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Walker K, Baravalle R, Holyfield R, Kalms J, Wright H, Seewooruthun C, Muskett FW, Scott-Tucker A, Merritt A, Henry A, Lawson ADG, Hall G, Prosser C, Carr MD. Identification and characterisation of anti-IL-13 inhibitory single domain antibodies provides new insights into receptor selectivity and attractive opportunities for drug discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216967. [PMID: 37483614 PMCID: PMC10359924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a cytokine involved in T-cell immune responses and is a well validated therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma, along with other allergic and inflammatory diseases. IL-13 signals through a ternary signalling complex formed with the receptors IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα. This complex is assembled by IL-13 initially binding IL-13Rα1, followed by association of the binary IL-13:IL-13Rα1 complex with IL-4Rα. The receptors are shared with IL-4, but IL-4 initially binds IL-4Rα. Here we report the identification and characterisation of a diverse panel of single-domain antibodies (VHHs) that bind to IL-13 (KD 40 nM-5.5 μM) and inhibit downstream IL-13 signalling (IC50 0.2-53.8 μM). NMR mapping showed that the VHHs recognise a number of epitopes on IL-13, including previously unknown allosteric sites. Further NMR investigation of VHH204 bound to IL-13 revealed a novel allosteric mechanism of inhibition, with the antibody stabilising IL-13 in a conformation incompatible with receptor binding. This also led to the identification of a conformational equilibrium for free IL-13, providing insights into differing receptor signalling complex assembly seen for IL-13 compared to IL-4, with formation of the IL-13:IL-13Rα1 complex required to stabilise IL-13 in a conformation with high affinity for IL-4Rα. These findings highlight new opportunities for therapeutic targeting of IL-13 and we report a successful 19F fragment screen of the IL-13:VHH204 complex, including binding sites identified for several hits. To our knowledge, these 19F containing fragments represent the first small-molecules shown to bind to IL-13 and could provide starting points for a small-molecule drug discovery programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Walker
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Baravalle
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Holyfield
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Kalms
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- UCB Biopharma, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Wright
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W. Muskett
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gareth Hall
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Prosser
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- UCB Biopharma, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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2
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Chan DTY, Jenkinson L, Haynes SW, Austin M, Diamandakis A, Burschowsky D, Seewooruthun C, Addyman A, Fiedler S, Ryman S, Whitehouse J, Slater LH, Gowans E, Shibata Y, Barnard M, Wilkinson RW, Vaughan TJ, Holt SV, Cerundolo V, Carr MD, Groves MAT. Extensive sequence and structural evolution of Arginase 2 inhibitory antibodies enabled by an unbiased approach to affinity maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16949-16960. [PMID: 32616569 PMCID: PMC7382286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919565117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity maturation is a powerful technique in antibody engineering for the in vitro evolution of antigen binding interactions. Key to the success of this process is the expansion of sequence and combinatorial diversity to increase the structural repertoire from which superior binding variants may be selected. However, conventional strategies are often restrictive and only focus on small regions of the antibody at a time. In this study, we used a method that combined antibody chain shuffling and a staggered-extension process to produce unbiased libraries, which recombined beneficial mutations from all six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in the affinity maturation of an inhibitory antibody to Arginase 2 (ARG2). We made use of the vast display capacity of ribosome display to accommodate the sequence space required for the diverse library builds. Further diversity was introduced through pool maturation to optimize seven leads of interest simultaneously. This resulted in antibodies with substantial improvements in binding properties and inhibition potency. The extensive sequence changes resulting from this approach were translated into striking structural changes for parent and affinity-matured antibodies bound to ARG2, with a large reorientation of the binding paratope facilitating increases in contact surface and shape complementarity to the antigen. The considerable gains in therapeutic properties seen from extensive sequence and structural evolution of the parent ARG2 inhibitory antibody clearly illustrate the advantages of the unbiased approach developed, which was key to the identification of high-affinity antibodies with the desired inhibitory potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice T Y Chan
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W Haynes
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Austin
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Diamandakis
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Burschowsky
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Addyman
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Ryman
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Whitehouse
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise H Slater
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Gowans
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Barnard
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Wilkinson
- Early Oncology Discovery, Oncology Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan J Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V Holt
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A T Groves
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom;
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Newton R, Waszkowycz B, Seewooruthun C, Burschowsky D, Richards M, Hitchin S, Begum H, Watson A, French E, Hamilton N, Jones S, Lin LY, Waddell I, Echalier A, Bayliss R, Jordan AM, Ogilvie D. Discovery and Optimization of wt-RET/KDR-Selective Inhibitors of RET V804M Kinase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:497-505. [PMID: 32292556 PMCID: PMC7153033 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of focused library and virtual screening, hit expansion, and rational design has resulted in the development of a series of inhibitors of RETV804M kinase, the anticipated drug-resistant mutant of RET kinase. These agents do not inhibit the wild type (wt) isoforms of RET or KDR and therefore offer a potential adjunct to RET inhibitors currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Newton
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Daniel Burschowsky
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Mark Richards
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Samantha Hitchin
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Habiba Begum
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Amanda Watson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Eleanor French
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Niall Hamilton
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Stuart Jones
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Li-Ying Lin
- Leicester
Drug Discovery & Diagnostics Centre (LD3), R407a, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, U.K.
| | - Ian Waddell
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Aude Echalier
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury
Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Allan M. Jordan
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
| | - Donald Ogilvie
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK, Manchester
Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K.
