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Whitlock GC, Robida MD, Judy BM, Qazi O, Brown KA, Deeraksa A, Taylor K, Massey S, Loskutov A, Borovkov AY, Brown K, Cano JA, Magee DM, Torres AG, Estes DM, Sykes KF. Protective antigens against glanders identified by expression library immunization. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:227. [PMID: 22125550 PMCID: PMC3221416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia are highly evolved Gram-negative bacteria that primarily infect solipeds but are transmitted to humans by ingestion and cutaneous or aerosol exposures. Heightened concern over human infections of Burkholderia mallei and the very closely related species B. pseudomallei is due to the pathogens' proven effectiveness as bioweapons, and to the increased potential for natural opportunistic infections in the growing diabetic and immuno-compromised populations. These Burkholderia species are nearly impervious to antibiotic treatments and no vaccine exists. In this study, the genome of the highly virulent B. mallei ATCC23344 strain was examined by expression library immunization for gene-encoded protective antigens. This protocol for genomic-scale functional screening was customized to accommodate the unusually large complexity of Burkholderia, and yielded 12 new putative vaccine candidates. Five of the candidates were individually tested as protein immunogens and three were found to confer significant partial protection against a lethal pulmonary infection in a murine model of disease. Determinations of peripheral blood cytokine and chemokine profiles following individual protein immunizations show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 are elicited by the three confirmed candidates, but unexpectedly interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α are not. We suggest that these pathogen components, discovered using genetic immunization and confirmed in a conventional protein format, will be useful toward the development of a safe and effective glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Whitlock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark D. Robida
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Barbara M. Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Omar Qazi
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A. Brown
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of TexasAustin, TX, USA
| | - Arpaporn Deeraksa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Shane Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrey Loskutov
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alex Y. Borovkov
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin Brown
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jose A. Cano
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - D. Mark Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn F. Sykes
- Center for Innovations in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
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Qazi O, Rani M, Gnanam AJ, Cullen TW, Stead CM, Kensing H, McCaul K, Ngugi S, Prior JL, Lipka A, Nagy JM, Whitlock GC, Judy BM, Harding SV, Titball RW, Sidhu SS, Trent MS, Kitto GB, Torres A, Estes DM, Iverson B, Georgiou G, Brown KA. Development of reagents and assays for the detection of pathogenic Burkholderia species. Faraday Discuss 2011; 149:23-36; discussion 63-77. [PMID: 21413172 PMCID: PMC3593192 DOI: 10.1039/c005422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of the category B biothreat agents Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in acute infections is critical to ensure that appropriate treatment is administered quickly to reduce an otherwise high probability of mortality (ca. 40% for B. pseudomallei). We are developing assays that can be used in clinical laboratories or security applications for the direct detection of surface-localized and secreted macromolecules produced by these organisms. We present our current medium-throughout approach for target selection and production of Burkholderia macromolecules and describe the generation of a Fab molecule targeted to the B. mallei BimA protein. We also present development of prototype assays for detecting Burkholderia species using anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Qazi
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Mridula Rani
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Annie J. Gnanam
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Thomas W. Cullen
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Christopher M. Stead
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Haley Kensing
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kate McCaul
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Ngugi
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Joann L Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Alexandria Lipka
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ; Deceased, UK
| | - Judit M. Nagy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gregory C. Whitlock
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Barbara M. Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Sarah V. Harding
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Richard W. Titball
- School of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Terence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Barrie Kitto
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Alfredo Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - D. Mark Estes
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Brent Iverson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Katherine A. Brown
