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Johnson DM, Brasel T, Massey S, Smith J, Wallace S, Yu X, Beasley DW, Comer JE. Characterization of Ebola Virus Mucosal Challenge Routes in Cynomolgus Macaques. J Virol 2023; 97:e0188822. [PMID: 36975793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01888-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaïre ebolavirus (EBOV) causes Ebola virus disease (EVD), a devastating viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of EVD traditionally use intramuscular infection with higher case fatality rates and reduced mean time-to-death compared to contact transmission typical of human cases of EVD. A cynomolgus macaque model of oral and conjunctival EBOV was used to further characterize the more clinically relevant contact transmission of EVD. NHPs challenged via the oral route had an overall 50% survival rate. NHPs challenged with a target dose of 1 × 102 PFU or 1 × 104 PFU of EBOV via the conjunctival route had 40% and 100% mortality, respectively. Classic signs of lethal EVD-like disease were observed in all NHPs that succumbed to EBOV infection including viremia, hematological abnormalities, clinical chemistries indicative of hepatic and renal disease, and histopathological findings. Evidence of EBOV viral persistence in the eye was observed in NHPs challenged via the conjunctival route. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to examine the Kikwit strain of EBOV, the most commonly used strain, in the gold-standard macaque model of infection. Additionally, this is the first description of the detection of virus in the vitreous fluid, an immune privileged site that has been proposed as a viral reservoir, following conjunctival challenge. The oral and conjunctival macaque challenge model of EVD described here more faithfully recapitulates the prodrome that has been reported for human EVD. This work paves the way for more advanced studies to model contact transmission of EVD, including early events in mucosal infection and immunity, as well as the establishment of persistent viral infection and the emergence from these reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon Wallace
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - David W Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Johnson DM, Brasel T, Massey S, Garron T, Grimes M, Smith J, Torres M, Wallace S, Villasante-Tezanos A, Beasley DW, Comer JE. Evaluation of molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in the rhesus macaque model. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105492. [PMID: 36535309 PMCID: PMC9756747 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is a prodrug of a ribonucleoside analogue that is currently being used under a US FDA emergency use authorization for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. We evaluated molnupiravir for efficacy as an oral treatment in the rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Twenty non-human primates (NHPs) were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with 75 mg/kg (n = 8) or 250 mg/kg (n = 8) of molnupiravir twice daily by oral gavage for 7 days. The NHPs were observed for 14 days post-challenge and monitored for clinical signs of disease. After challenge, all groups showed a trend toward increased respiration rates. Treatment with molnupiravir significantly reduced viral RNA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples at Days 7 and 10. Considering the mild to moderate nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the rhesus macaque model, this study highlights the importance of monitoring the viral load in the lung as an indicator of pharmaceutical efficacy for COVID-19 treatments. Additionally, this study provides evidence of the efficacy of molnupiravir which supplements the current ongoing clinical trials of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tania Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Grimes
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - David W. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Corresponding author. 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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Comer JE, Brasel T, Massey S, Beasley DW, Cirimotich CM, Sanford DC, Chou YL, Niemuth NA, Novak J, Sabourin CL, Merchlinsky M, Long JP, Stavale EJ, Wolfe DN. Natural History of Marburg Virus Infection to Support Medical Countermeasure Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102291. [PMID: 36298846 PMCID: PMC9607268 DOI: 10.3390/v14102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, recognizes that the evaluation of medical countermeasures under the Animal Rule requires well-characterized and reproducible animal models that are likely to be predictive of clinical benefit. Marburg virus (MARV), one of two members of the genus Marburgvirus, is characterized by a hemorrhagic fever and a high case fatality rate for which there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available. This natural history study consisted of twelve cynomolgus macaques challenged with 1000 PFU of MARV Angola and observed for body weight, temperature, viremia, hematology, clinical chemistry, and coagulation at multiple time points. All animals succumbed to disease within 8 days and exhibited signs consistent with those observed in human cases, including viremia, fever, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and lymphocytolysis, among others. Additionally, this study determined the time from exposure to onset of disease manifestations and the time course, frequency, and magnitude of the manifestations. This study will be instrumental in the design and development of medical countermeasures to Marburg virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David W. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Ying-Liang Chou
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Nancy A. Niemuth
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | | | - Carol L. Sabourin
- Tunnell Government Services, Inc., Supporting Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Michael Merchlinsky
- CBRN Vaccines, Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - James P. Long
- Tunnell Government Services, Inc., Supporting Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Eric J. Stavale
- CBRN Vaccines, Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Washington, DC 20201, USA
| | - Daniel N. Wolfe
- CBRN Vaccines, Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Washington, DC 20201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mudrick HE, Massey S, McGlinch EB, Parrett BJ, Hemsath JR, Barry ME, Rubin JD, Uzendu C, Hansen MJ, Erskine CL, Van Keulen VP, Drelich A, Panos JA, Fida M, Suh GA, Peikert T, Block MS, Tseng CTK, Olivier GR, Barry MA. Comparison of replicating and nonreplicating vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm8563. [PMID: 36001674 PMCID: PMC9401629 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most gene-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are nonreplicating vectors. They deliver the gene or messenger RNA to the cell to express the spike protein but do not replicate to amplify antigen production. This study tested the utility of replication in a vaccine by comparing replication-defective adenovirus (RD-Ad) and replicating single-cycle adenovirus (SC-Ad) vaccines that express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. SC-Ad produced 100 times more spike protein than RD-Ad and generated significantly higher antibodies against the spike protein than RD-Ad after single immunization of Ad-permissive hamsters. SC-Ad-generated antibodies climbed over 14 weeks after single immunization and persisted for more than 10 months. When the hamsters were challenged 10.5 months after single immunization, a single intranasal or intramuscular immunization with SC-Ad-Spike reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and damage in the lungs and preserved body weight better than vaccination with RD-Ad-Spike. This demonstrates the utility of harnessing replication in vaccines to amplify protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Mudrick
