time-evolving block decimation method, we perform a first-principles quantum many-body simulation of the experiment of Fertig et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 120403 (2005)] across different values of the lattice depth ranging from the superfluid to the Mott insulator regimes. We find good quantitative agreement with this experiment: the damping of the dipole oscillations is significant even for shallow lattices, and the motion becomes overdamped with increasing lattice depth as observed. We show that the transition to overdamping is attributed to the decay of superfluid flow accelerated by quantum fluctuations, which occurs well before the emergence of Mott insulator domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Danshita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Abstract
We propose a method of constructing cold atom analogs of the spintronic device known as the Datta-Das transistor (DDT), which, despite its seminal conceptual role in spintronics, has never been successfully realized with electrons. We propose two alternative schemes for an atomic DDT, both of which are based on the experimental setup for tripod stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Both setups involve atomic beams incident on a series of laser fields mimicking the relativistic spin-orbit coupling for electrons that is the operating mechanism of the DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Vaishnav
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Abstract
We propose an optical lattice scheme which would permit the experimental observation of Zitterbewegung (ZB) with ultracold, neutral atoms. A four-level tripod variant of the setup for stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) has previously been proposed for generating non-Abelian gauge fields. Dirac-like Hamiltonians, which exhibit ZB, are simple examples of such non-Abelian gauge fields; we show how a variety of them can arise, and how ZB can be observed, in a tripod system. We predict that the ZB should occur at experimentally accessible frequencies and amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Vaishnav
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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40
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Parks SE, Clark CW, Tyack PL. Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: the potential effects of noise on acoustic communication. J Acoust Soc Am 2007; 122:3725-31. [PMID: 18247780 DOI: 10.1121/1.2799904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals has been an area of increasing concern over the past two decades. Most low-frequency anthropogenic noise in the ocean comes from commercial shipping which has contributed to an increase in ocean background noise over the past 150 years. The long-term impacts of these changes on marine mammals are not well understood. This paper describes both short- and long-term behavioral changes in calls produced by the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and South Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the presence of increased low-frequency noise. Right whales produce calls with a higher average fundamental frequency and they call at a lower rate in high noise conditions, possibly in response to masking from low-frequency noise. The long-term changes have occurred within the known lifespan of individual whales, indicating that a behavioral change, rather than selective pressure, has resulted in the observed differences. This study provides evidence of a behavioral change in sound production of right whales that is correlated with increased noise levels and indicates that right whales may shift call frequency to compensate for increased band-limited background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Parks
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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Abstract
The public perception of fisheries is that they are in crisis and have been for some time. Numerous scientific and popular articles have pointed to the failures of fisheries management that have caused this crisis. These are widely accepted to be overcapacity in fishing fleets, a failure to take the ecosystem effects of fishing into account, and a failure to enforce unpalatable but necessary reductions in fishing effort on fishing fleets and communities. However, the claims of some analysts that there is an inevitable decline in the status of fisheries is, we believe, incorrect. There have been successes in fisheries management, and we argue that the tools for appropriate management exist. Unfortunately, they have not been implemented widely. Our analysis suggests that management authorities need to develop legally enforceable and tested harvest strategies, coupled with appropriate rights-based incentives to the fishing community, for the future of fisheries to be better than their past.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Beddington
- Department of Biology, Imperial College, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Satija II, Dakin DC, Clark CW. Metal-insulator transition revisited for cold atoms in non-Abelian gauge potentials. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:216401. [PMID: 17155755 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the possibility of realizing metal-insulator transitions with ultracold atoms in two-dimensional optical lattices in the presence of artificial gauge potentials. For Abelian gauges, such transitions occur when the magnetic flux penetrating the lattice plaquette is an irrational multiple of the magnetic flux quantum. Here we present the first study of these transitions for non-Abelian U(2) gauge fields. In contrast to the Abelian case, the spectrum and localization transition in the non-Abelian case is strongly influenced by atomic momenta. In addition to determining the localization boundary, the momentum fragments the spectrum. Other key characteristics of the non-Abelian case include the absence of localization for certain states and satellite fringes around the Bragg peaks in the momentum distribution and an interesting possibility that the transition can be tuned by the atomic momenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indubala I Satija
- Department of Physics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
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Carr LD, Clark CW. Vortices in attractive Bose-Einstein condensates in two dimensions. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:010403. [PMID: 16907359 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The form and stability of quantum vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive atomic interactions is elucidated. They appear as ring bright solitons, and are a generalization of the Townes soliton to nonzero winding number m. An infinite sequence of radially excited stationary states appear for each value of m, which are characterized by concentric matter-wave rings separated by nodes, in contrast to repulsive condensates, where no such set of states exists. It is shown that robustly stable as well as unstable regimes may be achieved in confined geometries, thereby suggesting that vortices and their radial excited states can be observed in experiments on attractive condensates in two dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Carr
- Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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Tang X, Ma L, Mink A, Nakassis A, Xu H, Hershman B, Bienfang JC, Su D, Boisvert RF, Clark CW, Williams CJ. Experimental study of high speed polarization-coding quantum key distribution with sifted-key rates over Mbit/s. Opt Express 2006; 14:2062-2070. [PMID: 19503537 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of various limitations on quantum cryptographic systems operating with sifted-key rates over Mbit/s. The dead time of silicon APDs not only limits the sifted-key rate but also causes correlation between the neighboring key bits. In addition to the well-known count-rate dependent timing jitter in avalanche photo-diode (APD), the faint laser sources, the vertical cavity surface emission lasers (VCSELs) in our system, also induce a significant amount of data-dependent timing jitter. Both the dead time and the data-dependent timing jitter are major limiting factors in designing QKD systems with sifted-key rates beyond Mbit/s.
