1
|
Mezmale L, Ślefarska-Wolak D, Bhandari MP, Ager C, Veliks V, Patsko V, Lukashenko A, Dias-Neto E, Nunes DN, Bartelli TF, Pelosof AG, Sztokfisz CZ, Murillo R, Królicka A, Mayhew CA, Leja M, Haick H, Mochalski P. Volatilomic profiles of gastric juice in gastric cancer patients. J Breath Res 2024; 18:026010. [PMID: 38467063 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Volatilomics is a powerful tool capable of providing novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of gastric cancer. The main objective of this study was to characterize the volatilomic signatures of gastric juice in order to identify potential alterations induced by gastric cancer. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace solid phase microextraction as the pre-concentration technique, was used to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by gastric juice samples collected from 78 gastric cancer patients and two cohorts of controls (80 and 96 subjects) from four different locations (Latvia, Ukraine, Brazil, and Colombia). 1440 distinct compounds were identified in samples obtained from patients and 1422 in samples provided by controls. However, only 6% of the VOCs exhibited an incidence higher than 20%. Amongst the volatiles emitted, 18 showed differences in their headspace concentrations above gastric juice of cancer patients and controls. Ten of these (1-propanol, 2,3-butanedione, 2-pentanone, benzeneacetaldehyde, 3-methylbutanal, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2-pentyl-furan, 2-ethylhexanal, 2-methylpropanal and phenol) appeared at significantly higher levels in the headspace of the gastric juice samples obtained from patients; whereas, eight species showed lower abundance in patients than found in controls. Given that the difference in the volatilomic signatures can be explained by cancer-related changes in the activity of certain enzymes or pathways, the former set can be considered potential biomarkers for gastric cancer, which may assist in developing non-invasive breath tests for the diagnosis of this disease. Further studies are required to elucidate further the mechanisms that underlie the changes in the volatilomic profile as a result of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mezmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine & Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daria Ślefarska-Wolak
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck and Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Manohar Prasad Bhandari
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine & Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck and Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Viktors Veliks
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine & Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Medical Genomics group and Endoscopy Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Noronha Nunes
- Medical Genomics group and Endoscopy Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raúl Murillo
- University Hospital San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agnieszka Królicka
- Department of Building Materials Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck and Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine & Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck and Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vangravs R, Mežmale L, Ślefarska-Wolak D, Dauss E, Ager C, Corvalan AH, Fernández EA, Mayhew CA, Leja M, Mochalski P. Volatilomic signatures of different strains of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13064. [PMID: 38459689 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most extensively studied risk factor for gastric cancer. As with any bacteria, H. pylori will release distinctive odors that result from an emission of volatile metabolic byproducts in unique combinations and proportions. Effectively capturing and identifying these volatiles can pave the way for the development of innovative and non-invasive diagnostic methods for determining infection. Here we characterize the H. pylori volatilomic signature, pinpoint potential biomarkers of its presence, and evaluate the variability of volatilomic signatures between different H. pylori isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using needle trap extraction, volatiles in the headspace above H. pylori cultures were collected and, following thermal desorption at 290°C in a splitless mode, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The resulting volatilomic signatures of H. pylori cultures were compared to those obtained from an analysis of the volatiles in the headspace above the cultivating medium only. RESULTS Amongst the volatiles detected, 21 showed consistent differences between the bacteria cultures and the cultivation medium, with 11 compounds being elevated and 10 showing decreased levels in the culture's headspace. The 11 elevated volatiles are four ketones (2-pentanone, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-nonanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 1 butanol), one aromatic (styrene), one aldehyde (2-ethyl-hexanal), one hydrocarbon (n-octane), and one sulfur compound (dimethyl disulfide). The 10 volatiles with lower levels in the headspace of the cultures are four aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, benzaldehyde, 3-methylbutanal, and butanal), two heterocyclic compounds (2-ethylfuran and 2-pentylfuran), one ketone (2-butanone), one aromatic (benzene), one alcohol (2-butanol) and bromodichloromethane. Of the volatile species showing increased levels, the highest emissions are found to be for 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-butanol and dimethyl disulfide. Qualitative variations in their emissions from the different isolates was observed. CONCLUSIONS The volatiles emitted by H. pylori provide a characteristic volatilome signature that has the potential of being developed as a tool for monitoring infections caused by this pathogen. Furthermore, using the volatilome signature, we are able to differentiate different isolates of H. pylori. However, the volatiles also represent potential confounders for the recognition of gastric cancer volatile markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Vangravs
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mežmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Health Centre 4, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daria Ślefarska-Wolak
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Edgars Dauss
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Health Centre 4, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Riga, Latvia
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beauchamp JD, Mayhew CA. Revisiting the rationale of mandatory masking. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 37548323 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acdf12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review the evidence for the efficacy of face masks to reduce the transmission of respiratory viruses, specifically severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and consider the value of mandating universal mask wearing against the widespread negative impacts that have been associated with such measures. Before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was considered that there was little to no benefit in healthy people wearing masks as prophylaxis against becoming infected or as unwitting vectors of viral transmission. This accepted policy was hastily reversed early on in the pandemic, when districts and countries throughout the world imposed stringent masking mandates. Now, more than three years since the start of the pandemic, the amassed studies that have investigated the use of masks to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (or other pathogens) have led to conclusions that are largely inconsistent and contradictory. There is no statistically significant or unambiguous scientific evidence to justify mandatory masking for general, healthy populations with the intention of lessening the viral spread. Even if mask wearing could potentially reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in individual cases, this needs to be balanced against the physical, psychological and social harms associated with forced mask wearing, not to mention the negative impact of innumerable disposed masks entering our fragile environment. Given the lack of unequivocal scientific proof that masks have any effect on reducing transmission, together with the evident harms to people and the environment through the use of masks, it is our opinion that the mandatory use of face masks in the general population is unjustifiable and must be abandoned in future pandemic countermeasures policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Beauchamp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lochmann F, Nikolajevic A, Stock V, Kammerer S, Fernandez-Quintero ML, Loeffler J, Liedl KR, Troppmair J, Mayhew CA, Ruzsanyi V. Establishing a cell-based screening workflow for determining the efficiency of CYP2C9 metabolism: moving towards the use of breath volatiles in personalised medicine. J Breath Res 2023. [PMID: 37406623 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ace46f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath as predictors to individual drug response would advance the field of personalized medicine by providing direct information on enzyme activity. This would result in enormous benefits, both for patients and the healthcare sector. Non-invasive breath tests would also gain a high acceptance by patients. Towards this goal, differences in metabolism resulting from extensive polymorphisms in a major group of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family, need to be determined and quantified. CYP2C9 is responsible for metabolising many crucial drugs (e.g., diclofenac) and food ingredients (e.g., limonene). In this paper, we provide a proof-of-concept study that illustrates the in vitro bioconversion of diclofenac in recombinant HEK293T cells overexpressing CYP2C9 to 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. This in vitro approach is a necessary and important first step in the development of breath tests to determine and monitor metabolic processes in the human body. By focusing on the metabolic conversion of diclofenac, we have established a workflow using a cell-based system for CYP2C9 activity. Using limonene, we illustrate how the bioconversion of diclofenac can be limited in the presence of another CYP2C9 metabolising substrate, with increasing limonene levels continuously reducing the formation of 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were performed for the diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation, with and without limonene, giving a kinetic constant of the reaction, KM, of 103 µM and 94.1 µM, respectively, and a maximum reaction rate, Vmax, of 46.8 pmol min-1 106 cells-1 and 56.0 pmol min-1 106 cells-1 with and without the inhibitor, respectively, suggesting a non-competitive or mixed inhibition type. The half maximal inhibitory concentration value (IC50) for the inhibition of the formation of 4'-hydroxydiclofenace by limonene is determined to be 1413 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lochmann
