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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Mori TA. Prenatal Testosterone Associates With Blood Pressure in Young Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Hypertension 2021; 77:1756-1764. [PMID: 33775121 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sally Burrows
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- the School of Biomedical Sciences (J.A.K.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Martha Hickey
- the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.H.)
| | - Trevor A Mori
- From the Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Campus (C.L-H, L.J.B., S.B., T.A.M.), the University of Western Australia, Perth
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Hickey M, Mori TA, Hart RJ. Age at menarche and childhood body mass index as predictors of cardio-metabolic risk in young adulthood: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209355. [PMID: 30576345 PMCID: PMC6303033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between age at menarche and a range of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at 17 and 20 years of age, and whether this was influenced by childhood body mass index (BMI). METHODS Of the 1413 girls born in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, 846 had age at menarche recorded. Subsequently 557 underwent metabolic assessment at 17 years and 541 at 20 years. Associations between age at menarche and cardiovascular risk factors, and being in a high-risk metabolic cluster at 17 and 20 years, or having the metabolic syndrome at 20 years, were investigated by linear mixed effects and logistic regressions, respectively. RESULTS Each year later of onset of menarche was associated with a 0.75 kg/m2 reduction in BMI (coefficient -0.75 [95%CI -1.06, -0.44]), and an approximate 30% reduction in the odds of being in the high-risk metabolic cluster at 17 years (OR = 0.73 [95%CI 0.57, 0.94]) and 20 years of age (OR = 0.68 [95%CI 0.52, 0.87]), and a 40% reduction in the odds of having the metabolic syndrome at 20 years (OR = 0.60 [95% CI 0.41, 0.88]). These data show earlier age at menarche was associated with increased BMI and odds of being in the high-risk metabolic cluster at 17 and 20 years, and increased odds of having the metabolic syndrome at 20 years. However, these associations were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for BMI at age 8 years. Current smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, socio-economic status, or hormonal contraceptives use did not affect these associations. CONCLUSIONS Earlier age at menarche may be indicative of a higher risk profile for CVD in young adulthood. Our findings suggest that targeted interventions to reduce BMI in girls who experience menarche at younger age may reduce CVD risk in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J. Beilin
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Burrows
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevor A. Mori
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roger J. Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Le-Ha C, Herbison CE, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Henley DE, Lye SJ, Matthews SG, Pennell CE, Mori TA. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity under resting conditions and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:118-24. [PMID: 26802599 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with higher levels of cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors in adults. This study aimed to assess the relation between measures of HPA axis activity under resting conditions and CVD risk factors in a general population of adolescents at 17 years. METHODS A total of 1134 adolescents from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had phenotypic and socio-demographic data. The associations between HPA axis measures (plasma ACTH, total cortisol, calculated free cortisol, corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), and salivary cortisol) and a range of cardiovascular risk factors were examined using multivariable linear regression models, with adjustment for gender, adiposity, birth weight, gestational age, and socio-behavioural factors. RESULTS Plasma total cortisol was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p=0.011), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides (all p<0.001), and hs-CRP (p=0.047). Salivary cortisol was associated positively with HDL-C (p=0.033) and negatively with LDL-cholesterol (p=0.016); plasma calculated free cortisol was positively associated with triglycerides (p=0.006); plasma CBG was positively associated with total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (both p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.022), and hs-CRP (p=0.001). After correction for multiple comparisons, significant associations remained for total cortisol with total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides; for calculated free cortisol with triglycerides; and for CBG with HDL-C, total cholesterol, and hs-CRP. Plasma ACTH was not associated with any cardiovascular risk factor. There was no association between BMI and any measure of HPA axis activity. CONCLUSION In an adolescent population, HPA axis measures under resting conditions are associated with a range of CVD risk factors. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying these associations in adolescence would be an important step in understanding the evolution of adult CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Carly E Herbison
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Burrows
