1
|
Havermans A, Pauwels CGGM, Bakker-'t Hart IME, Fayokun R, van Nierop LE, Hellmich IM, Talhout R. Across the world availability of flavour accessories for tobacco products. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058255. [PMID: 38580443 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide an inventory of different types of flavour accessories for combustible tobacco products in eight countries varying in their approaches to flavour legislation and cultural aspects, including tobacco use. METHODS A standardised search protocol was developed and shared with local informants to acquire information on the availability and marketing of flavour accessories in web shops accessible from Brazil, India, Italy, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, the UK and the USA. Characteristics of the products and web shops were reported, and flavours were categorised in a flavour wheel. RESULTS Flavour accessories were available in all participating countries. Reported types are flavour capsules, cards, filter tips and tubes for make-your-own cigarettes, drops, sprays, rolling paper, aroma markers, a flavour stone and a flavour powder. In total, 118 unique flavours were reported, which were mostly fruity and sweet. Marketing of these products was often associated with (menthol) flavour bans. CONCLUSIONS The wide availability and variety of flavour accessories raise significant public health concerns, as they have attractive flavours, and thus hinder the regulatory aim of flavour bans. Flavour accessories are not tobacco products and thus not regulated as such. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers include these products in comprehensive flavour bans, to close this loophole in existing tobacco control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Havermans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M E Bakker-'t Hart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ranti Fayokun
- No Tobacco Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lotte E van Nierop
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ina M Hellmich
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pennings JLA, Pauwels CGGM, Schenk E, Talhout R. Circumventing cigarette regulation: Product characteristics of cigarette-like cigarillos on the Dutch market. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:91. [PMID: 37456608 PMCID: PMC10347962 DOI: 10.18332/tid/167476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarillos have been reported to provide an alternative to cigarettes with a characterizing flavor, which are banned in the European Union. Additionally, they are cheaper than cigarettes. To better inform policy making, we wanted to gain better insight into the market situation for cigarillos in the Netherlands. METHODS We analyzed product data notified by manufacturers via the European Common Entry Gate system (EU-CEG), as extracted on the 1 June 2022. First, we identified parameters that allowed classifying cigarillos into cigar-like, cigarette-like and intermediate-type cigarillos. Next, we compared product characteristics for these groups. RESULTS We identified five parameters that allowed classifying cigarillos into subtypes: product weight, filter presence, leaf tobacco percentage in the product, flue-cured tobacco percentage in the product, and the number of flavorings. Almost a quarter (71/285) of the cigarillos on the Dutch market were classified as cigarette-like. Compared to other cigarillo types, these have a high number of flavorings (average n=43), including many sweet and fruity flavorings. The package types of cigarette-like cigarillos resemble those of cigarettes. However, 85% of the cigarette-like cigarillos are available in smaller pack sizes than allowed for cigarettes. When comparing data over the period 2019-2022, we found a decrease in the number of cigar-like cigarillos and an increase in the number of cigarette-like cigarillos, which hints at a shift in the market composition. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette-like cigarillos can provide a way to evade cigarette regulation. Moreover, their characteristics make them attractive for consumers, including young people. Regulators should consider amending regulations to close the regulatory loopholes that allow evading tobacco legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erna Schenk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pennings JLA, Ferris Wayne G, Klerx WNM, Pauwels CGGM, Talhout R. Variations in cigarette brand characteristics: can consumers tell the difference? Tob Control 2023; 32:467-472. [PMID: 34845063 PMCID: PMC10313973 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sensory experience is an important determinant of smoking initiation, brand choice and harm perception, but little is known about how cigarette design shapes sensory experience. This study reports which variations in tobacco blend and design characteristics available on the market are likely to be perceived as different by consumers. METHODS Truth Tobacco Industry Documents was reviewed for studies showing noticeable sensory differences resulting from variations in tobacco blend and design characteristics. These differences were compared with tobacco product data as available in the Dutch section of the European Common Entry Gate (EU-CEG) system on 30 April 2020. RESULTS Industry documents identified discrimination thresholds for ventilation, pressure drop, tobacco weight, filter length, and tar and nicotine levels in smoke while evidence for other design characteristics