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4
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Austin M, Burschowsky D, Chan DT, Jenkinson L, Haynes S, Diamandakis A, Seewooruthun C, Addyman A, Fiedler S, Ryman S, Whitehouse J, Slater LH, Hadjinicolaou AV, Gileadi U, Gowans E, Shibata Y, Barnard M, Kaserer T, Sharma P, Luheshi NM, Wilkinson RW, Vaughan TJ, Holt SV, Cerundolo V, Carr MD, Groves MAT. Structural and functional characterization of C0021158, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that inhibits Arginase 2 function via a novel non-competitive mechanism of action. MAbs 2020; 12:1801230. [PMID: 32880207 PMCID: PMC7531564 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1801230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase 2 (ARG2) is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine. The dysregulated expression of ARG2 within specific tumor microenvironments generates an immunosuppressive niche that effectively renders the tumor 'invisible' to the host's immune system. Increased ARG2 expression leads to a concomitant depletion of local L-arginine levels, which in turn leads to suppression of anti-tumor T-cell-mediated immune responses. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a high affinity antibody (C0021158) that inhibits ARG2 enzymatic function completely, effectively restoring T-cell proliferation in vitro. Enzyme kinetic studies confirmed that C0021158 exhibits a noncompetitive mechanism of action, inhibiting ARG2 independently of L-arginine concentrations. To elucidate C0021158's inhibitory mechanism at a structural level, the co-crystal structure of the Fab in complex with trimeric ARG2 was solved. C0021158's epitope was consequently mapped to an area some distance from the enzyme's substrate binding cleft, indicating an allosteric mechanism was being employed. Following C0021158 binding, distinct regions of ARG2 undergo major conformational changes. Notably, the backbone structure of a surface-exposed loop is completely rearranged, leading to the formation of a new short helix structure at the Fab-ARG2 interface. Moreover, this large-scale structural remodeling at ARG2's epitope translates into more subtle changes within the enzyme's active site. An arginine residue at position 39 is reoriented inwards, sterically impeding the binding of L-arginine. Arg39 is also predicted to alter the pKA of a key catalytic histidine residue at position 160, further attenuating ARG2's enzymatic function. In silico molecular docking simulations predict that L-arginine is unable to bind effectively when antibody is bound, a prediction supported by isothermal calorimetry experiments using an L-arginine mimetic. Specifically, targeting ARG2 in the tumor microenvironment through the application of C0021158, potentially in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens or alternate immunotherapies, represents a potential new strategy to target immune cold tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Austin
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Burschowsky
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Denice T.Y. Chan
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stuart Haynes
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agata Diamandakis
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra Addyman
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Ryman
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Whitehouse
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise H. Slater
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas V. Hadjinicolaou
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Gowans
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Barnard
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia M. Luheshi
- Early Oncology Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tristan J. Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah V. Holt
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark D. Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Maria A. T. Groves
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Jordan AM, Newton R, Waszkowycz B, Bayliss R, Begum H, Burschowsky D, Echalier A, Hitchin S, Hutton C, Johns S, Jones S, Lin LY, Richards M, Seewooruthun C, Stowell A, Waddell I, Watson M, Ogilvie D. Abstract 3236: Delivering selective and cell-active inhibitors of V804M mutant RET kinase through structure-guided drug discovery. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activating gene fusions in the RET receptor tyrosine kinase have been found to drive 1-2% of lung adenocarcinomas and therefore offer an attractive target for targeted therapy. Whilst non-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors with RET activity are efficacious in this setting, their use is generally limited by dose limiting toxicity associated with their more potent activity versus other targets, specifically KDR (VEGFR2) in the case of cabozantinib and vandetanib. Given this limitation, there is considerable interest in developing more selective inhibitors of RET kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are prone to early clinical failure due to mutations in the kinase ATPase binding domain, which render the kinase catalytically active but no longer sensitive to drug treatment. Such mutations often occur in the so-called “gatekeeper” region and in this specific case, resistance is predicted to arise from a Val-Met or Val-Leu mutation at residue 804. Through a combination of computational methods, structural biology and drug design, we have identified and further optimized a series of inhibitors of the V804M mutant RET kinase which show sub-micromolar cellular activity in cells driven by V804M RET. Moreover, these agents show excellent selectivity against the wtRET kinase and KDR. As such, these agents may offer valuable start-points for second-generation RET inhibitors for use in patents who relapse after treatment with first generation selective RET inhibitors.
Citation Format: Allan M. Jordan, Rebecca Newton, Bohdan Waszkowycz, Richard Bayliss, Habiba Begum, Daniel Burschowsky, Aude Echalier, Samantha Hitchin, Colin Hutton, Shaun Johns, Stuart Jones, Li-Ying Lin, Mark Richards, Chitra Seewooruthun, Alex Stowell, Ian Waddell, Mandy Watson, Donald Ogilvie. Delivering selective and cell-active inhibitors of V804M mutant RET kinase through structure-guided drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3236. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3236
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M. Jordan
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Newton
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Habiba Begum
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Samantha Hitchin
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Hutton
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Johns
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Jones
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Ying Lin
- 3University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alex Stowell
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Waddell
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Watson
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Ogilvie
- 1Cancer Research UK Manchester Inst., Manchester, United Kingdom
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