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Aleksandar Nikolajevic
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel-Swarovski Research Laboratory, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Valentina Stock
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, Senftenberg, 01968, GERMANY
| | | | - Johannes Loeffler
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Daniel-Swarovski Research Laboratory, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66 and 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| | - Vera Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66 and 80/82, Innsbruck, 6020, AUSTRIA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weber IC, Oosthuizen DN, Mohammad RW, Mayhew CA, Pratsinis SE, Güntner AT. Dynamic Breath Limonene Sensing at High Selectivity. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37377394 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis, cancer) cause more than two million deaths per year worldwide. This is partly attributed to late diagnosis and insufficient screening techniques. A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Here, we introduce a compact and low-cost detector for dynamic and selective breath limonene sensing. It comprises a chemoresistive sensor based on Si/WO3 nanoparticles pre-screened by a packed bed Tenax separation column at room temperature. We demonstrate selective limonene detection down to 20 parts per billion over up to three orders of magnitude higher concentrated acetone, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, and 2-propanol in gas mixtures, as well as robustness to 10-90% relative humidity. Most importantly, this detector recognizes the individual breath limonene dynamics of four healthy volunteers following the ingestion (swallowing or chewing) of a limonene capsule. Limonene release and subsequent metabolization are monitored from breath measurements in real time and in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.98) with high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates the potential of the detector as a simple-to-use and noninvasive device for the routine monitoring of limonene levels in exhaled breath to facilitate early diagnosis of liver dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines C Weber
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich (USZ) and University of Zürich (UZH), CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dina N Oosthuizen
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rawan W Mohammad
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas T Güntner
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich (USZ) and University of Zürich (UZH), CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
- Human-centered Sensor Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weiss F, Chawaguta A, Tolpeit M, Volk V, Schiller A, Ruzsanyi V, Hillinger P, Lederer W, Märk TD, Mayhew CA. Detecting Hexafluoroisopropanol Using Soft Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Analytical Applications to Exhaled Breath. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:958-968. [PMID: 36995741 PMCID: PMC10161230 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we explore the potential use of proton transfer reaction/selective reagent ion-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (PTR/SRI-ToF-MS) to monitor hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in breath. Investigations of the reagent ions H3O+, NO+, and O2+• are reported using dry (relative humidity (rH) ≈ 0%) and humid (rH ≈ 100%)) nitrogen gas containing traces of HFIP, i.e., divorced from the complex chemical environment of exhaled breath. HFIP shows no observable reaction with H3O+ and NO+, but it does react efficiently with O2+• via dissociative charge transfer resulting in CHF2+, CF3+, C2HF2O+, and C2H2F3O+. A minor competing hydride abstraction channel results in C3HF6O+ + HO2• and, following an elimination of HF, C3F5O+. There are two issues associated with the use of the three dominant product ions of HFIP, CHF2+, CF3+, and C2H2F3O+, to monitor it in breath. One is that CHF2+ and CF3+ also result from the reaction of O2+• with the more abundant sevoflurane. The second is the facile reaction of these product ions with water, which reduces analytical sensitivity to detect HFIP in humid breath. To overcome the first issue, C2H2F3O+ is the ion marker for HFIP. The second issue is surmounted by using a Nafion tube to reduce the breath sample's humidity prior to its introduction into drift tube. The success of this approach is illustrated by comparing the product ion signals either in dry or humid nitrogen gas flows and with or without the use of the Nafion tube, and practically from the analysis of a postoperative exhaled breath sample from a patient volunteer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Weiss
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anesu Chawaguta
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Tolpeit
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valeria Volk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Hillinger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lederer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tilmann D Märk
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patsko V, Mochalski P, Leja M, Lukashenko A, Ślefarska-Wolak D, Mezmale L, Ager C, Królicka A, Mayhew CA, Shani G, Haick H. PCL23-125: Volatile Organic Compounds Released by Gastric Tissues as Potential Biomarkers of Gastric Cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023. [DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.7208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
Abstract
We review the literature on isoprene in exhaled breath and discuss the current evidence and models that describe its endogenous origin and consequence for understanding isoprene levels and their variations in exhaled breath.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mochalski P, Leja M, Ślefarska-Wolak D, Mezmale L, Patsko V, Ager C, Królicka A, Mayhew CA, Shani G, Haick H. Identification of Key Volatile Organic Compounds Released by Gastric Tissues as Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030335. [PMID: 36766440 PMCID: PMC9914709 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatilomics is a powerful tool capable of providing novel biomarkers for medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The objective of this study is to identify potential volatile biomarkers of gastric cancer. METHODS The volatilomic signatures of gastric tissues obtained from two distinct populations were investigated using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS Amongst the volatiles emitted, nineteen showed differences in their headspace concentrations above the normal and cancer tissues in at least one population of patients. Headspace levels of seven compounds (hexanal, nonanal, cyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, pyrrole, pyridine, and phenol) were significantly higher above the cancer tissue, whereas eleven volatiles (ethyl acetate, acetoin, 2,3-butanedione, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentanone, γ-butyrolactone, DL-limonene, benzaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propanol, benzonitrile, and 3-methyl-butanal) were higher above the non-cancerous tissue. One compound, isoprene, exhibited contradictory alterations in both cohorts. Five compounds, pyridine, ethyl acetate, acetoin, 2,3-butanedione, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, showed consistent cancer-related changes in both populations. CONCLUSIONS Pyridine is found to be the most promising biomarker candidate for detecting gastric cancer. The difference in the volatilomic signatures can be explained by cancer-related changes in the activity of certain enzymes, or pathways. The results of this study confirm that the chemical fingerprint formed by volatiles in gastric tissue is altered by gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Daria Ślefarska-Wolak
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Linda Mezmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Królicka