was less conclusive. In the 103 different cigarette varieties in the EU-CEG database, five main types of cigarettes could be identified by principal component analysis, differing in (combinations of) design characteristics. The most significant differences between brand varieties were tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emissions and associated parameters filter ventilation, filter length, cigarette length and tobacco weight. CONCLUSIONS While some clusters of brand varieties provided a noticeably different product for consumers, in many cases design differences within these clusters did not exceed the expected discrimination threshold. This indicates that many products on the market are not discernibly different for consumers, and that proliferation of brand varieties has a non-sensory purpose, such as marketing. Policy makers should consider limiting available brand varieties and regulating design characteristics to reduce product appeal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walther N M Klerx
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pauwels CGGM, Visser WF, Pennings JLA, Baloe EP, Hartendorp APT, van Tiel L, van Mourik M, Vaessen W, Boesveldt S, Talhout R. Sensory appeal and puffing intensity of e-cigarette use: Influence of nicotine salts versus free-base nicotine in e-liquids. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109914. [PMID: 37245418 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, nicotine salts (with protonated nicotine instead of free-based nicotine) have been reported to lower the harshness and bitterness of e-cigarette aerosols, making it easier to inhale high levels of nicotine. This study aimed to determine whether nicotine salts also increase sensory appeal at lower concentrations (< 20mg/mL). Moreover, and novel, inhalation intensity of both types of e-liquids was compared. METHODS In a randomized, double-blinded, within-participants design, healthy adults who use e-cigarettes (n=68) vaped tobacco-flavored e-liquids containing 12mg/mL of free-based nicotine or nicotine salt ad libitum, using their own device, during two online sessions (June-July 2021, Utrecht, The Netherlands). The sensory parameters perceived liking, nicotine intensity, harshness, and pleasantness were rated on a 100-unit visual analog scale. The intensity of use was determined by the recorded puff number, duration and interval. RESULTS Test scores on appeal, harshness and puffing behavior parameters showed no significant differences between the nicotine salt and the free-base condition. The average inhalation time was 2.5seconds. Additional analyses found no significant effect of liquid order, age, gender, smoking status, vaping frequency and familiarity with nicotine salts. Significant positive correlations were found between the sensory parameters except for harshness. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a previous study that used higher nicotine concentrations and standardized puffing conditions in a laboratory setting, we did not observe the effects of nicotine salts on sensory appeal in our real-life study paradigm. Moreover, we did not see effects on study parameters related to puffing intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter F Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ernesto P Baloe
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Arnout P T Hartendorp
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Loes van Tiel
- Essensor BV, Marijkeweg 22a, Wageningen6709 PG, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Vaessen
- Essensor BV, Marijkeweg 22a, Wageningen6709 PG, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pennings JLA, Havermans A, Pauwels CGGM, Krüsemann EJZ, Visser WF, Talhout R. Comprehensive Dutch market data analysis shows that e-liquids with nicotine salts have both higher nicotine and flavour concentrations than those with free-base nicotine. Tob Control 2023; 32:e78-e82. [PMID: 34987081 PMCID: PMC10086466 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent years have seen an increase in e-liquids containing nicotine salts. Nicotine salts are less harsh and bitter than free-base nicotine and therefore can facilitate inhalation. Because inhalation-facilitating ingredients are banned in the European Union, we assessed the occurrence and characteristics of nicotine salt-containing e-liquids notified for the Netherlands. METHODS We analysed data for 39 030 products, submitted by manufacturers in the European Union Common Entry Gate system, as extracted on 30 June 2020. RESULTS Nicotine salts were present in 13% of e-liquids, especially in pod-related e-liquids (73%) and e-liquids registered from 2018 onwards (over 25%). We found six nicotine salt ingredients (NSIs): nicotine lactate, salicylate, benzoate, levulinate, ditartrate and malate. Nicotine salts also occurred as nicotine-organic acid ingredient combination (NAIC), like nicotine and benzoic acid. Nicotine concentrations were twofold higher in e-liquids with NSI (median 14 mg/mL) and NAIC (11 mg/mL) than for free-base nicotine (6 mg/mL). E-liquids with NSI contained a fourfold higher number (median n=17) and concentration (median 31.0 mg/mL) of flavour ingredients than e-liquids with free-base nicotine (n=4, 7.4 mg/mL). In NAIC-containing e-liquids, these were threefold higher (n=12, 21.5 mg/mL). E-liquids with nicotine salts were less often tobacco flavoured but more often had fruity or sweet flavours. CONCLUSIONS A substantial and increasing share of e-liquids in the Netherlands contains nicotine salts. Their characteristics can make such e-liquids more addictive and more attractive, especially to young and beginning users. Policymakers are advised to consider regulating products containing nicotine salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Havermans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erna J Z Krüsemann