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (MPET) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Erin B. McGlinch
- Graduate Research Education Program (GREP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian J. Parrett
- Graduate Research Education Program (GREP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jack R. Hemsath
- Graduate Research Education Program (GREP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary E. Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chisom Uzendu
- Virology and Gene Therapy (VGT) Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A. Panos
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madiha Fida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gina A. Suh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew S. Block
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chien-Te Kent Tseng
- Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Felisi M, Riga S, Colombo P, Vincenzi M, Dillion C, Massey S, Torresin A. Novel application of a comparison metric between software simulation and radiochromic film skin dose maps in interventional radiology procedures. Phys Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(22)00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Escaffre O, Juelich TL, Neef N, Massey S, Smith J, Brasel T, Smith JK, Kalveram B, Zhang L, Perez D, Ikegami T, Freiberg AN, Comer JE. STAT-1 Knockout Mice as a Model for Wild-Type Sudan Virus (SUDV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13071388. [PMID: 34372594 PMCID: PMC8310124 DOI: 10.3390/v13071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no FDA-licensed vaccine or therapeutic against Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) infections. The largest ever reported 2014–2016 West Africa outbreak, as well as the 2021 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, highlight the critical need for countermeasures against filovirus infections. A well-characterized small animal model that is susceptible to wild-type filoviruses would greatly add to the screening of antivirals and vaccines. Here, we infected signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 knock out (STAT-1 KO) mice with five different wildtype filoviruses to determine susceptibility. SUDV and Marburg virus (MARV) were the most virulent, and caused 100% or 80% lethality, respectively. Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) caused 40%, 20%, and no mortality, respectively. Further characterization of SUDV in STAT-1 KO mice demonstrated lethality down to 3.1 × 101 pfu. Viral genomic material was detectable in serum as early as 1 to 2 days post-challenge. The onset of viremia was closely followed by significant changes in total white blood cells and proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as by an influx of neutrophils in the liver and spleen. Concomitant significant fluctuations in blood glucose, albumin, globulin, and alanine aminotransferase were also noted, altogether consistent with other models of filovirus infection. Finally, favipiravir treatment fully protected STAT-1 KO mice from lethal SUDV challenge, suggesting that this may be an appropriate small animal model to screen anti-SUDV countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Terry L. Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Natasha Neef
- XTR Toxicologic Pathology Services LLC, Sterling, VA 20165, USA;
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
| | - David Perez
- Texas A&M University Division of Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (O.E.); (T.L.J.); (J.K.S.); (B.K.); (L.Z.); (T.I.)
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.M.); (J.S.); (T.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.N.F.); (J.E.C.)
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Chan CEZ, Seah SGK, Chye DH, Massey S, Torres M, Lim APC, Wong SKK, Neo JJY, Wong PS, Lim JH, Loh GSL, Wang D, Boyd-Kirkup JD, Guan S, Thakkar D, Teo GH, Purushotorman K, Hutchinson PE, Young BE, Low JG, MacAry PA, Hentze H, Prativadibhayankara VS, Ethirajulu K, Comer JE, Tseng CTK, Barrett ADT, Ingram PJ, Brasel T, Hanson BJ. The Fc-mediated effector functions of a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, SC31, isolated from an early convalescent COVID-19 patient, are essential for the optimal therapeutic efficacy of the antibody. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253487. [PMID: 34161386 PMCID: PMC8221499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies are promising therapeutics against COVID-19, little is known about their mechanism(s) of action or effective dosing windows. We report the generation and development of SC31, a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, isolated from a convalescent patient. Antibody-mediated neutralization occurs via an epitope within the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. SC31 exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in multiple animal models. In SARS-CoV-2 infected K18-human ACE2 transgenic mice, treatment with SC31 greatly reduced viral loads and attenuated pro-inflammatory responses linked to the severity of COVID-19. Importantly, a comparison of the efficacies of SC31 and its Fc-null LALA variant revealed that the optimal therapeutic efficacy of SC31 requires Fc-mediated effector functions that promote IFNγ-driven anti-viral immune responses, in addition to its neutralization ability. A dose-dependent efficacy of SC31 was observed down to 5mg/kg when administered before viral-induced lung inflammatory responses. In addition, antibody-dependent enhancement was not observed even when infected mice were treated with SC31 at sub-therapeutic doses. In SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, SC31 treatment significantly prevented weight loss, reduced viral loads, and attenuated the histopathology of the lungs. In rhesus macaques, the therapeutic potential of SC31 was evidenced through the reduction of viral loads in both upper and lower respiratory tracts to undetectable levels. Together, the results of our preclinical studies demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of SC31 in three different models and its potential as a COVID-19 therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E. Z. Chan
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirley G. K. Seah
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Hoe Chye
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Angeline P. C. Lim
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven K. K. Wong
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacklyn J. Y. Neo
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui San Wong
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Hui Lim
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gary S. L. Loh
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongling Wang
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Siyu Guan