- Department of Building Materials Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Gidi Shani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technicon—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technicon—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piesik D, Bocianowski J, Kotwica K, Lemańczyk G, Piesik M, Ruzsanyi V, Mayhew CA. Responses of Adult Hypera rumicis L. to Synthetic Plant Volatile Blends. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196290. [PMID: 36234827 PMCID: PMC9572268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioral responses of Hypera rumicis L. adults to varying blends of synthetic plant volatiles (SPVs) at various concentrations in lieu of single compounds are reported for the first time. For this study, Rumex confertus plants were treated with two blends of SPVs at different quantities that act as either attractants or repellents to insects. Blend 1 (B1) consisted of five green leaf volatiles (GLVs), namely (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate. Blend 2 (B2) contained six plant volatiles, namely (Z)-ocimene, linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, β-caryophyllene, and (E)-β-farnesene. Each blend was made available in four different amounts of volatiles, corresponding to each compound being added to 50 µL of hexane in amounts of 1, 5, 25 and 125 ng. The effects of the two blends at the different concentrations on the insects were evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both sexes of the insects were found to be significantly repelled by the highest volatile levels of B1 and by two levels of B2 (25 and 125 ng). Females were also observed to be repelled using B2 with 5 ng of each volatile. Attraction was observed for both sexes only for B1 at the three lower volatile levels (1, 5 and 25 ng). In additional experiments, using only attractants, unmated females were found to be attracted to males, whereas mated females were only attracted to B1. Both unmated and mated males (previously observed in copula) were attracted only to females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Piesik
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 28 Wojska Polskiego, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Kotwica
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lemańczyk
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Piesik
- Oncology Center of F. Łukaszczyk in Bydgoszcz, 2 I. Romanowskiej St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Piesik D, Lemańczyk G, Bocianowski J, Buszewski B, Vidal S, Mayhew CA. Induction of volatile organic compounds in Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants following infection by different Rhizoctonia pathogens is species specific. Phytochemistry 2022; 198:113162. [PMID: 35278419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most popular means of plant protection is the chemical method, but this control is often connected with the need for repeating chemical treatments. Thus, eco-friendly strategies should be developed where, under the European Green Deal, aromatic plants and their repellent properties seem to constitute a good alternative. In earlier studies, we have shown that insect injury, bacteria infestation and pathogen infection induce plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission, which can provide defensive functions to plants. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) cv. 'Jenga' wheat plants were intentionally infected with one of four Rhizoctonia species (R. cerealis, R. solani, R. zeae, and R. oryzae). The soil was inoculated by the pathogens during sowing, whereas shoots were inoculated at stage BBCH 33. In greenhouse experiments, we measured VOCs from wheat 3, 7 and 11 days following stem infestation, or 42 days following soil inoculation of Rhizoctonia spp. VOC emissions were found to be largest on days 7 or 11 post-stem inoculation (>3 days post-stem inoculation >42 days post-soil inoculation). T. aestivum infected by pathogens induced five common green leaf volatiles (GLVs), namely (Z)-3-hexenal = (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-hexenal = (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = (Z)-3- HOL, (E)-2-hexenol = (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate = (Z)-3-HAC], six common terpenes (β-pinene = β-PIN, β-myrcene = β-MYR, Z-ocimene = Z-OCI, linalool = LIN, benzyl acetate = BAC, β-caryophyllene = β-CAR), and indole = IND. We found that R. cerealis infested T. aestivum emitted the largest amounts of (Z)-3-HAL and (Z)-3-HAC, while T. aestivum infested by R. solani released the largest amount of LIN (7 or 11 days following stem infestation). VOCs released by the T. aestivum after R. cerealis (AGD I) and R. solani (AG 5) infestations were significantly larger in comparison to R. zeae (WAG-Z) and R. oryzae (WAG-O) for the volatiles (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-HOL, (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-HAC, β-PIN, β-MYR, and LIN. With the exception of (E)-2-HOL, β-MYR, LIN, BAC, β-CAR, the other VOCs were emitted in similar amounts by infected T. aestivum 3 days following stem and soil inoculation. The quantities of induced VOCs were higher at days 7 and 11 than at 3 days post-infection, and greater when T. aestivum was infected with Rhizoctonia on the stem base than through the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Piesik
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Lemańczyk
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, 28 Wojska Polskiego, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry Bioanalytics, 7 Gagarina, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural, Entomology, 6 Grisebachstrasse, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mochalski P, King J, Mayhew CA, Unterkofler K. Modelling of Breath and Various Blood Volatilomic Profiles—Implications for Breath Volatile Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082381. [PMID: 35458579 PMCID: PMC9028376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers looking for biomarkers from different sources, such as breath, urine, or blood, frequently search for specific patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often using pattern recognition or machine learning techniques. However, they are not generally aware that these patterns change depending on the source they use. Therefore, we have created a simple model to demonstrate that the distribution patterns of VOCs in fat, mixed venous blood, alveolar air, and end-tidal breath are different. Our approach follows well-established models for the description of dynamic real-time breath concentration profiles. We start with a uniform distribution of end-tidal concentrations of selected VOCs and calculate the corresponding target concentrations. For this, we only need partition coefficients, mass balance, and the assumption of an equilibrium state, which avoids the need to know the volatiles’ metabolic rates and production rates within the different compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.M.); (J.K.); (C.A.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Julian King
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.M.); (J.K.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.M.); (J.K.); (C.A.M.)
- Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.M.); (J.K.); (C.A.M.)
- Research Center BI, University of Applied Sciences Vorarlberg, Hochschulstraße 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Henderson B, Slingers G, Pedrotti M, Pugliese G, Malásková M, Bryant L, Lomonaco T, Ghimenti S, Moreno S, Cordell R, Harren FJM, Schubert J, Mayhew CA, Wilde M, Di Francesco F, Koppen G, Beauchamp JD, Cristescu SM. The peppermint breath test benchmark for PTR-MS and SIFT-MS. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34416737 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac1fcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for breath research is the lack of standardization in sampling and analysis. To address this, a test that utilizes a standardized intervention and a defined study protocol has been proposed to explore disparities in breath research across different analytical platforms and to provide benchmark values for comparison. Specifically, thePeppermint Experimentinvolves the targeted analysis in exhaled breath of volatile constituents of peppermint oil after ingestion of the encapsulated oil. Data from thePeppermint Experimentperformed by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) are presented and discussed herein, including the product ions associated with the key peppermint volatiles, namely limonene,α- andβ-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, menthone and menthofuran. The breath washout profiles of these compounds from 65 individuals were collected, comprising datasets from five PTR-MS and two SIFT-MS instruments. The washout profiles of these volatiles were evaluated by comparing the log-fold change over time of the product ion intensities associated with each volatile. Benchmark values were calculated from the lower 95% confidence interval of the linear time-to-washout regression analysis for all datasets combined. Benchmark washout values from PTR-MS analysis were 353 min for the sum of monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole (identical product ions), 173 min for menthol, 330 min for menthofuran, and 218 min for menthone; from SIFT-MS analysis values were 228 min for the sum of monoterpenes, 281 min for the sum of monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole, and 370 min for menthone plus 1,8-cineole. Large inter- and intra-dataset variations were observed, whereby the latter suggests that biological variability plays a key role in how the compounds are absorbed, metabolized and excreted from the body via breath. This variability seems large compared to the influence of sampling and analytical procedures, but further investigations are recommended to clarify the effects of these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Henderson
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gitte Slingers
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Health Unit, Mol, Belgium.,Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Limburg Clinical Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michele Pedrotti
- Department of Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Food Quality and Nutrition-Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Center, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pugliese