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ; Deceased, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Whitlock GC, Deeraksa A, Qazi O, Judy BM, Taylor K, Propst KL, Duffy AJ, Johnson K, Kitto GB, Brown KA, Dow SW, Torres AG, Estes DM. Protective response to subunit vaccination against intranasal Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2. [PMID: 24379895 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, responsible for the diseases glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Furthermore, there is currently no vaccine available against these Burkholderia species. In this study, we aimed to identify protective proteins against these pathogens. Immunization with recombinant B. mallei Hcp1 (type VI secreted/structural protein), BimA (autotransporter protein), BopA (type III secreted protein), and B. pseudomallei LolC (ABC transporter protein) generated significant protection against lethal inhaled B. mallei ATCC23344 and B. pseudomallei 1026b challenge. Immunization with BopA elicited the greatest protective activity, resulting in 100% and 60% survival against B. mallei and B. pseudomallei challenge, respectively. Moreover, sera from recovered mice demonstrated reactivity with the recombinant proteins. Dendritic cells stimulated with each of the different recombinant proteins showed distinct cytokine patterns. In addition, T cells from immunized mice produced IFN-γ following in vitro re-stimulation. These results indicated therefore that it was possible to elicit cross-protective immunity against both B. mallei and B. pseudomallei by vaccinating animals with one or more novel recombinant proteins identified in B. mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Whitlock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070 ; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Arpaporn Deeraksa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Omar Qazi
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712
| | - Barbara M Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Katie L Propst
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Angie J Duffy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Kate Johnson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712
| | - G Barrie Kitto
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712 ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712
| | - Katherine A Brown
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712 ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712 ; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Steven W Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070 ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070 ; The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - D Mark Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070 ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070 ; The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
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Qazi O, Prior JL, Judy BM, Whitlock GC, Kitto GB, Torres AG, Estes DM, Brown KA. Sero-characterization of lipopolysaccharide from Burkholderia thailandensis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 102 Suppl 1:S58-60. [PMID: 19121690 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(08)70016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the successful purification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Burkholderia thailandensis, a Gram-negative bacterium, closely related to the highly pathogenic organisms B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. Burkholderia thailandensis LPS is shown to cross-react with rabbit and mouse sera obtained from inoculation with B. pseudomallei or B. mallei, respectively. These data suggest that B. thailandensis LPS shares similar structural features with LPS molecules from highly pathogenic Burkholderia species. This information may prove useful in ongoing efforts to develop novel vaccines and/or diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Qazi
- Department of Pediatrics and the Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Whitlock GC, Valbuena GA, Popov VL, Judy BM, Estes DM, Torres AG. Burkholderia mallei cellular interactions in a respiratory cell model. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:554-562. [PMID: 19369515 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.007724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives and replicates in phagocytic cell lines. The bacterial burden recovered from naïve BALB/c mice infected by intranasal delivery indicated that B. mallei persists in the lower respiratory system. To address whether B. mallei invades respiratory non-professional phagocytes, this study utilized A549 and LA-4 respiratory epithelial cells and demonstrated that B. mallei possesses the capacity to adhere poorly to, but not to invade, these cells. Furthermore, it was found that B. mallei was taken up by the murine alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S following serum coating, an attribute suggestive of complement- or Fc receptor-mediated uptake. Invasion/intracellular survival assays of B. mallei-infected MH-S cells demonstrated decreased intracellular survival, whilst a type III secretion system effector bopA mutant strain survived longer than the wild-type. Evaluation of the potential mechanism(s) responsible for efficient clearing of intracellular organisms demonstrated comparable levels of caspase-3 in both the wild-type and bopA mutant with characteristics consistent with apoptosis of infected MH-S cells. Furthermore, challenge of BALB/c mice with the bopA mutant by the intranasal route resulted in increased survival. Overall, these data suggest that B. mallei induces apoptotic cell death, whilst the BopA effector protein participates in intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Whitlock
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Gustavo A Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Barbara M Judy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - D Mark Estes
