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Henning L, Anderson M, Triplett C, Smith T, Boyce K, Hendey L, Ridenour A, Eng J, Schaeufele D, Wilson E, Sabourin CL, Adams LE, Babas T, Parish L, Wolfe D. Efficacy of different AV7909 dose regimens in a nonclinical model of pulmonary anthrax. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2290345. [PMID: 38115181 PMCID: PMC10760354 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2290345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary anthrax caused by exposure to inhaled Bacillus anthracis, the most lethal form of anthrax disease, is a continued military and public health concern for the United States. The vaccine AV7909, consisting of the licensed anthrax drug substance AVA adjuvanted with CpG7909, induces high levels of toxin neutralizing antibodies in healthy adults using fewer doses than AVA. This study compares the ability of one- or two-dose regimens of AV7909 to induce a protective immune response in guinea pigs challenged with a lethal dose of aerosolized B. anthracis spores 6 weeks after the last vaccine dose. The results indicated that AV7909 was less effective when delivered as a single dose compared to the two-dose regimen that resulted in dose-dependent protection against death. The toxin neutralizing assay (TNA) titer and anti-PA IgG responses were proportional to the protective efficacy, with a 50% TNA neutralizing factor (NF50) greater than 0.1 associated with survival in animals receiving two doses of vaccine. The strong protection at relatively low TNA NF50 titers in this guinea pig model supports the exploration of lower doses in clinical trials to determine if these protective levels of neutralizing antibodies can be achieved in humans; however, protection with a single dose may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henning
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Tammy Smith
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Boyce
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Alex Ridenour
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason Eng
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Ehran Wilson
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carol L. Sabourin
- Tunnell Government Services, Inc, Supporting BARDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) fellow at BARDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tahar Babas
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lindsay Parish
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Wolfe
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC, USA
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Smith C, Hiteman K, Triplett C, Pickworth WB. Survey of Premium Versus Large Manufactured Cigars Use in U.S. Consumers. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:S39-S43. [PMID: 37506240 PMCID: PMC10380176 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An Internet questionnaire was used to determine smoking behavior, purchasing behavior, and risk perceptions among exclusive or nearly exclusive current users of either large manufactured (LMC) or premium cigars (PC). AIMS AND METHODS Respondents (n = 250) were recruited from a nationally representative market research panel. An a priori designation of PC users was adapted from criteria in published literature and the recent National Academy of Science report. RESULTS Examination of responses revealed a (n = 19) disagreement between cigar users' self-classifications and the a priori classification. After eliminating ineligible respondents 188 participants were classified as PC (n = 92; 55 male) or LMC (n = 96; 49 male) users. There were no significant differences in age or gender between groups. Respondents were all over 21 years old. The largest age groups were 30-39 years and 60-69 years. PC users were significantly more likely to have higher annual incomes and to buy cigars online or through tobacco specialty shops, whereas LMC users purchased from convenience stores. Most participants had used other combustible tobacco products (88%) but few had used ENDS (24%) or oral tobacco (7.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of smoke inhalation or perceptions of risk for health. There was marked uncertainty in self-characterization of cigar type; our sample had higher female representation than expected (n = 84, 45%), and inhalation was frequently endorsed in both groups (52%, overall). CONCLUSIONS The results support the need for standardized classifications and suggest current trends may indicate shifts in gender and use behavior but provide no evidence supporting less restrictive regulation of PC. IMPLICATIONS An Internet questionnaire was used to determine smoking behavior, purchasing behavior, and risk perceptions among current users of LMC or PC. There was uncertainty about cigar classification even in this sample of regular users. Our results demonstrated more than expected inhalation of cigar smoke, considerable use by females, and under appreciation of health risks. No results supported less restrictive regulations for premium cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Smith
- Battelle Public Health Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Perry MR, Neal M, Hawks R, Pressburger D, Satola J, Triplett C, Reed B, Andrews M, Harvilchuck JA, Nealy MS, Platoff GE, Yeung DT. A novel sulfur mustard (HD) vapor inhalation exposure model of pulmonary toxicity for the efficacy evaluation of candidate medical countermeasures. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:221-233. [PMID: 34396872 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1951401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a novel inhalation exposure system capable of delivering a controlled inhaled HD dose through an endotracheal tube to anesthetized rats to investigate the lung pathophysiology and evaluate potential medical countermeasures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Target HD vapor exposures were generated by a temperature-controlled vapor generator, while concentration was monitored near real-time by gas chromatography. Animal breathing parameters were monitored real-time by in-line EMKA/SciReq pulmonary analysis system. Individual exposures were halted when the target inhaled doses were achieved. Animals were observed daily for clinical observations and lethality with scheduled termination at 28 days post-exposure. Upon scheduled or unscheduled death, animals underwent a gross necropsy and lung and trachea were collected for histopathology. RESULTS Controlled HD concentrations ranged from 60 to 320 mg/m3. Delivered inhaled doses range from 0.3 to 3.20 mg/kg with administered doses within 3% of the target. The 28-day inhaled LD50 is 0.80 mg/kg (95% CI = 0.42-1.18 mg/kg). Post exposure respiratory abnormalities were observed across all dose levels though the higher dose levels had earlier onset and higher frequency of occurrence. Histopathologic alterations were not qualitatively altered in accordance with dose but instead showed a relationship to an animals' time of death, with early deaths demonstrating acute damage and later deaths displaying signs of repair. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This novel exposure system administers targeted HD inhaled doses to generate a small animal model that can be used to evaluate physiological toxicities of inhaled HD on the lungs and for evaluation of potential medical countermeasure treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Neal