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter F Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Havermans A, Mallock N, Zervas E, Caillé-Garnier S, Mansuy T, Michel C, Pennings JLA, Schulz T, Schwarze PE, Solimini R, Tassin JP, Vardavas CI, Merino M, Pauwels CGGM, van Nierop LE, Lambré C, Bolling AK. Review of industry reports on EU priority tobacco additives part A: Main outcomes and conclusions. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35860504 PMCID: PMC9255285 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/151529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The European Union Tobacco Products Directive (EU TPD) mandates enhanced reporting obligations for tobacco manufacturers regarding 15 priority additives. Within the Joint Action on Tobacco Control (JATC), a review panel of independent experts was appointed for the scientific evaluation of the additive reports submitted by a consortium of 12 tobacco manufacturers. As required by the TPD, the reports were evaluated based on their comprehensiveness, methodology and conclusions. In addition, we evaluated the chemical, toxicological, addictive, inhalation facilitating and flavoring properties of the priority additives based on the submitted reports, supplemented by the panel's expert knowledge and some independent literature. The industry concluded that none of the additives is associated with concern. Due to significant methodological limitations, we question the scientific validity of these conclusions and conclude that they are not warranted. Our review demonstrates that many issues regarding toxicity, addictiveness and attractiveness of the additives have not been sufficiently addressed, and therefore concerns remain. For example, menthol facilitates inhalation by activation of the cooling receptor TRPM8. The addition of sorbitol and guar gum leads to a significant increase of aldehydes that may contribute to toxicity and addictiveness. Titanium dioxide particles (aerodynamic diameter <10 µm) are legally classified as carcinogenic when inhaled. For diacetyl no report was provided. Overall, the industry reports were not comprehensive, and the information presented provides an insufficient basis for the regulation of most additives. We, therefore, advise MS to consider alternative approaches such as the precautionary principle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Havermans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nadja Mallock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Efthimios Zervas
- Hellenic Thoracic Society, Athens, Greece.,School of Applied Arts and Sustainable Design, Hellenic Open University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thibault Mansuy
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris, France
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schulz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Merino
- Andalusia Agency For Agriculture and Fisheries Development, Seville, Spain
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lotte E van Nierop
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Claude Lambré
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bolling AK, Mallock N, Zervas E, Caillé-Garnier S, Mansuy T, Michel C, Pennings JLA, Schulz T, Schwarze PE, Solimini R, Tassin JP, Vardavas C, Merino M, Pauwels CGGM, van Nierop LE, Lambré C, Havermans A. Review of industry reports on EU priority tobacco additives part B: Methodological limitations. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:28. [PMID: 35860505 PMCID: PMC9255286 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/150361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) defines enhanced reporting obligations applying to 15 priority additives added to cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco. A consortium of 12 international tobacco companies submitted 14 reports that were reviewed by an independent scientific body within the Joint Action on Tobacco Control (JATC). The reports were evaluated in accordance with the TPD with regard to their comprehensiveness, methodology and conclusions. Here we present their significant identified methodological limitations. The toxicological and chemical evaluation in the industry reports was mainly based on comparative testing, which lacks discriminative power for products with high toxicity and variability, like cigarettes. The literature reviews were biased, the comparative chemical studies did not assess previously identified pyrolysis products, the toxicological evaluation did not include the assessment of inhalation toxicity, and pyrolysis products were not assessed in terms of toxicity, including their genotoxic and carcinogenic potential. For both chemistry and toxicity testing, the statistical approach applied to test the difference between test and additive-free control cigarettes resulted in a high chance of false negatives. The clinical study for inhalation facilitation and nicotine uptake had limitations concerning study design and statistical analysis, while addictiveness was not assessed. Finally, the methodology used to assess characterizing flavors was flawed. In conclusion, there are significant limitations in the methodology applied by the industry. Therefore, the provided reports are of insufficient quality and are clearly not suitable to decide whether a priority additive should be banned in tobacco products according to the TPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Mallock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Efthimios Zervas