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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McGowin CL, Whitlock GC, Pyles RB. High-throughput multistrain polymerase chain reaction quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical and preclinical urogenital specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 64:117-23. [PMID: 19345037 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide and causes severe reproductive tract infections. Currently, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the gold standard for clinical diagnosis, but most NAATs are labor intensive and limited to specific CT serovars. We developed and validated a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay that reproducibly detected CT serovars D, E, F, Ia, and Chlamydia muridarum over a linear range of 2 log(10) to 10 log(10) genomes with low coefficients of variation from both experimental and human urine samples. CT DNA loads from human vaginal, endocervical, and male urethral swabs correlated well with the BD ProbeTec ET assay (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ) run in parallel. In a preclinical microbicide evaluation, C. muridarum DNA loads in mouse swabs and tissues correlated well with an immunofluorescence assay. The optimized qPCR system provided enhanced sensitivity and facilitated the quantitative evaluation of clinical and experimental preclinical samples for anti-CT therapeutic and microbicide evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris L McGowin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0436, USA
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Deeraksa A, Qazi O, Whitlock GC, Judy BM, Torres AG. Development of a non-living vaccine against Burkholderia mallei (129.2). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.129.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a gram-negative highly pathogenic bacterium, responsible for glanders. B. mallei is considered potential bioterrorism agents, classified as such in list B by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently there is no vaccine available against B. mallei. In this study, we aimed to identify the protective proteins of B. mallei. The candidate proteins were selected based on the previous data of proteomics and linear expression library (LEE) whole-genome screens coupled with known structures or functions of the proteins in other bacteria. The selected proteins were BMA-4, BMA-8, BMA-9, BMA-10, BMA-11 and BMA-12. The genes encoding each protein were cloned into pCDNA3.1 and pET28a. The His-tag proteins were then purified. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with DNA encoding each protein and then boosted 3 weeks later with the recombinant proteins. Two weeks after boosting, mice were infected with B. mallei ATCC23344. The result showed that, 19 days after infection, there was 100% survival in the BMA2821 and BMAA0768 groups, however only 78% survival in the control group. The study needs to be repeated and the result will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory C Whitlock
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Alfredo G Torres
- 2Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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Vidal M, Prado V, Whitlock GC, Solari A, Torres AG, Vidal RM. Subtractive hybridization and identification of putative adhesins in a Shiga toxin-producing eae-negative Escherichia coli. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:3639-3648. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/021212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maricel Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Prado
- Programa de Microbiología y Micologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gregory C. Whitlock
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biologia Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Whitlock GC, Lukaszewski RA, Judy BM, Paessler S, Torres AG, Estes DM. Host immunity in the protective response to vaccination with heat-killed Burkholderia mallei. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:55. [PMID: 18823549 PMCID: PMC2562362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We performed initial cell, cytokine and complement depletion studies to investigate the possible role of these effectors in response to vaccination with heat-killed Burkholderia mallei in a susceptible BALB/c mouse model of infection. Results While protection with heat-killed bacilli did not result in sterilizing immunity, limited protection was afforded against an otherwise lethal infection and provided insight into potential host protective mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that mice depleted of either B cells, TNF-α or IFN-γ exhibited decreased survival rates, indicating a role for these effectors in obtaining partial protection from a lethal challenge by the intraperitoneal route. Additionally, complement depletion had no effect on immunoglobulin production when compared to non-complement depleted controls infected intranasally. Conclusion The data provide a basis for future studies of protection via vaccination using either subunit or whole-organism vaccine preparations from lethal infection in the experimental BALB/c mouse model. The results of this study demonstrate participation of B220+ cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in protection following HK vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Whitlock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of the disease known as glanders, is primarily a disease affecting horses and is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals. The use of B. mallei as a biological weapon has been reported and currently, there is no vaccine available for either humans or animals. Despite the history and highly infective nature of B. mallei, as well as its potential use as a bio-weapon, B. mallei research to understand the pathogenesis and the host responses to infection remains limited. Therefore, this minireview will focus on current efforts to elucidate B. mallei virulence, the associated host immune responses elicited during infection and discuss the feasibility of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Whitlock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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