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Dugan VG, Emrich SJ, Giraldo-Calderón GI, Harb OS, Newman RM, Pickett BE, Schriml LM, Stockwell TB, Stoeckert CJ, Sullivan DE, Singh I, Ward DV, Yao A, Zheng J, Barrett T, Birren B, Brinkac L, Bruno VM, Caler E, Chapman S, Collins FH, Cuomo CA, Di Francesco V, Durkin S, Eppinger M, Feldgarden M, Fraser C, Fricke WF, Giovanni M, Henn MR, Hine E, Hotopp JD, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Kissinger JC, Lee EM, Mathur P, Mongodin EF, Murphy CI, Myers G, Neafsey DE, Nelson KE, Nierman WC, Puzak J, Rasko D, Roos DS, Sadzewicz L, Silva JC, Sobral B, Squires RB, Stevens RL, Tallon L, Tettelin H, Wentworth D, White O, Will R, Wortman J, Zhang Y, Scheuermann RH. Standardized metadata for human pathogen/vector genomic sequences. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99979. [PMID: 24936976 PMCID: PMC4061050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput sequencing has accelerated the determination of genome sequences for thousands of human infectious disease pathogens and dozens of their vectors. The scale and scope of these data are enabling genotype-phenotype association studies to identify genetic determinants of pathogen virulence and drug/insecticide resistance, and phylogenetic studies to track the origin and spread of disease outbreaks. To maximize the utility of genomic sequences for these purposes, it is essential that metadata about the pathogen/vector isolate characteristics be collected and made available in organized, clear, and consistent formats. Here we report the development of the GSCID/BRC Project and Sample Application Standard, developed by representatives of the Genome Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCIDs), the Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRCs) for Infectious Diseases, and the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), informed by interactions with numerous collaborating scientists. It includes mapping to terms from other data standards initiatives, including the Genomic Standards Consortium's minimal information (MIxS) and NCBI's BioSample/BioProjects checklists and the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI). The standard includes data fields about characteristics of the organism or environmental source of the specimen, spatial-temporal information about the specimen isolation event, phenotypic characteristics of the pathogen/vector isolated, and project leadership and support. By modeling metadata fields into an ontology-based semantic framework and reusing existing ontologies and minimum information checklists, the application standard can be extended to support additional project-specific data fields and integrated with other data represented with comparable standards. The use of this metadata standard by all ongoing and future GSCID sequencing projects will provide a consistent representation of these data in the BRC resources and other repositories that leverage these data, allowing investigators to identify relevant genomic sequences and perform comparative genomics analyses that are both statistically meaningful and biologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien G. Dugan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Emrich
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Omar S. Harb
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruchi M. Newman
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Schriml
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy B. Stockwell
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dan E. Sullivan
- Cyberinfrastructure Division, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Indresh Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Yao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tanya Barrett
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce Birren
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Brinkac
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent M. Bruno
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabet Caler
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sinéad Chapman
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frank H. Collins
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Valentina Di Francesco
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott Durkin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Claire Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - W. Florian Fricke
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Giovanni
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Henn
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin Hine
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Eun Mi Lee
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Punam Mathur
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheryl I. Murphy
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Garry Myers
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - William C. Nierman
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Puzak
- Kelly Government Solutions, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David S. Roos
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Sadzewicz
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joana C. Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruno Sobral
- Cyberinfrastructure Division, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R. Burke Squires
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rick L. Stevens
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luke Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herve Tettelin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Owen White
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Will
- Cyberinfrastructure Division, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Wortman
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhang
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, and La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu JY, Gardner BH, Murphy CI, Seals JR, Kensil CR, Recchia J, Beltz GA, Newman GW, Newman MJ. Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.148.5.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The adjuvant activity of a single highly purified saponin from the soap bark tree Quillaja saponaria was evaluated by using it as a component in an experimental vaccine containing rHIV-1 envelope protein (HIV-1 160D) adsorbed to alum. BALB/c mice immunized with experimental vaccine formulations containing the saponin adjuvant QS-21 produced significantly higher titers of antibodies than mice vaccinated with only the alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D. Potent amnestic antibody responses to HIV-1 viral proteins were also induced. Ag-specific proliferative responses to recombinant proteins and to three variants of HIV-1 were significantly increased using QS-21 as an adjuvant. Alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D failed to induce measurable proliferative responses to inactivated HIV-1 viruses, but group-specific proliferative responses were raised when the QS-21 adjuvant was used in the vaccine formulation. MHC class I restricted CTL specific for the immunodominant V-3 loop were induced but only when the QS-21 adjuvant was included in the vaccine formulation. The production of serine esterase by Ag-activated splenic mononuclear cells, indicating the maturation of precursor CTL, was used as a secondary measure of CTL activity, and this response was also increased. The specificity of antibody responses was not significantly broadened using QS-21; the adjuvant increased the immune recognition of epitopes throughout the HIV-1 glycoprotein 160. However, the specificity of the proliferation and serine esterase responses was broadened, suggesting that the QS-21 augmented cell-mediated immune responses specific for epitopes outside of the V-3 loop. Additionally, the QS-21 adjuvant appeared to induce recognition of weakly immunogenic epitopes that were not recognized using only alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D. The ability of QS-21 to augment both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses suggests that this adjuvant could be a valuable component in subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wu
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - B H Gardner
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - C I Murphy
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - J R Seals
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - C R Kensil
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - J Recchia
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - G A Beltz
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - G W Newman
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - M J Newman
- Cambridge Biotech Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605
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