- Hummingbird Bioscience, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Guo Hui Teo
- Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiren Purushotorman
- Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul E. Hutchinson
- Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jenny G. Low
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A. MacAry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannes Hentze
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Therapeutics Development, A*STAR Research Entities (ARES), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kantharaj Ethirajulu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Therapeutics Development, A*STAR Research Entities (ARES), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Brendon John Hanson
- Biological Defence Programme, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Brasel T, Comer JE, Massey S, Smith J, Smith J, Hyde M, Kocsis A, Gainey M, Niemuth N, Triplett C, Rudge T. Mucosal Challenge Ferret Models of Ebola Virus Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030292. [PMID: 33806375 PMCID: PMC8001755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) to be a promising small animal model for the study of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease and medical countermeasure evaluation. To date, most studies have focused on traditional challenge routes, predominantly intramuscular and intranasal administration. Here, we present results from a non-clinical pathogenicity study examining oronasal, oral, and ocular mucosal challenge routes in ferrets. Animals were challenged with 1, 10, or 100 plaque forming units EBOV followed by monitoring of disease progression and biosampling. Ferrets administered virus via oronasal and oral routes met euthanasia criteria due to advanced disease 5–10 days post-challenge. Conversely, all ferrets dosed via the ocular route survived until the scheduled study termination 28-day post-challenge. In animals that succumbed to disease, a dose/route response was not observed; increases in disease severity, febrile responses, serum and tissue viral load, alterations in clinical pathology, and gross/histopathology findings were similar between subjects. Disease progression in ferrets challenged via ocular administration was unremarkable throughout the study period. Results from this study further support the ferret as a model for EBOV disease following oral and nasal mucosa exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-409-266-6907
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (J.E.C.); (S.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA;
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Animal Resources Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrew Kocsis
- Animal Resources Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77573, USA; (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Melicia Gainey
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Nancy Niemuth
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Cheryl Triplett
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
| | - Thomas Rudge
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville Road, NE, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (M.G.); (N.N.); (C.T.); (T.R.J.)
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Taylor J, Chau A, Massey S. In reply. Int J Obstet Anesth 2021; 46:102966. [PMID: 33714669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2021.102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - A Chau
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - S Massey
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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Taylor J, Chau A, Gunka V, Polishchuk E, Albert A, Chen J, Massey S. The incidence of dry chlorhexidine gluconate transfer from skin to surgical gloves: a simulation and in vitro study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2020; 45:111-114. [PMID: 33334665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent alcohol-based chlorhexidine from reaching the cerebrospinal fluid, it is recommended that the antiseptic solution be allowed to dry before skin palpation or puncture. However, no guidelines specify a drying time interval. Manufacturers recommend 3 min of air drying, based upon the isopropyl alcohol component. Therefore, to fill this knowledge gap, we designed a simulation study to investigate the incidence of primary chlorhexidine transfer from skin to gloves following three drying time intervals. We also investigated the incidence of secondary chlorhexidine transfer from gloves to another surface following one drying time interval. METHODS An alcohol-based chlorhexidine antiseptic solution with dye, ChloraPrep®, was applied to the skin of the lumbar region of 20 volunteers. Cotton-tipped applicators wrapped in material from gloves were taken from the application area at 3, 4, 5, and 10 min following application. Transfer of chlorhexidine from skin to gloves, and gloves to another medium, was assessed through a chemical assay that produced a color change when chlorhexidine was present on the sample. RESULTS The incidence of primary chlorhexidine transfer from skin to gloves at 3, 4 and 10 min following application was 99.5%, 99.4%, and 99.6%, respectively. The incidence of secondary chlorhexidine transfer from gloves to another surface was 68.9%. CONCLUSION Gloves are routinely contaminated with chlorhexidine during central neuraxial blockade. The high incidence of secondary transfer in our simulation suggests a pathway by which chlorhexidine may gain access to the neuraxial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - A Chau
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - V Gunka
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - E Polishchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - A Albert
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - J Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - S Massey
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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Prior C, Bhiladvala C, Weale J, Taylor J, Massey S. Obstetric neuraxial anaesthesia resolution monitoring: when should we be concerned? Int J Obstet Anesth 2020; 44:58-59. [PMID: 32799068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Prior
- Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - C Bhiladvala
- Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Weale
- Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Taylor
- Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S Massey
- Department of Anesthesia, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Herst CV, Burkholz S, Sidney J, Sette A, Harris PE, Massey S, Brasel T, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Chao WCH, Carback R, Hodge T, Wang L, Ciotlos S, Lloyd P, Rubsamen R. An effective CTL peptide vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors' CD8+ targeting of a particular nucleocapsid protein epitope with potential implications for COVID-19 vaccine design. Vaccine 2020; 38:4464-4475. [PMID: 32418793 PMCID: PMC7186210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West Africa EBOV epidemic was the biggest EBOV outbreak to date. An analysis of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity in 30 survivors showed that 26 of those individuals had a CD8+ response to at least one EBOV protein. The dominant response (25/26 subjects) was specific to the EBOV nucleocapsid protein (NP). It has been suggested that epitopes on the EBOV NP could form an important part of an effective T-cell vaccine for Ebola Zaire. We show that a 9-amino-acid peptide NP44-52 (YQVNNLEEI) located in a conserved region of EBOV NP provides protection against morbidity and mortality after mouse adapted EBOV challenge. A single vaccination in a C57BL/6 mouse using an adjuvanted microsphere peptide vaccine formulation containing NP44-52 is enough to confer immunity in mice. Our work suggests that a peptide vaccine based on CD8+ T-cell immunity in EBOV survivors is conceptually sound and feasible. Nucleocapsid proteins within SARS-CoV-2 contain multiple Class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions consistent with broad population coverage. A similar approach to a CTL vaccine design may be possible for that virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Ebola Vaccines/chemistry