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Fano U, Pupillo G, Zannoni A, Clark CW. On the Absorption Spectrum of Noble Gases at the Arc Spectrum Limit. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2005; 110:583-7. [PMID: 27308180 PMCID: PMC4846228 DOI: 10.6028/jres.110.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rydberg spectral lines of an atom are sometimes superimposed on the continuous spectrum of a different configuration. Effects of interaction among different configurations in one of these cases are theoretically investigated, and a formula is obtained that describes the behavior of absorption spectrum intensity. This offers qualitative justification of some experimental results obtained by BEUTLER in studies of absorption arc spectra of noble gases and I(b) spectra of some metal vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Fano
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
| | - Guido Pupillo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
| | - Alberto Zannoni
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
| | - Charles W Clark
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
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Samuel Y, Morreale SJ, Clark CW, Greene CH, Richmond ME. Underwater, low-frequency noise in a coastal sea turtle habitat. J Acoust Soc Am 2005; 117:1465-72. [PMID: 15807034 DOI: 10.1121/1.1847993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Underwater sound was recorded in one of the major coastal foraging areas for juvenile sea turtles in the Peconic Bay Estuary system in Long Island, New York. The recording season of the underwater environment coincided with the sea turtle activity season in an inshore area where there is considerable boating and recreational activity, especially during the summer between Independence Day and Labor Day. Within the range of sea turtle hearing, average noise pressure reached 110 dB during periods of high human activity and diminished proportionally, down to 80 dB, with decreasing human presence. Therefore, during much of the season when sea turtles are actively foraging in New York waters, their coastal habitats are flooded with underwater noise. During the period of highest human activity, average noise pressures within the range of frequencies heard by sea turtles were greater by over two orders of magnitude (26 dB) than during the lowest period of human activity. Sea turtles undoubtedly are exposed to high levels of noise, most of which is anthropogenic. Results suggest that continued exposure to existing high levels of pervasive anthropogenic noise in vital sea turtle habitats and any increase in noise could affect sea turtle behavior and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Samuel
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean Resources and Ecosystems Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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48
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Nygaard N, Bruun GM, Clark CW, Feder DL. Microscopic structure of a vortex line in a dilute superfluid fermi gas. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:210402. [PMID: 12786541 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.210402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic properties of a single vortex in a dilute superfluid Fermi gas at zero temperature are examined within the framework of self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory. Using only physical parameters as input, we study the pair potential, the density, the energy, and the current distribution. Comparison of the numerical results with analytical expressions clearly indicates that the energy of the vortex is governed by the zero-temperature BCS coherence length.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nygaard
- Electron and Optical Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8410, USA
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Abstract
We present a kinetic theory for a dilute noncondensed Bose gas of two-level atoms that predicts the transient spin segregation observed in a recent experiment. The underlying mechanism driving spin currents in the gas is due to a mean-field effect arising from the quantum interference between the direct and exchange scattering of atoms in different spin states. We numerically solve the spin Boltzmann equation, using a one-dimensional model, and find excellent agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Williams
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8410, USA
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Edwards M, Clark CW, Pedri P, Pitaevskii L, Stringari S. Consequence of superfluidity on the expansion of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:070405. [PMID: 11863873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose an easily detectable signature of superfluidity in rotating, vortex-free gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates. We have studied the time evolution of the expansion of such a condensate after it is released from the confining trap. We find that if such a condensate is not initially rotating, then at some moment it will instantaneously achieve a circular cross section. If the condensate is initially rotating its irrotational flow and the conservation of angular momentum prevent the released condensate from attaining a circular cross section, since the instantaneous moment of inertia is then proportional to the asymmetry of this cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Edwards
- Department of Physics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-803, USA
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