- Hellenic Thoracic Society, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Open University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thibault Mansuy
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety, France
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schulz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Merino
- Andalusian Agency for Agriculture and Fisheries, Valencia, Spain
| | - Charlotte G. G. M. Pauwels
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte E. van Nierop
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Lambré
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Anne Havermans
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Havermans A, van Nierop LE, Pauwels CGGM, Talhout R. “It’s Like Jogging Next to the Highway”: A Qualitative Analysis of the Motivations and Experiences of Single-, Dual-, and Ex-Users of IQOS in The Netherlands. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10060283. [PMID: 35736892 PMCID: PMC9229017 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of heated tobacco products (HTPs) is of concern, as most users are dual users exposed to emissions of both HTPs and conventional cigarettes. Furthermore, HTPs may appeal to young people and non-smokers. This study aims to build intelligence on user experiences in order to inform policy development. We conducted five semi-structured focus group interviews with single-, dual-, and ex-users of the HTP IQOS. The discussions focused on initiation and use, experiences and perception, and knowledge and information needs. We performed a thematic analysis of the transcripts. All users smoked cigarettes and/or roll your own (RYO) tobacco before using HTP. We found that almost all users started using IQOS after being introduced to it by others. Single users successfully quit smoking cigarettes using the IQOS, liked the taste, and experienced physical benefits. Dual users experienced more satisfaction from smoking cigarettes and used the IQOS for specific occasions, such as social situations or in places with smoking bans. All IQOS users described themselves as smokers and considered using the IQOS as an alternative way of smoking. Regulators may consider providing reliable and easily accessible information and regulating points of sale, promotional activities, and product properties such as flavors and devices in order to reduce product attractiveness and discourage use.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pauwels CGGM, Hintzen KFH, Talhout R, Cremers HWJM, Pennings JLA, Smolinska A, Opperhuizen A, Van Schooten FJ, Boots AW. Smoking regular and low-nicotine cigarettes results in comparable levels of volatile organic compounds in blood and exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016010. [PMID: 33027777 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abbf38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smokers are exposed to more than 6000 (toxic) smoke components including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study VOCs levels in headspace of blood and exhaled breath, in the mainstream smoke of three types of cigarettes of one brand varying in declared tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields are investigated. The objective was to identify whether VOC levels correlate with TNCO yields of cigarettes smoked according to ISO 3308. Our data show that smoking regular and low-TNCO cigarettes result in comparable levels of VOCs in blood and exhaled breath. Hence, declared TNCO-yields as determined with the ISO 3308 machine smoking protocol are irrelevant for predicting VOC exposure upon human smoking. Venous blood and exhaled breath were sampled from 12 male volunteers directly before and 10 min after smoking cigarettes on 3 d (day 1 Marlboro Red (regular), day 2 Marlboro Prime (highly ventilated, low-TNCO), day 3 Marlboro Prime with blocked filter ventilation (taped)). Upon smoking, the levels of toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and 2,5-dimethylfuran in both headspace of venous blood and exhaled breath increase within the same range for all three cigarette types smoked. However, no strong correlation was found between VOC levels in exhaled breath and VOC levels in headspace of blood because of variations between the individual smoking volunteers. More research is required in order to use exhaled breath sampling as a non-invasive quantitative marker for volatile toxicants from cigarette smoke exposure of different brands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim F H Hintzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W J M Cremers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reda A, Raaijmakers A, Dorst SV, Pauwels CGGM, Allegaert K, Elmonem MA, Masereeuw R, den Heuvel LV, Levtchenko E, Arcolino FO. A Human Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Model to Explore a Knowledge Gap on Neonatal Drug Disposition. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5911-5918. [PMID: 28990525 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666171009143146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding the right drug-dosage for neonates is still a challenge. Until now, neonatal doses are extrapolated from adults and children doses. However, there are differences between neonatal and adult kidney physiology that should be considered, especially when it comes to drug metabolism and/or transport. Studying renal drug disposition in neonates is limited by the lack of reliable human cell models. OBJECTIVE To illustrate the feasibility of developing an in vitro model for neonatal proximal tubule epithelial cells (nPTECs) to study renal drug disposition at this age. METHOD nPTECs were isolated from urine samples of neonates of different gestational ages and were conditionally immortalized using a temperature sensitive SV40T antigen and human telomerase hTERT. Cell clones were characterized on gene expression level for PTEC markers such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), aquaporin1 (AQP1), and organic cation transport protein 2 (SLC22A2), and for kidney progenitor cell and podocyte markers. In addition, protein expression and functional assessment were performed for P-gp and OCT2. RESULTS We established 101 clonal cell lines of conditionally immortalized nPTECs derived from neonatal urines. Characterization of primary cells lines showed expression of genes from different cell types such as progenitors, PTECs and podocytes, however the developed conditionally immortalized nPTECs only expressed proximal tubule markers. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the expression of proximal tubule markers in nPTECs similar to the adult control PTECs. P-gp was expressed in nPTECs derived from the different gestational ages with a similar functionality compared with adult derived PTECs. In contrast, OCT2 functionality was significantly lower in nPTEC cell lines compared with adult PTECs. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the feasibility of culturing proximal tubule epithelial cells with high efficiency from urine of neonates. These cells expressed PTEC-specific genes and functional drug transporters. The cell model presented is a valuable tool to study proximal tubule physiology and pharmacology in newborns. In addition, we demonstrate the physiological differences between the neonatal and adult kidney, which emphasizes the importance of studying drug disposition in neonatal models instead of extrapolating from adult data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Reda
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Raaijmakers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. (Herestraat 49. 3000, Leuven, Belgium)
| | - Saskia van Dorst
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO BOX 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lambertus van den Heuvel
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. (Herestraat 49. 3000, Leuven, Belgium).,Radboud UMC, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. (6500 HB Box 9101, Nijmegen, Netherlands)
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. (Herestraat 49. 3000, Leuven, Belgium)
| | - Fanny Oliveira Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ System Cluster, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Osch FHM, Pauwels CGGM, Jochems SHJ, Fayokun R, James ND, Wallace DMA, Cheng KK, Bryan RT, van Schooten FJ, Zeegers MP. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield of UK cigarettes and the risk of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 28:40-44. [PMID: 28683008 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC); however, the impact of cigarette content remains unclear. This study aims to investigate tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields of different filtered cigarettes in relation to BC risk. From the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme 575 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) cases, 139 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cases and 130 BC-free controls with retrospective data on smoking behaviour and cigarette brand were identified. Independently measured TNCO yields of cigarettes sold in the UK were obtained through the UK Department of Health and merged with the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme dataset to estimate the daily intake of TNCO. BC risk increased by TNCO intake category for NMIBC cases (P <0.050 in all multivariate models), but only for the daily intake of tar for MIBC cases (P=0.046) in multivariate models. No difference in risk was observed between smokers of low-tar/low-nicotine and high-tar/high-nicotine cigarettes compared with never smokers, either for NMIBC (P=0.544) or MIBC (P=0.449). High daily intake of TNCO additionally increases the risk of both NMIBC and MIBC compared with low daily intake. However, as there is no difference in BC risk between low-tar/low-nicotine and high-tar/high-nicotine cigarette smokers, it remains unclear whether smoking behaviour or TNCO yield of cigarettes explains this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frits H M van Osch
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
| | - Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism.,Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia H J Jochems
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
| | - Ranti Fayokun
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D James
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham
| | | | - Kar-Keung Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham
| | | | - Frederik J van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology.,Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht.,Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences
| |
Collapse
|