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Herst
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Burkholz
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - J Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - A Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - P E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Massey
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - T Brasel
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - E Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Heart Institute (Incor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C H Chao
- University of Macau, E12 Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - R Carback
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - T Hodge
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - L Wang
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - P Lloyd
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - R Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Comer JE, Escaffre O, Neef N, Brasel T, Juelich TL, Smith JK, Smith J, Kalveram B, Perez DD, Massey S, Zhang L, Freiberg AN. Filovirus Virulence in Interferon α/β and γ Double Knockout Mice, and Treatment with Favipiravir. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020137. [PMID: 30717492 PMCID: PMC6410141 DOI: 10.3390/v11020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 Ebolavirus outbreak in West Africa highlighted the need for vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat filovirus infections. A well-characterized small animal model that is susceptible to wild-type filoviruses would facilitate the screening of anti-filovirus agents. To that end, we characterized knockout mice lacking α/β and γ interferon receptors (IFNAGR KO) as a model for wild-type filovirus infection. Intraperitoneal challenge of IFNAGR KO mice with several known human pathogenic species from the genus Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, except Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Taï Forest ebolavirus, caused variable mortality rate. Further characterization of the prototype Ebola virus Kikwit isolate infection in this KO mouse model showed 100% lethality down to a dilution equivalent to 1.0 × 10−1 pfu with all deaths occurring between 7 and 9 days post-challenge. Viral RNA was detectable in serum after challenge with 1.0 × 102 pfu as early as one day after infection. Changes in hematology and serum chemistry became pronounced as the disease progressed and mirrored the histological changes in the spleen and liver that were also consistent with those described for patients with Ebola virus disease. In a proof-of-principle study, treatment of Ebola virus infected IFNAGR KO mice with favipiravir resulted in 83% protection. Taken together, the data suggest that IFNAGR KO mice may be a useful model for early screening of anti-filovirus medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Natasha Neef
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, VA 20167, USA.
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Terry L Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - David D Perez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Shane Massey
- Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Abstract
Background Studies on work-leave rotation pattern and work place injuries among offshore oil and gas workers have been few and limited to a 2- or 3-week rotation schedule. Aims To examine incidence of workplace injury in relation to the duration of time into work rotation for extended work schedules up to 24 weeks. Methods Six-year injury data on four offshore installations were extracted. Data were analysed for incidence of injury over time and relative risk using linear trend lines and regression. Results In total, 311 injuries for 1302 workers were analysed, 39% with rotation schedule of 4 weeks work and 4 weeks rest, 27% 8 weeks work and 4 weeks rest, 23% 16 weeks work and 4 weeks rest and 10% 24 weeks work and 4 weeks rest. Incidence of injury decreased as duration of time into the work rotation increased, corrected for exposure, and this was statistically significant for all rotations in first 4 weeks (P < 0.01). Negative correlation between time offshore and injury was observed in all schedules and consistent for age groups, categories of work, shifts and severity of injury. There was no difference in relative risk of injuries between the four schedules, when corrected for exposure and occupational risk of injury. Conclusions These results are at variance with previous studies, although no prior study has looked beyond 3-week rotation schedule. Longer offshore schedules are safely possible and this could help decrease manpower and logistics costs for oil and gas companies coping with unprecedented low oil prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Massey
- Medical Services, Dubai Petroleum, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A.R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Polytechnic, Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD, U. K
| | - R. Dyke
- Diamond Shamrock Europe Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Silk Street, Eccles Manchester M30 OBH, U. K
| | - S. Malcomson
- Diamond Shamrock Europe Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Silk Street, Eccles Manchester M30 OBH, U. K
| | - S. Massey
- Diamond Shamrock Europe Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Silk Street, Eccles Manchester M30 OBH, U. K
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Massey S. TU-PIS-Exhibit Hall-4: How to implement a dose monitoring solution in the real world: a technical perspective. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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17