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.,Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Luke Bryant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergi Moreno
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Schubert
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Health Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Jonathan D Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leiherer A, Ślefarska D, Leja M, Heinzle C, Mündlein A, Kikuste I, Mezmale L, Drexel H, Mayhew CA, Mochalski P. The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:607904. [PMID: 33585559 PMCID: PMC7874186 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical pathways underlying the production and metabolism of gastric cancer volatile indicators. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique, has been applied to map the volatilomic footprints of human HGC-27 and CLS-145 gastric cancer cell lines and normal Human Stomach Epithelial Cells (HSEC). In total, 27 volatile compounds are found to be associated with metabolism occurring in HGC-27, CLS-145, and HSEC. Amongst these, the headspace concentrations of 12 volatiles were found to be reduced compared to those above just the cultivating medium, namely there was an observed uptake of eight aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, 2-methyl-2-propenal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and benzaldehyde), three heterocyclic compounds (2-methyl-furan, 2-ethyl-furan, and 2-pentyl-furan), and one sulfur-containing compound (dimethyl disulphide). For the other 15 volatiles, the headspace concentrations above the healthy and cancerous cells were found to be higher than those found above the cultivating medium, namely the cells were found to release three esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), seven ketones (2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), one aromatic compound (toluene), and one sulfur containing compound [2-methyl-5-(methylthio) furan]. In comparison to HSEC, HGC-27 cancer cell lines were found to have significantly altered metabolism, manifested by an increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons. Amongst these species, three volatiles were found exclusively to be produced by this cell line, namely 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. Another interesting feature of the HGC-27 footprint is the lowered level of alcohols and esters. The CLS-145 cells exhibited less pronounced changes in their volatilomic pattern compared to HSEC. Their footprint was characterized by the upregulated production of esters and 2-ethyl-hexanol and downregulated production of other alcohols. We have therefore demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between cancerous and healthy gastric cells using biochemical volatile signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Medical Central Laboratories, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Daria Ślefarska
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Christine Heinzle
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Ilze Kikuste
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mezmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferrandino G, Orf I, Smith R, Calcagno M, Thind AK, Debiram-Beecham I, Williams M, Gandelman O, de Saedeleer A, Kibble G, Lydon AM, Mayhew CA, Allsworth M, Boyle B, van der Schee MP, Allison M, Hoare M, Snowdon VK. Breath Biopsy Assessment of Liver Disease Using an Exogenous Volatile Organic Compound-Toward Improved Detection of Liver Impairment. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11:e00239. [PMID: 33094960 PMCID: PMC7498135 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cirrhosis and its complication - hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) - have been associated with increased exhaled limonene. It is currently unclear whether this increase is more strongly associated with the presence of HCC or with the severity of liver dysfunction. METHODS We compared the exhaled breath of 40 controls, 32 cirrhotic patients, and 12 cirrhotic patients with HCC using the Breath Biopsy platform. Breath samples were analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Limonene levels were compared between the groups and correlated to bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time international normalized ratio, and alanine aminotransferase. RESULTS Breath limonene concentration was significantly elevated in subjects with cirrhosis-induced HCC (M: 82.1 ng/L, interquartile range [IQR]: 16.33-199.32 ng/L) and cirrhosis (M: 32.6 ng/L, IQR: 6.55-123.07 ng/L) compared with controls (M: 6.2 ng/L, IQR: 2.62-9.57 ng/L) (P value = 0.0005 and 0.0001, respectively) with no significant difference between 2 diseased groups (P value = 0.37). Levels of exhaled limonene correlated with serum bilirubin (R = 0.25, P value = 0.0016, r = 0.51), albumin (R = 0.58, P value = 5.3e-8, r = -0.76), and international normalized ratio (R = 0.29, P value = 0.0003, r = 0.51), but not with alanine aminotransferase (R = 0.01, P value = 0.36, r = 0.19). DISCUSSION Exhaled limonene levels are primarily affected by the presence of cirrhosis through reduced liver functional capacity, as indicated by limonene correlation with blood metrics of impaired hepatic clearance and protein synthesis capacity, without further alterations observed in subjects with HCC. This suggests that exhaled limonene is a potential non-invasive marker of liver metabolic capacity (see Visual abstract, Supplementary Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/CTG/A388).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Orf
- Owlstone Medical, Cambridge, UK
- Current affiliation: Human Metabolome Technologies, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Irene Debiram-Beecham
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Graham Kibble
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Marie Lydon
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michael Allison
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke's Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Hoare
- Addenbrooke's Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria K. Snowdon
- Addenbrooke's Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ager C, Mochalski P, King J, Mayhew CA, Unterkofler K. Effect of inhaled acetone concentrations on exhaled breath acetone concentrations at rest and during exercise. J Breath Res 2020; 14:026010. [PMID: 31829984 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Real-time measurements of the differences in inhaled and exhaled, unlabeled and fully deuterated acetone concentration levels, at rest and during exercise, have been conducted using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. A novel approach to continuously differentiate between the inhaled and exhaled breath acetone concentration signals is used. This leads to unprecedented fine grained data of inhaled and exhaled concentrations. The experimental results obtained are compared with those predicted using a simple three compartment model that theoretically describes the influence of inhaled concentrations on exhaled breath concentrations for volatile organic compounds with high blood:air partition coefficients, and hence is appropriate for acetone. An agreement between the predicted and observed concentrations is obtained. Our results highlight that the influence of the upper airways cannot be neglected for volatiles with high blood:air partition coefficients, i.e. highly water soluble volatiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Malásková M, Olivenza-León D, Chellayah PD, Martini J, Lederer W, Ruzsanyi V, Unterkofler K, Mochalski P, Märk TD, Watts P, Mayhew CA. Studies pertaining to the monitoring of volatile halogenated anaesthetics in breath by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2020; 14:026004. [PMID: 31796655 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab5e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-operative isoflurane has been observed to be present in the end-tidal breath of patients who have undergone major surgery, for several weeks after the surgical procedures. A major new non-controlled, non-randomized, and open-label approved study will recruit patients undergoing various surgeries under different inhalation anaesthetics, with two key objectives, namely (1) to record the washout characteristics following surgery, and (2) to investigate the influence of a patient's health and the duration and type of surgery on elimination. In preparation for this breath study using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), it is important to identify first the analytical product ions that need to be monitored and under what operating conditions. In this first paper of this new research programme, we present extensive PTR-TOF-MS studies of three major anaesthetics used worldwide, desflurane (CF3CHFOCHF2), sevoflurane ((CF3)2CHOCH2F), and isoflurane (CF3CHClOCHF2) and a fourth one, which is used less extensively, enflurane (CHF2OCF2CHFCl), but is of interest because it is an isomer of isoflurane. Product ions are identified as a function of reduced electric field (E/N) over the range of approximately 80 Td to 210 Td, and the effects of operating the drift tube under 'normal' or 'humid' conditions on the intensities of the product ions are presented. To aid in the analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the proton affinities and the gas-phase basicities of the anaesthetics have been determined. Calculated energies for the ion-molecule reaction pathways leading to key product ions, identified as ideal for monitoring the inhalation anaesthetics in breath with a high sensitivity and selectivity, are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A 6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Modak AS, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Mayhew