- Biomedical Research Center, Battelle, West Jefferson, OH, USA
| | - Roger Hawks
- Biomedical Research Center, Battelle, West Jefferson, OH, USA
| | | | - Jan Satola
- Biomedical Research Center, Battelle, West Jefferson, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl Triplett
- Biomedical Research Center, Battelle, West Jefferson, OH, USA
| | - Beth Reed
- Biomedical Research Center, Battelle, West Jefferson, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Michael S Nealy
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gennady E Platoff
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David T Yeung
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Brasel T, Comer JE, Massey S, Smith J, Smith J, Hyde M, Kocsis A, Gainey M, Niemuth N, Triplett C, Rudge T. Mucosal Challenge Ferret Models of Ebola Virus Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030292. [PMID: 33806375 PMCID: PMC8001755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) to be a promising small animal model for the study of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease and medical countermeasure evaluation. To date, most studies have focused on traditional challenge routes, predominantly intramuscular and intranasal administration. Here, we present results from a non-clinical pathogenicity study examining oronasal, oral, and ocular mucosal challenge routes in ferrets. Animals were challenged with 1, 10, or 100 plaque forming units EBOV followed by monitoring of disease progression and biosampling. Ferrets administered virus via oronasal and oral routes met euthanasia criteria due to advanced disease 5–10 days post-challenge. Conversely, all ferrets dosed via the ocular route survived until the scheduled study termination 28-day post-challenge. In animals that succumbed to disease, a dose/route response was not observed; increases in disease severity, febrile responses, serum and tissue viral load, alterations in clinical pathology, and gross/histopathology findings were similar between subjects. Disease progression in ferrets challenged via ocular administration was unremarkable throughout the study period. Results from this study further support the ferret as a model for EBOV disease following oral and nasal mucosa exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-409-266-6907
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA;
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Animal Resources Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrew Kocsis
- Animal Resources Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Melicia Gainey
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Nancy Niemuth
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Cheryl Triplett
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Thomas Rudge
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
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Warish A, Triplett C, Gomi R, Gyawali P, Hodgers L, Toze S. Assessment of Genetic Markers for Tracking the Sources of Human Wastewater Associated Escherichia coli in Environmental Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:9341-9346. [PMID: 26151092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the performance characteristics (host-specificity and -sensitivity) of four human wastewater-associated Escherichia coli (E. coli) genetic markers (H8, H12, H14, and H24) in 10 target (human) and nontarget (cat, cattle, deer, dog, emu, goat, horse, kangaroo, and possum) host groups in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The overall host-sensitivity values of the tested markers in human wastewater samples were 1.0 (all human wastewater samples contained the E. coli genetic markers). The overall host-specificity values of these markers to differentiate between human and animal host groups were 0.94, 0.85, 0.72, and 0.57 for H8, H12, H24, and H14, respectively. Based on the higher host-specificity values, H8 and H12 markers were chosen for a validation environmental study. The prevalence of the H8 and H12 markers was determined among human wastewater E. coli isolates collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Among the 97 isolates tested, 44 (45%) and 14 (14%) were positive for the H8 and H12 markers, respectively. A total of 307 E. coli isolates were tested from environmental water samples collected in Brisbane, of which 7% and 20% were also positive for the H8 and H12 markers, respectively. Based on our results, we recommend that these markers could be useful when it is important to identify the source(s) of E. coli (whether they originated from human wastewater or not) in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Warish
- †CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- ‡Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Cheryl Triplett
- §Environmental Science, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Ryota Gomi
- ∥Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- †CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- ⊥School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Leonie Hodgers
- †CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Simon Toze
- †CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- ⊥School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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Abstract
There are about 20 types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) which are generally believed to be confined to the anogenital tract. HPV 16 is the most common of these. Four squamous cell carcinomas of the finger from three individuals were analyzed for the presence of HPV DNA by Pst 1 restriction enzyme digest and Southern blotting. Under high stringency conditions, all were positive for HPV 16. The DNA from each patient was digested with a panel of restriction enzymes so that integration of HPV into the genome could be evaluated. Three of three samples contained high molecular weight oligomeric circular DNA arranged as catanates. None showed integration. To determine if the HPV was transcriptionally active, RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed, and amplified using primers that amplified the unspliced E6 transcript and the E6I and E6II spliced transcripts. All of the patient biopsies assayed expressed the unspliced E6 transcript and the spliced E6I transcript with the E6I transcript being the most abundant. The E6II transcript was not detected in any of the samples. These findings indicate that HPV plays a role in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the finger and the role of the malignant genital HPV needs to be carefully looked at in areas outside the genital region. It also suggests that the natural history of HPV in areas outside the cervix may not be identical to that of HPV in the anogenital region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez-Lanier
- Department of Microbiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4233
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Wong SS, Quiggle K, Triplett C, Berliner LJ. Spin-labeled sulfonyl fluorides as active site probes of protease structure. II. Spin label syntheses and enzyme inhibition. J Biol Chem 1974; 249:1678-82. [PMID: 4361819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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