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Juliano J, Gil O, Hawkins-Daarud A, Rockne R, Gallaher J, Massey S, Anderson A, Bruce J, Canoll P, Swanson K. ME-09 * DYNAMIC EVIDENCE OF TUMOR INDUCED MICROGLIA ACTIVATION AT THE INFILTRATIVE MARGINS OF GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou261.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Whitlock GC, Robida MD, Judy BM, Qazi O, Brown KA, Deeraksa A, Taylor K, Massey S, Loskutov A, Borovkov AY, Brown K, Cano JA, Magee DM, Torres AG, Estes DM, Sykes KF. Protective antigens against glanders identified by expression library immunization. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:227. [PMID: 22125550 PMCID: PMC3221416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia are highly evolved Gram-negative bacteria that primarily infect solipeds but are transmitted to humans by ingestion and cutaneous or aerosol exposures. Heightened concern over human infections of Burkholderia mallei and the very closely related species B. pseudomallei is due to the pathogens' proven effectiveness as bioweapons, and to the increased potential for natural opportunistic infections in the growing diabetic and immuno-compromised populations. These Burkholderia species are nearly impervious to antibiotic treatments and no vaccine exists. In this study, the genome of the highly virulent B. mallei ATCC23344 strain was examined by expression library immunization for gene-encoded protective antigens. This protocol for genomic-scale functional screening was customized to accommodate the unusually large complexity of Burkholderia, and yielded 12 new putative vaccine candidates. Five of the candidates were individually tested as protein immunogens and three were found to confer significant partial protection against a lethal pulmonary infection in a murine model of disease. Determinations of peripheral blood cytokine and chemokine profiles following individual protein immunizations show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 are elicited by the three confirmed candidates, but unexpectedly interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α are not. We suggest that these pathogen components, discovered using genetic immunization and confirmed in a conventional protein format, will be useful toward the development of a safe and effective glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Whitlock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark D. Robida
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Barbara M. Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Omar Qazi
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A. Brown
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
| | - Arpaporn Deeraksa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrey Loskutov
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alex Y. Borovkov
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin Brown
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jose A. Cano
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - D. Mark Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn F. Sykes
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
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Massey S, Blackford D, Murray D. Royal Perth Hospital solution for managing the ‘can't intubate, can't ventilate’ crisis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:636; author reply 636-8. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Massey S, Johnston K, Mott TM, Judy BM, Kvitko BH, Schweizer HP, Estes DM, Torres AG. In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Burkholderia mallei Respiratory Infection and Treatment in the Mouse Model. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:174. [PMID: 21904535 PMCID: PMC3162308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) technology is a powerful tool for monitoring infectious disease progression and treatment approaches. BLI is particularly useful for tracking fastidious intracellular pathogens that might be difficult to recover from certain organs. Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a facultative intracellular pathogen and has been classified by the CDC as a Category B select agent due to its highly infectious nature and potential use as a biological weapon. Very little is known regarding pathogenesis or treatment of glanders. We investigated the use of bioluminescent reporter constructs to monitor the dynamics of infection as well as the efficacy of therapeutics for B. mallei in real-time. A stable luminescent reporter B. mallei strain was created using the pUTmini-Tn5::luxKm2 plasmid and used to monitor glanders in the BALB/c murine model. Mice were infected via the intranasal route with 5 × 103 bacteria and monitored by BLI at 24, 48, and 72 h. We verified that our reporter construct maintained similar virulence and growth kinetics compared to wild-type B. mallei and confirmed that it maintains luminescent stability in the presence or absence of antibiotic selection. The luminescent signal was initially seen in the lungs, and progressed to the liver and spleen over the course of infection. We demonstrated that antibiotic treatment 24 h post-infection resulted in reduction of bioluminescence that can be attributed to decreased bacterial burden in target organs. These findings suggest that BLI can be used to monitor disease progression and efficacy of therapeutics during glanders infections. Finally, we report an alternative method to mini-Tn5::luxKm2 transposon using mini-Tn7-lux elements that insert site-specifically at known genomic attachment sites and that can also be used to tag bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
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Taylor M, Banerjee T, Navarro-Garcia F, Huerta J, Massey S, Burlingame M, Pande AH, Tatulian SA, Teter K. A therapeutic chemical chaperone inhibits cholera intoxication and unfolding/translocation of the cholera toxin A1 subunit. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18825. [PMID: 21526142 PMCID: PMC3079739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) travels as an intact AB(5) protein toxin from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of an intoxicated cell. In the ER, the catalytic A1 subunit dissociates from the rest of the toxin. Translocation of CTA1 from the ER to the cytosol is then facilitated by the quality control mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Thermal instability in the isolated CTA1 subunit generates an unfolded toxin conformation that acts as the trigger for ERAD-mediated translocation to the cytosol. In this work, we show by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy that exposure to 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) inhibited the thermal unfolding of CTA1. This, in turn, blocked the ER-to-cytosol export of CTA1 and productive intoxication of either cultured cells or rat ileal loops. In cell culture studies PBA did not affect CT trafficking to the ER, CTA1 dissociation from the holotoxin, or functioning of the ERAD system. PBA is currently used as a therapeutic agent to treat urea cycle disorders. Our data suggest PBA could also be used in a new application to prevent or possibly treat cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taylor
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-Zacatenco), México City, Mexico
| | - Jazmin Huerta
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-Zacatenco), México City, Mexico
| | - Shane Massey
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mansfield Burlingame
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abhay H. Pande
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suren A. Tatulian
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Massey S, Quiñones B, Teter K. A cell-based fluorescent assay to detect the activity of Shiga toxin and other toxins that inhibit protein synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 739:49-59. [PMID: 21567317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-102-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major cause of food-borne illness, produces Shiga toxins (Stxs) that block protein synthesis by inactivating the ribosome. In this chapter, we describe a simple cell-based fluorescent assay to detect Stxs and inhibitors of toxin activity. The assay can also be used to detect other plant and bacterial toxins that arrest protein synthesis.