CA. Comment on ‘volatile biomarker in breath predicts lung cancer and pulmonary nodules’. J Breath Res 2020; 14:028001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Olivenza-León D, Mayhew CA, González-Méndez R. Selective Reagent Ion Mass Spectrometric Investigations of the Nitroanilines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:2259-2266. [PMID: 31502221 PMCID: PMC6828634 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of proton and charge transfer reactions to 2-, 3- and 4-nitroanilines (C6H6N2O2) involving the reagent ions H3O+·(H2O)n (n = 0, 1 and 2) and O2+, respectively, as a function of reduced electric field (60-240 Td), using Selective Reagent Ion-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SRI-ToF-MS). To aid in the interpretation of the H3O+·(H2O)n experimental data, the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities for the three nitroaniline isomers have been determined using density functional theory. These calculations show that proton transfer from both the H3O+ and H3O+·H2O reagent ions to the nitroanilines will be exoergic and hence efficient, with the reactions proceeding at the collisional rate. For proton transfer from H3O+ to the NO2 sites, the exoergicities are 171 kJ mol-1 (1.8 eV), 147 kJ mol-1 (1.5 eV) and 194 kJ mol-1 (2.0 eV) for 2-, 3- and 4-nitroanilines, respectively. Electron transfer from all three of the nitroanilines is also significantly exothermic by approximately 4 eV. Although a substantial transfer of energy occurs during the ion/molecule reactions, the processes are found to predominantly proceed via non-dissociative pathways over a large reduced electric field range. Only at relatively high reduced electric fields (> 180 Td) is dissociative proton and charge transfer observed. Differences in fragment product ions and their intensities provide a means to distinguish the isomers, with proton transfer distinguishing 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) from 3- and 4-NA, and charge transfer distinguishing 4-NA from 2- and 3-NA, thereby providing a means to enhance selectivity using SRI-ToF-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, 6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Malásková M, Henderson B, Chellayah PD, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Cristescu SM, Mayhew CA. Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometric measurements of volatile compounds contained in peppermint oil capsules of relevance to real-time pharmacokinetic breath studies. J Breath Res 2019; 13:046009. [PMID: 31163413 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab26e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With the growing interest in the use of breath volatiles in the health sciences, the lack of standardization for the sampling and analysis of exhaled breath is becoming a major issue leading to an absence of conformity, reproducibility and reliability in spectrometric measurements. Through the creation of a worldwide 'peppermint consortium', the International Association of Breath Research has set up a task force to deal with this problem. Pharmacokinetic studies are proposed, and a real-time analytical technique that is being used is proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). This paper presents details on how the volatile compounds contained in a peppermint oil capsule, and hence on breath, appear in a PTR-ToF-MS. To aid that study, the key volatiles in the headspace of peppermint oil were first identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, notably: menthol, menthone, 1,8-cineole, menthofuran, limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene. A PTR-ToF-MS analysis of these compounds has been undertaken, divorced from the complexity of the peppermint oil matrix using 'normal' and 'saturated' humidity drift-tube conditions, with the latter used to mimic breath samples, and over a range of reduced electric fields. There are no characteristic product ions that can distinguish monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole, and hence, without pre-separation, a combined washout for these volatiles can only be provided. By operating the drift tube above about 130 Td, there are characteristic product ions for menthone, menthofuran and menthol, namely m/z 155.14 (protonated menthone), m/z 151.11 (protonated menthofuran), m/z 139.15 (loss of H2O from protonated menthol) and m/z 83.09 (a fragment ion, C6H11 +, from menthol). These have been used to monitor, with a high specificity, the temporal profile of these three compounds in breath following the ingestion of a peppermint oil capsule. To aid in the analyses, the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities for the key volatiles investigated have been determined using density functional theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malásková M, Olivenza-León D, Piel F, Mochalski P, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Compendium of the Reactions of H 3O + With Selected Ketones of Relevance to Breath Analysis Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2019; 7:401. [PMID: 31263690 PMCID: PMC6584912 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft chemical ionization mass spectrometric techniques, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), are often used in breath analysis, being particularly powerful for real-time measurements. To ascertain the type and concentration of volatiles in exhaled breath clearly assignable product ions resulting from these volatiles need to be determined. This is difficult for compounds where isomers are common, and one important class of breath volatiles where this occurs are ketones. Here we present a series of extensive measurements on the reactions of H3O+ with a selection of ketones using PTR-MS. Of particular interest is to determine if ketone isomers can be distinguished without the need for pre-separation by manipulating the ion chemistry through changes in the reduced electric field. An additional issue for breath analysis is that the product ion distributions for these breath volatiles are usually determined from direct PTR-MS measurements of the compounds under the normal operating conditions of the instruments. Generally, no account is made for the effects on the ion-molecule reactions by the introduction of humid air samples or increased CO2 concentrations into the drift tubes of these analytical devices resulting from breath. Therefore, another motivation of this study is to determine the effects, if any, on the product ion distributions under the humid conditions associated with breath sampling. However, the ultimate objective for this study is to provide a valuable database of use to other researchers in the field of breath analysis to aid in analysis and quantification of trace amounts of ketones in human breath. Here we present a comprehensive compendium of the product ion distributions as a function of the reduced electric field for the reactions of H3O+. (H2O)n (n = 0 and 1) with nineteen ketones under normal and humid (100% relative humidity for 37 °C) PTR-MS conditions. The ketones selected for inclusion in this compendium are (in order of increasing molecular weight): 2-butanone; 2-pentanone; 3-pentanone; 2-hexanone; 3-hexanone; 2-heptanone; 3-heptanone; 4-heptanone; 3-octanone; 2-nonanone; 3-nonanone; 2-decanone; 3-decanone; cyclohexanone; 3-methyl-2-butanone; 3-methyl-2-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-hexanone; and 2-methyl-3-heptanone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Piel
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria.,Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria.,Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tilmann D Märk
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria.,Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
González-Méndez R, Mayhew CA. Applications of Direct Injection Soft Chemical Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Pre-blast Smokeless Powder Organic Additives. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:615-624. [PMID: 30761477 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-02130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of smokeless powders is of interest from forensics and security perspectives. This article reports the detection of smokeless powder organic additives (in their pre-detonation condition), namely the stabiliser diphenylamine and its derivatives 2-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and the additives (used both as stabilisers and plasticisers) methyl centralite and ethyl centralite, by means of swab sampling followed by thermal desorption and direct injection soft chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Investigations on the product ions resulting from the reactions of the reagent ions H3O+ and O2+ with additives as a function of reduced electric field are reported. The method was comprehensively evaluated in terms of linearity, sensitivity and precision. For H3O+, the limits of detection (LoD) are in the range of 41-88 pg of additive, for which the accuracy varied between 1.5 and 3.2%, precision varied between 3.7 and 7.3% and linearity showed R2 ≥ 0.9991. For O2+, LoD are in the range of 72 to 1.4 ng, with an accuracy of between 2.8 and 4.9% and a precision between 4.5 and 8.6% and R2 ≥ 0.9914. The validated methodology was applied to the analysis of commercial pre-blast gun powders from different manufacturers. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mochalski P, Diem E, Unterkofler K, Mündlein A, Drexel H, Mayhew CA, Leiherer A. In vitro profiling of volatile organic compounds released by Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1104:256-261. [PMID: 30537625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis offers a non-invasive and rapid diagnostic method for detecting various volatile organic compounds that could be indicators for different diseases, particularly metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely linked to metabolic dysfunction of adipose tissue and adipocytes. However, the VOC profile of human adipocytes has not yet been investigated. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and head-space needle trap extraction (two-bed Carbopack X/Carboxen 1000 needle traps) were applied to profile VOCs produced and metabolised by human Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome adipocytes. In total, sixteen compounds were identified to be related to the metabolism of the cells. Four sulphur compounds (carbon disulphide, dimethyl sulphide, ethyl methyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide), three heterocyclic compounds (2-ethylfuran, 2-methyl-5-(methyl-thio)-furan, and 2-pentylfuran), two ketones (acetone and 2-pentanone), two hydrocarbons (isoprene and n-heptane) and one ester (ethyl acetate) were produced, and four aldehydes (2-methyl-propanal, butanal, pentanal and hexanal) were found to be consumed by the cells of interest. This study presents the first profile of VOCs formed by human adipocytes, which may reflect the activity of the adipose tissue enzymes and provide evidence of their active role in metabolic regulation. Our data also suggest that a previously reported increase of isoprene and sulphur compounds in diabetic patients may be explained by their production by adipocytes. Moreover, the unique features of this profile, including a high emission of dimethyl sulphide and the production of furan-containing VOCs, increase our knowledge about metabolism in adipose tissue and provide diagnostic potential for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15G, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Eva Diem
- MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Universitaetsstrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstrasse 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
González-Méndez R, Watts P, Reich DF, Mullock SJ, Cairns S, Hickey P, Brookes M, Mayhew CA. Use of Rapid Reduced Electric Field Switching to Enhance Compound Specificity for Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5664-5670. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Peter Watts
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - D. Fraser Reich
- Kore Technology, Ltd., Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Mullock
- Kore Technology, Ltd., Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stuart Cairns
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Peter Hickey
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Matthew Brookes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, 6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ager C, Unterkofler K, Mochalski P, Teschl S, Teschl G, Mayhew CA, King J. Modeling-based determination of physiological parameters of systemic VOCs by breath gas analysis, part 2. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036011. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aab2b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
26
|
Pizzini A, Filipiak W, Wille J, Ager C, Wiesenhofer H, Kubinec R, Blaško J, Tschurtschenthaler C, Mayhew CA, Weiss G, Bellmann-Weiler R. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in the breath of patients with stable or acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aaa4c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
27
|
Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Wiesenhofer H, Mayhew CA. Instrumental sensing of trace volatiles-a new promising tool for detecting the presence of entrapped or hidden people. J Breath Res 2018; 12:027107. [PMID: 29091047 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa9769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for rapid analytical systems to detect the presence of humans who are either entrapped as a result of a disaster or, in particular, hidden, as in the case of smuggling or trafficking. The trafficking and smuggling of people to Europe have reached epidemic proportions in recent years. This does not only put a major strain on European resources, but puts at risk the health and lives of the people being trafficked or smuggled. In this context, the early detection and interception of smuggled/trafficked people is of particular importance in terms of saving migrants from life-threatening situations. Similarly, the early and rapid location of entrapped people is crucial for urban search and rescue (USaR) operations organized after natural or man-made disasters. Since the duration of entrapment determines the survivability of victims, each novel detecting tool could considerably improve the effectiveness of the rescue operations and hence potentially save lives. Chemical analysis aiming at using a volatile chemical fingerprint typical for the presence of hidden humans has a huge potential to become an extremely powerful technology in this context. Interestingly, until now this approach has received little attention, despite the fact that trained dogs have been used for decades to detect the presence of buried people through scent. In this article we review the current status of using analytical techniques for chemical analysis for search and rescue operations, and discuss the challenges and future directions. As a practical implementation of this idea, we describe a prototype portable device for use in the rapid location of hidden or entrapped people that employs ion mobility spectrometry and a sensor array for the recognition of the chemical signature of the presence of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
González-Méndez R, Watts P, Howse DC, Procino I, McIntyre H, Mayhew CA. Ion Mobility Studies on the Negative Ion-Molecule Chemistry of Isoflurane and Enflurane. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2017; 28:939-946. [PMID: 28224395 PMCID: PMC5393067 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we present an investigation of the negative ion-molecule chemistry of the anaesthetics isoflurane, ISOF, and enflurane, ENF, in an ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IMS/MS), in both air and nitrogen. Hexachloroethane (HCE) was introduced in both air and nitrogen to produce Cl- as a reactant ion. This study was undertaken owing to uncertainties in the chemical processes, which lead to the cluster ions reported in other work (Eiceman et al. Anal. Chem. 61, 1093-1099, 1). In particular for ISOF the product ion observed was ISOF.Cl-, and it was suggested that the Cl- was formed by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) although there was mention of a chlorine containing contaminant. We show in this study that ISOF and ENF do not produce Cl- in an IMS system either by capture of free electrons or reaction with O2-. This demonstrates that the Cl- containing ions, reported in the earlier study, must have been the result of a chlorine containing contaminant as suggested. The failure of ISOF and ENF to undergo DEA was initially surprising given the high calculated electron affinities, but further calculations showed that this was a result of the large positive vertical attachment energies (VAEs). This experimental work has been supported by electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP level, and is consistent with those obtained in a crossed electron-molecular beam two sector field mass spectrometer. An unusual observation is that the monomer complexes of ISOF and ENF with O2- are relatively unstable compared with the dimer complexes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Watts
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Howse
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Immacolata Procino
- Smiths Detection, Century House, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7DE, UK
| | - Henry McIntyre
- Smiths Detection, Century House, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, HP2 7DE, UK
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850, Dornbirn, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Breath samples were taken from 31 patients with liver disease and 30 controls in a clinical setting and proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR-Quad-MS) used to measure the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). All patients had cirrhosis of various etiologies, with some also suffering from hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and/or hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Breath limonene was higher in patients with No-HCC than with HCC, median (lower/upper quartile) 14.2 (7.2/60.1) versus 3.6 (2.0/13.7) and 1.5 (1.1/2.3) nmol mol-1 in controls. This may reflect disease severity, as those with No-HCC had significantly higher UKELD (United Kingdom model for End stage Liver Disease) scores. Patients with HE were categorized as having HE symptoms presently, having a history but no current symptoms and having neither history nor current symptoms. Breath limonene in these groups was median (lower/upper quartile) 46.0 (14.0/103), 4.2 (2.6/6.4) and 7.2 (2.0/19.1) nmol mol-1, respectively. The higher concentration of limonene in those with current symptoms of HE than with a history but no current symptoms cannot be explained by disease severity as their UKELD scores were not significantly different. Longitudinal data from two patients admitted to hospital with HE show a large intra-subject variation in breath limonene, median (range) 18 (10-44) and 42 (32-58) nmol mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