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - David E Henley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Oddy WH, Hands B, Mori TA. Gender and the active smoking and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein relation in late adolescence. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:758-64. [PMID: 24577623 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p045369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), smoking, and oral contraceptive (OC) use are associated with CVD risk in adults. This study examines the effect of smoking on high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels, and the interactive effects of sex and OC use on this relationship in an adolescent cohort. A total of 1,050 adolescents (mean age 17 ± 0.25 years) from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic measures recorded. The association between smoking status and log-transformed hs-CRP was analyzed using multivariable Tobit linear regression models, with adjustment for adiposity, lifestyle, and early-life confounders. A three-level variable (girls not using OCs, girls using OCs, and boys) was employed to assess the interactive effects of sex, OC use, and smoking. Smoking associated with higher hs-CRP levels in girls not using OCs (b = 0.571; P = 0.001), but not in girls using OCs (b = -0.117; P = 0.598) or in boys (b = 0.183; P = 0.2). OC use in nonsmoking girls was the strongest factor associated with higher hs-CRP levels (b = 1.189; P < 0.001). This study has demonstrated a more robust effect of smoking on hs-CRP levels in girls not using OCs compared with boys. The findings may explain why CVD risk conferred by smoking is higher in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Hands B, Mori TA. Gender difference in the relationship between passive smoking exposure and HDL-cholesterol levels in late adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2126-35. [PMID: 23633198 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are influenced by gender and by genetic and environmental factors. We aimed to assess the impact of passive smoking exposure since birth on HDL-C levels of nonsmoking adolescents at age 17 years and to determine whether there was a gender difference in the relationship between smoking exposure and HDL-C. METHODS A total of 804 nonsmoking adolescents with biochemical, anthropometric, and lifestyle data from a cohort of 1754 adolescents (mean age, 17 ± 0.25 y) of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had data of maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking exposure in the household over 17 years. HDL-C was analyzed using multivariable linear regression, with adjustment for early-life, adiposity, and current lifestyle confounders. RESULTS HDL-C levels were significantly lower in girls exposed to passive smoking compared to those not exposed (regression coefficient b = -0.09 [95% confidence interval, -0.15, -0.03]); this was not observed in boys (b = 0.02 [95% confidence interval, -0.04, 0.08]), with a significant sex interaction P = .009. The effects of passive smoking in girls persisted after adjusting for oral contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown a gender difference in the relationship between passive smoking exposure since birth and HDL-C in late adolescence. Exposure to passive smoking in girls could have adverse consequences on their risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. These findings reinforce the need for future public health measures to reduce children's exposure to passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia.
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Hands B, Mori TA. Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20:947-55. [PMID: 22790885 DOI: 10.1177/2047487312452966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lifestyle behaviours established during adolescence may adversely affect blood pressure (BP) and contribute to gender differences in cardiovascular risk in adulthood. We aimed to assess the association of health behaviours with BP in adolescents, using data from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis on 1248 Raine Study adolescents aged 17 years, to examine associations between lifestyle factors and BP. RESULTS Boys had 8.97 mmHg higher systolic BP, as compared with girls. The 30% of girls using oral contraceptives (OC) had 3.27 and 1.74 mmHg higher systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, compared with non-users. Alcohol consumption in boys, increasing body mass index (BMI) and the sodium-potassium ratio were associated with systolic BP. We found a continuous relationship between BMI and systolic BP in both genders; however, the gradient of this relationship was significantly steeper in boys, compared with girls not taking OC. In boys, systolic BP was 5.7 mmHg greater in alcohol consumers who were in the upper quartile of BMI and the urinary sodium-potassium ratio compared with teetotallers in the lowest quartile. In girls, systolic BP was 5.5 mmHg higher in those taking OC, in the highest BMI and urinary sodium-potassium ratio quartile as compared to those not taking the OC pill and in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSION In addition to gender-related differences in the effects of adiposity on BP, we found lifestyle-related health behaviours such as high salt intake for both sexes, consumption of alcohol in boys, and OC use in girls were important factors associated with BP measurements in late adolescence. This suggests that gender-specific behavioural modification in adolescence may prevent adult hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
AIM To describe the epidemiology of congenital anomalies in Glasgow with special reference to secular trends. METHODS The prevalence of congenital anomalies was determined retrospectively in 233 777 births using the Glasgow Register of Congenital Anomalies for the period 1980-97. RESULTS The total prevalence of congenital anomalies was 324 per 10 000 births, declining by just over a third from 382 per 10 000 births in 1980 to 238 per 10 000 births in 1997. The categories of defects with the highest prevalence were congenital heart disease (50 per 10 000 births), anomalies of limbs (49 per 10 000 births), and digestive system anomalies (47 per 10 000 births). Prevalence in most categories of anomaly declined, including those of the ear (-88%), congenital heart disease (-69%), anomalies of integument (-67%), nervous system anomalies (-61%), anomalies of limb (-54%), and urogenital (including renal) anomalies (-31%). By contrast, there was a significant upward trend for chromosomal anomalies (+50%). CONCLUSIONS Despite the decline in the prevalence of many types of congenital anomaly, around 2.5% of all births in Glasgow were still associated with these disorders in 1997. In attempting to explain the prevalence and secular trend of congenital anomalies in Glasgow, underlying contributing factors require to be considered. These include changes in case ascertainment, antenatal screening, and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dastgiri
- University of Glasgow University Centre for Health Professionals, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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