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Banerjee T, Pande A, Jobling MG, Taylor M, Massey S, Holmes RK, Tatulian SA, Teter K. Contribution of subdomain structure to the thermal stability of the cholera toxin A1 subunit. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8839-46. [PMID: 20839789 DOI: 10.1021/bi101201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CTA1) is an ADP-ribosyltransferase with three distinct subdomains: CTA1(1) forms the catalytic core of the toxin, CTA1(2) is an extended linker between CTA1(1) and CTA1(3), and CTA1(3) is a compact globular region. CTA1 crosses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to enter the cytosol where it initiates a cytopathic effect. Toxin translocation involves ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control system that exports misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol. At the physiological temperature of 37 °C, the free CTA1 subunit is in a partially unfolded conformation that triggers its ERAD-mediated translocation to the cytosol. Thus, the temperature sensitivity of CTA1 structure is an important determinant of its function. Here, we examined the contribution of CTA1 subdomain structure to the thermal unfolding of CTA1. Biophysical measurements demonstrated that the CTA1(1) subdomain is thermally unstable and that the CTA1(2) subdomain provides a degree of conformational stability to CTA1(1). The CTA1(3) subdomain does not affect the overall stability of CTA1, but the thermal unfolding of CTA1 appears to begin with a local loss of structure in the CTA1(3) subdomain: glycerol and acidic pH both inhibited the thermal disordering of full-length CTA1 but not the disordering of a CTA1 construct lacking the A1(3) subdomain. These observations provide mechanistic insight regarding the thermal unfolding of CTA1, an event which facilitates its subsequent translocation to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Banerjee
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, United States
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Taylor M, Navarro-Garcia F, Huerta J, Burress H, Massey S, Ireton K, Teter K. Hsp90 is required for transfer of the cholera toxin A1 subunit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31261-7. [PMID: 20667832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is an AB(5) toxin that moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde vesicular transport. In the ER, the catalytic A1 subunit dissociates from the rest of the toxin and enters the cytosol by exploiting the quality control system of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The driving force for CTA1 dislocation into the cytosol is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic chaperone Hsp90 is required for CTA1 passage into the cytosol. Hsp90 bound to CTA1 in an ATP-dependent manner that was blocked by geldanamycin (GA), an established Hsp90 inhibitor. CT activity against cultured cells and ileal loops was also blocked by GA, as was the ER-to-cytosol export of CTA1. Experiments using RNA interference or N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, a drug that inhibits ER-localized GRP94 but not cytosolic Hsp90, confirmed that the inhibitory effects of GA resulted specifically from the loss of Hsp90 activity. This work establishes a functional role for Hsp90 in the ERAD-mediated dislocation of CTA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taylor
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
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Massey S, Banerjee T, Pande AH, Taylor M, Tatulian SA, Teter K. Stabilization of the tertiary structure of the cholera toxin A1 subunit inhibits toxin dislocation and cellular intoxication. J Mol Biol 2009; 393:1083-96. [PMID: 19748510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde vesicular transport. The catalytic subunit of CT (CTA1) then crosses the ER membrane and enters the cytosol in a process that involves the quality control mechanism of ER-associated degradation. The molecular details of this dislocation event have not been fully characterized. Here, we report that thermal instability in the CTA1 subunit-specifically, the loss of CTA1 tertiary structure at 37 degrees C-triggers toxin dislocation. Biophysical studies found that glycerol preferentially stabilized the tertiary structure of CTA1 without having any noticeable effect on the thermal stability of its secondary structure. The thermal disordering of CTA1 tertiary structure normally preceded the perturbation of its secondary structure, but in the presence of 10% glycerol the temperature-induced loss of CTA1 tertiary structure occurred at higher temperatures in tandem with the loss of CTA1 secondary structure. The glycerol-induced stabilization of CTA1 tertiary structure blocked CTA1 dislocation from the ER and instead promoted CTA1 secretion into the extracellular medium. This, in turn, inhibited CT intoxication. Glycerol treatment also inhibited the in vitro degradation of CTA1 by the core 20S proteasome. Collectively, these findings indicate that toxin thermal instability plays a key role in the intoxication process. They also suggest the stabilization of CTA1 tertiary structure is a potential goal for novel antitoxin therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Massey