González-Méndez R, Watts P, Olivenza-León D, Reich DF, Mullock SJ, Corlett CA, Cairns S, Hickey P, Brookes M, Mayhew CA. Enhancement of Compound Selectivity Using a Radio Frequency Ion-Funnel Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer: Improved Specificity for Explosive Compounds. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10624-10630. [PMID: 27715015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key issue with any analytical system based on mass spectrometry with no initial separation of compounds is to have a high level of confidence in chemical assignment. This is particularly true for areas of security, such as airports, and recent terrorist attacks have highlighted the need for reliable analytical instrumentation. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry is a useful technology for these purposes because the chances of false positives are small owing to the use of a mass spectrometric analysis. However, the detection of an ion at a given m/z for an explosive does not guarantee that that explosive is present. There is still some ambiguity associated with any chemical assignment owing to the presence of isobaric compounds and, depending on mass resolution, ions with the same nominal m/z. In this article we describe how for the first time the use of a radio frequency ion-funnel (RFIF) in the reaction region (drift tube) of a proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) can be used to enhance specificity by manipulating the ion-molecule chemistry through collisional induced processes. Results for trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluenes, and nitrotoluenes are presented to demonstrate the advantages of this new RFIF-PTR-ToF-MS for analytical chemical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Peter Watts
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - D Fraser Reich
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stephen J Mullock
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Clive A Corlett
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stuart Cairns
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Peter Hickey
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Matthew Brookes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universitaet Innsbruck , Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fernández Del Río R, O'Hara ME, Pemberton P, Whitehouse T, Mayhew CA. Elimination characteristics of post-operative isoflurane levels in alveolar exhaled breath via PTR-MS analysis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046006. [PMID: 27732571 PMCID: PMC6050519 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether), C3H2ClF5O, is a commonly used inhalation anaesthetic. Using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) we have detected isoflurane in the breath of patients several weeks following major surgery. That isoflurane is detected in the breath of patients so long after being anaesthetised raises questions about when cognitive function has fully returned to a patient. Temporal profiles of isoflurane concentrations in breath are presented for five patients (F/M 3/2, mean age 50 years, min-max 36-58 years) who had undergone liver transplant surgery. In addition, results from a headspace analysis of isoflurane are presented so that the product ions resulting from the reactions of H3O+ with isoflurane in PTR-MS could be easily identified in the absence of the complex chemical environment of breath. Six product ions were identified. In order of increasing m/z (using the 35Cl isotope where appropriate) these are [Formula: see text] (m/z 51), CHFCl+ (m/z 67), CF3CHCl+ (m/z 117), C3F4OCl+ (m/z 163), C3H2F4OCl+ (m/z 165), and C3F4OCl+ H2O (m/z 183). No protonated parent was detected. For the headspace study both clean air and CO2 enriched clean air (4% CO2) were used as buffer gases in the drift tube of the PTR-MS. The CO2 enriched air was used to determine if exhaled breath would affect the product ion branching ratios. Importantly no significant differences were observed, and therefore for isoflurane the product ion distributions determined in a normal air mixture can be used for breath analysis. Given that PTR-MS can be operated under different reduced electric fields (E/N), the dependence of the product ion branching percentages for isoflurane on E/N (96-138 Td) are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández Del Río
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fernández Del Río R, O'Hara ME, Holt A, Pemberton P, Shah T, Whitehouse T, Mayhew CA. Volatile Biomarkers in Breath Associated With Liver Cirrhosis - Comparisons of Pre- and Post-liver Transplant Breath Samples. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1243-50. [PMID: 26501124 PMCID: PMC4588000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of liver disease in the UK has risen dramatically and there is a need for improved diagnostics. Aims To determine which breath volatiles are associated with the cirrhotic liver and hence diagnostically useful. Methods A two-stage biomarker discovery procedure was used. Alveolar breath samples of 31 patients with cirrhosis and 30 healthy controls were mass spectrometrically analysed and compared (stage 1). 12 of these patients had their breath analysed after liver transplant (stage 2). Five patients were followed longitudinally as in-patients in the post-transplant period. Results Seven volatiles were elevated in the breath of patients versus controls. Of these, five showed statistically significant decrease post-transplant: limonene, methanol, 2-pentanone, 2-butanone and carbon disulfide. On an individual basis limonene has the best diagnostic capability (the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) is 0.91), but this is improved by combining methanol, 2-pentanone and limonene (AUROC curve 0.95). Following transplant, limonene shows wash-out characteristics. Conclusions Limonene, methanol and 2-pentanone are breath markers for a cirrhotic liver. This study raises the potential to investigate these volatiles as markers for early-stage liver disease. By monitoring the wash-out of limonene following transplant, graft liver function can be non-invasively assessed. Breath volatiles were compared for cirrhotic patients and controls and pre- and post-liver transplant. Three volatiles (limonene, methanol, 2-pentanone) have been found to have excellent diagnostic capabilities. Limonene shows washout characteristics following transplant supporting a hypothesis that it accumulates in fat.
There are numerous previous studies investigating breath volatiles in patients with liver disease but with conflicting results. It is impossible to tell which volatiles from previous studies may be false discoveries, and which are actually associated with the disease. We measured breath samples in patients and controls and in patients after transplant. Methanol, 2-pentanone and limonene show differences not only between patients and controls but also in cases pre- and post-transplant and have excellent diagnostic capabilities. We show evidence that limonene accumulates in the body, probably because the cirrhotic liver fails to metabolise dietary limonene.
Collapse
Key Words
- AID, autoimmune liver disease
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AUROC, area under receiver operator curve
- BMI, body mass index
- Breath analysis
- CD, cryptogenic disease
- Cirrhosis
- Diagnosis limonene
- GC, gas chromatography
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC, hepatocellular cancer
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- ITU, intensive treatment unit
- LQ, lower quartile
- Liver transplant
- MS, mass spectrometry
- OPU, out-patient clinic
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- PTR-MS
- PTR-MS, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry
- ROC, Receiver operating characteristics
- TAC, transplant assessment clinic
- TE, transient elastography
- UKELD, United Kingdom model for end-stage liver disease
- UQ, upper quartile
- VMR, volume mixing ratio
- VOC, volatile organic compounds
- Volatile organic compounds
- ppbv, parts per billion by volume
- ppmv, parts per million by volume
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández Del Río
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Holt
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - P Pemberton
- Critical Care and Anaesthesia, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - T Shah
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - T Whitehouse
- Critical Care and Anaesthesia, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - C A Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lanza M, Acton WJ, Sulzer P, Breiev K, Jürschik S, Jordan A, Hartungen E, Hanel G, Märk L, Märk TD, Mayhew CA. Selective reagent ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry: a rapid technology for the novel analysis of blends of new psychoactive substances. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:427-31. [PMID: 25800025 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate the potential of selective reagent ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry for the rapid and selective identification of a popular new psychoactive substance blend called 'synthacaine', a mixture that is supposed to imitate the sensory and intoxicating effects of cocaine. Reactions with H3O(+) result in protonated parent molecules which can be tentatively assigned to benzocaine and methiopropamine. However, by comparing the product ion branching ratios obtained at two reduced electric field values (90 and 170 Td) for two reagent ions (H3O(+) and NO(+)) to those of the pure chemicals, we show that identification is possible with a much higher level of confidence then when relying solely on the m/z of protonated parent molecules. A rapid and highly selective analytical identification of the constituents of a recreational drug is particularly crucial to medical personnel for the prompt medical treatment of overdoses, toxic effects or allergic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik GmbH., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Agarwal B, González-Méndez R, Lanza M, Sulzer P, Märk TD, Thomas N, Mayhew CA. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Switchable Reagent Ion Soft Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Picric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8229-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishu Agarwal
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr.