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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Guerra L, Nemec KN, Massey S, Tatulian SA, Thelestam M, Frisan T, Teter K. A novel mode of translocation for cytolethal distending toxin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1793:489-95. [PMID: 19118582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal instability in the toxin catalytic subunit may be a common property of toxins that exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by exploiting the mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin (HdCDT) does not utilize ERAD to exit the ER, so we predicted the structural properties of its catalytic subunit (HdCdtB) would differ from other ER-translocating toxins. Here, we document the heat-stable properties of HdCdtB which distinguish it from other ER-translocating toxins. Cell-based assays further suggested that HdCdtB does not unfold before exiting the ER and that it may move directly from the ER lumen to the nucleoplasm. These observations suggest a novel mode of ER exit for HdCdtB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Guerra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gillett D, Fahmy F, Liew L, Massey S, Shotton JC. How we do it: Implementing change--a multi-centre audit of an evidence-based protocol on post-thyroidectomy calcium maintenance. Clin Otolaryngol 2008; 31:220-3. [PMID: 16759245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Massey S, Das P. Documenting telephone advice. Clin Otolaryngol 2007; 32:497-8. [PMID: 18076448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2007.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Massey S, Adnot A, Rjeb A, Roy D. Action of water in the degradation of low-density polyethylene studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Van Wyk FC, Massey S, Worley G, Brady S. Do all epistaxis patients with a nasal pack need admission? A retrospective study of 116 patients managed in accident and emergency according to a peer reviewed protocol. J Laryngol Otol 2006; 121:222-7. [PMID: 17040607 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215106003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Epistaxis is the most common nasal emergency and if nasal packing is required this commonly results in admission.Methods: A literature search could find no published (UK) protocols for the management of this common condition in accident and emergency (A&E) departments. This paper presents a retrospective review of 116 patients with epistaxis, following implementation of the new peer reviewed protocol in June 2004.Results: Apart from cautery, 62 had nasal packing inserted. Only 17 required admission. Forty-six patients were discharged with nasal packing in situ and only seven (16 per cent) returned due to bleeding. The overall return rate was 11 per cent.Discussion: We feel this is a safe and logical protocol. Compared to mandatory admission after nasal pack insertion, we saved 39 admissions in five months. There were also the added benefits to patients of being able to recuperate at home rather than in hospital and avoidance of the risk of hospital acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Van Wyk
- ENT Department, Worthing Hospital, Worthing, UK.
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Tiano P, Rodrigues JD, De Witte E, Vergès-Belmin V, Massey S, Snethlage R, Costa D, Cadot-Leroux L, Garrod E, Singer B. Das Konservieren von Baudenkmalen: eine neue Methode, um die Wirksamkeit einer stein festigenden Massnahme nachzuweisen / The conservation of monuments: A new method to evaluate consolidating treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1515/rbm-2000-5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The degradation of monumental stones is the result of the interaction between the material and environmental factors, such as water, heat, atmospheric pollutants and living organisms. This interaction starts at the stone surface, progresses inwards and may reach several millimetres in depth. The common decay processes may lead to significant losses of the strength properties of the outermost layer of some stone materials which results in erosion, cohesionless appearance and disintegration. At present there is no method to measure stone hardness, both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), with the same sensitivity and reliability, which can be used both in laboratory and in situ. The aim of this paper is to present the application of a new methodology for measuring the Drilling Resistance (DR) of natural stones, by the use of the new portable system (DFMS) that can operate in the laboratory and in situ. The results obtained so far show that this new method is highly promising for in situ evaluation of the mechanical properties in order to assess the consolidating treatment applied for the conservation of monuments.
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Massey S. Influencing handwashing behavior. Nurse Pract 2000; 25:14. [PMID: 10703022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Dhanoa J, Natu M, Massey S. Worsening of steroid depending bronchial asthma following rifampicin administration. J Assoc Physicians India 1998; 46:242. [PMID: 11273129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Irvin CV, Massey S, Dorsey T. Determinants of enrollment among applicants to PACE. Health Care Financ Rev 1997; 19:135-53. [PMID: 10345402 PMCID: PMC4194478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During the 1970s and 1980s, a new approach to the integration of acute and long-term care (LTC) services was conceived and refined at On Lok, an organization in the Chinese community of San Francisco. Since then, On Lok and 10 Federal demonstration sites have tested this model which is today called the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). This program has gained considerable political support and as a result, the 1997 Balanced Budget Agreement establishes PACE as a permanent provider under Medicare. The Federal demonstration of PACE was designed as a voluntary program. By exploiting its voluntary enrollment design, this study analyzes the determinants of program participation within a group of screened applicants. Findings of this study support the theory that the capitated payment structure of PACE creates incentives for program staff to avoid costly individuals. However, home ownership and provider attachment also act as important and significant barriers to enrollment.
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Abstract
Massive ascites, hydrothorax, acute renal failure and thromboembolism are clinical manifestations of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) which may complicate the induction of ovulation with exogenous gonadotrophins. We report a case of severe OHSS with ascites formation in excess of five litres per day. Massive ascites and bilateral pleural effusions resulted in respiratory failure. Continuous ascitic recirculation (AR) was commenced after repeated paracentesis and i.v. fluid therapy failed to improve the patient's condition. The procedure was undertaken for a total of 15 days and rapidly resulted in marked improvement of impaired respiratory function. Febrile episodes occurred on 3 occasions, but we did not observe coagulation disturbances or adverse haemodynamic effects. Continuous AR is a safe and effective treatment of complicated severe OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Beck
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Haley EC, Brott TG, Sheppard GL, Barsan W, Broderick J, Marler JR, Kongable GL, Spilker J, Massey S, Hansen CA. Pilot randomized trial of tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. The TPA Bridging Study Group. Stroke 1993; 24:1000-4. [PMID: 8322373 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.24.7.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Early thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator is a theoretically attractive approach to the treatment of acute focal cerebral ischemia. In preparation for a larger multicenter trial, three centers piloted a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator begun within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms of acute stroke to test its feasibility and to explore trends. METHODS Eligible patients had pretreatment computed tomographic scanning, gave informed consent, and began treatment with either 0.85 mg/kg recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator or placebo as soon as possible, but no later than 180 minutes after stroke onset. Patients were stratified by whether treatment was begun within 90 minutes or 91 to 180 minutes from onset. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in each group who improved by 4 or more points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 24 hours, as determined by a separate blinded evaluator. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were randomized: 20 (10 recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, 10 placebo) within 90 minutes, and 7 (4 recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, 3 placebo) from 91 to 180 minutes. Median baseline Stroke Scale scores were 16 (minimum = 5, maximum = 26) for the recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated group and 11 (minimum = 3, maximum = 21) for the control subjects in the group treated within 90 minutes. Six patients treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator within 90 minutes improved by 4 or more points at 24 hours compared with 1 patient in the placebo group (P < .05, Fisher's Exact Test). Two patients in each group in the 91- to 180-minute arm improved. One fatal intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator very early in acute stroke is feasible. Preliminary observations suggest that recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment within 90 minutes may be associated with early neurological improvement. Larger studies are needed so that the potentially serious short-term risks of this treatment can be assessed in relation to meaningful long-term benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Haley
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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Brott TG, Haley EC, Levy DE, Barsan W, Broderick J, Sheppard GL, Spilker J, Kongable GL, Massey S, Reed R. Urgent therapy for stroke. Part I. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered within 90 minutes. Stroke 1992; 23:632-40. [PMID: 1579958 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.23.5.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombolytic agents hold theoretical promise as therapy for cerebral infarction. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of tissue plasminogen activator, to accomplish urgent patient treatment, and to estimate potential efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator. METHODS Following neurological evaluation and computed tomography of the brain, patients with acute ischemic stroke were evaluated and treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator under an open-label, dose-escalation design within 90 minutes from symptom onset. End points examined included symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial hematoma, systemic hemorrhage, and neurological outcome at 2 hours, 24 hours, and 3 months. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were treated within 90 minutes of symptom onset over seven dose tiers of tissue plasminogen activator, ranging from 0.35 mg/kg to 1.08 mg/kg. Intracranial hematoma with associated neurological deterioration occurred in three patients and was related to increasing doses of tissue plasminogen activator (p = 0.045). Intracranial hematoma did not occur in any of the 58 patients treated with less than or equal to 0.85 mg/kg. Major neurological improvement occurred in 22 patients (30%) at 2 hours from the initiation of tissue plasminogen activator and in a total of 34 patients (46%) at 24 hours, but major neurological improvement was not related to increasing doses of tissue plasminogen activator or to stroke type. CONCLUSIONS Patients with acute stroke can be evaluated and treated within 90 minutes. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic infarction is not without risk, but the potential for clinical benefit justifies a randomized clinical trial. To date, differences in hemorrhagic risk or neurological benefit of tissue plasminogen activator for particular ischemic stroke types are not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Brott
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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Henzl MR, Massey S, Hanson FW, Buttram VC, Rosenwaks Z, Pauls FD. Primary dysmenorrhea: the therapeutic challenge. J Reprod Med 1980; 25:226-35. [PMID: 7001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gibbs WN, Campbell M, Massey S, Lofters W, Morgan O. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in Jamaica. W INDIAN MED J 1978; 27:180-8. [PMID: 706353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Massey S, Neal MJ. Dependence of potassium stimulated release of [3H]-acetyl choline from the retina on high affinity choline uptake [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 62:436P. [PMID: 638310 PMCID: PMC1668174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
The metabolism of polyamines was studied in K(+)-dependent strains of Escherichia coli. When these stringent organisms were in a medium containing Na(+) instead of K(+), protein synthesis was arrested, but synthesis of ribonucleic acid continued as it would in a relaxed organism. The Na(+) medium inhibited synthesis of spermidine and S-adenosylmethionine. However, the synthesis of putrescine was accelerated at least five- to eightfold. Exogenous ornithine doubled even this rate of putrescine synthesis but did not increase the low level of putrescine synthesis in the K(+) medium. In K(+) or Na(+) media, with or without 0.3 mm arginine, putrescine was derived almost entirely from ornithine via ornithine decarboxylase. Addition of spermidine (5 mm) to a Na(+) culture markedly inhibited putrescine synthesis. The ornithine decarboxylase of an extract of a K(-)-dependent strain prepared at low ionic strength was separated from ribosomes, deoxyribonucleic acid, and associated polyamines by centrifugation, and from many ions by ultrafiltration and fractionation on Sephadex G-100. Addition of Na(+) and K(+) salts to 200 mm was markedly inhibitory. The combined reductions both in synthesis of the inhibitor spermidine and in intracellular ionic strength may explain the in vivo activation of this enzyme.
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