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ramón González-Méndez
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr.
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Neil Thomas
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Acton WJ, Lanza M, Agarwal B, Jürschik S, Sulzer P, Breiev K, Jordan A, Hartungen E, Hanel G, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Headspace analysis of new psychoactive substances using a Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer. Int J Mass Spectrom 2014; 360:28-38. [PMID: 25844048 PMCID: PMC4375562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion in the number and use of new psychoactive substances presents a significant analytical challenge because highly sensitive instrumentation capable of detecting a broad range of chemical compounds in real-time with a low rate of false positives is required. A Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SRI-ToF-MS) instrument is capable of meeting all of these requirements. With its high mass resolution (up to m/Δm of 8000), the application of variations in reduced electric field strength (E/N) and use of different reagent ions, the ambiguity of a nominal (monoisotopic) m/z is reduced and hence the identification of chemicals in a complex chemical environment with a high level of confidence is enabled. In this study we report the use of a SRI-ToF-MS instrument to investigate the reactions of H3O+, O2+, NO+ and Kr+ with 10 readily available (at the time of purchase) new psychoactive substances, namely 4-fluoroamphetamine, methiopropamine, ethcathinone, 4-methylethcathinone, N-ethylbuphedrone, ethylphenidate, 5-MeO-DALT, dimethocaine, 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran and nitracaine. In particular, the dependence of product ion branching ratios on the reduced electric field strength for all reagent ions was investigated and is reported here. The results reported represent a significant amount of new data which will be of use for the development of drug detection techniques suitable for real world scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Joe Acton
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK
| | - Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bishu Agarwal
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Jürschik
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 214 800 050; fax: +43 512 214 800 099.
| | - Kostiantyn Breiev
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alfons Jordan
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Hartungen
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gernot Hanel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Märk
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lanza M, Acton WJ, Jürschik S, Sulzer P, Breiev K, Jordan A, Hartungen E, Hanel G, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Distinguishing two isomeric mephedrone substitutes with selective reagent ionisation mass spectrometry (SRI-MS). J Mass Spectrom 2013; 48:1015-8. [PMID: 24078242 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The isomers 4-methylethcathinone and N-ethylbuphedrone are substitutes for the recently banned drug mephedrone. We find that with conventional proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), it is not possible to distinguish between these two isomers, because essentially for both substances, only the protonated molecules are observed at a mass-to-charge ratio of 192 (C12 H18NO(+)). However, when utilising an advanced PTR-MS instrument that allows us to switch the reagent ions (selective reagent ionisation) from H3O(+) (which is commonly used in PTR-MS) to NO(+), O2(+) and Kr(+), characteristic product (fragment) ions are detected: C4H10N(+) (72 Da) for 4-methylethcathinone and C5 H12N(+) (86 Da) for N-ethylbuphedrone; thus, selective reagent ionisation MS proves to be a powerful tool for fast detection and identification of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik GmbH., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kassebacher T, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Hartungen E, Jordan A, Edtbauer A, Feil S, Hanel G, Jaksch S, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Investigations of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial compounds with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry for a real-time threat monitoring scenario. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:325-32. [PMID: 23239380 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Security and protection against terrorist attacks are major issues in modern society. One especially challenging task is the monitoring and protection of air conditioning and heating systems of buildings against terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals. As existing technologies have low selectivity, long response times or insufficient sensitivity, there is a need for a novel approach such as we present here. METHODS We have analyzed various chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and/or toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and related compounds, namely phosgene, diphosgene, chloroacetone, chloroacetophenone, diisopropylaminoethanol, and triethyl phosphate, utilizing a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS) instrument with the objective of finding key product ions and their intensities, which will allow a low-resolution quadrupole mass spectrometry based PTR-MS system to be used with high confidence in the assignment of threat agents in the atmosphere. RESULTS We obtained high accuracy PTR-TOFMS mass spectra of the six compounds under study at two different values for the reduced electric field in the drift tube (E/N). From these data we have compiled a table containing product ions, and isotopic and E/N ratios for highly selective threat compound detection with a compact and cost-effective quadrupole-based PTR-MS instrument. Furthermore, using chloroacetophenone (tear gas), we demonstrated that this instrument's response is highly linear in the concentration range of typical Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the presented results it is possible to develop a compact and cost-effective PTR-QMS instrument that monitors air supply systems and triggers an alarm as soon as the presence of a threat agent is detected. We hope that this real-time surveillance device will help to seriously improve safety and security in environments vulnerable to terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sulzer P, Petersson F, Agarwal B, Becker KH, Jürschik S, Märk TD, Perry D, Watts P, Mayhew CA. Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry and the Unambiguous Real-Time Detection of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4161-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sulzer
- Ionicon Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fredrik Petersson
- Ionicon Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bishu Agarwal
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kurt H. Becker
- Polytechnic Institute of New York University, New York 11201, United States
| | - Simone Jürschik
- Ionicon Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- Ionicon Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Perry
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15
4TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Watts
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15
4TT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15
4TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Agarwal B, Petersson F, Jürschik S, Sulzer P, Jordan A, Märk TD, Watts P, Mayhew CA. Use of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analytical detection of illicit and controlled prescription drugs at room temperature via direct headspace sampling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2631-9. [PMID: 21475946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first reported use of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) for the detection of a range of illicit and prescribed drugs is presented here. We describe the capabilities of PTR-TOF-MS to detect the following commonly used narcotics-ecstasy (N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), morphine, codeine, cocaine and heroin-by the direct sampling of the headspace above small solid quantities (approximately 50 mg) of the drugs placed in glass vials at room temperature, i.e. with no heating of the sample and no pre-concentration. We demonstrate in this paper the ability to identify the drugs, both illicit and prescribed, using PTR-TOF-MS through the accurate m/z assignment of the protonated parent molecule to the second decimal place. We have also included in this study measurements with an impure sample of heroin, containing typical substances found in "street" heroin, to illustrate the use of the technology for more "real-world" samples. Therefore, in a real-world complex chemical environment, a high level of confidence can be placed on the detection of drugs. Although the protonated parent is observed for all drugs, the reactant channel leading to this species is not the only one observed and neither is it necessarily the most dominant. Details on the observed fragmentation behaviour are discussed and compared to electrospray ionisation MS(n) studies available in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Agarwal
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Petersson F, Sulzer P, Mayhew CA, Watts P, Jordan A, Märk L, Märk TD. Real-time trace detection and identification of chemical warfare agent simulants using recent advances in proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:3875-80. [PMID: 19902419 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates for the first time the potential of using recent developments in proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry for the rapid detection and identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in real-time. A high-resolution (m/Deltam up to 8000) and high-sensitivity (approximately 50 cps/ppbv) proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF 8000 from Ionicon Analytik GmBH) has been successfully used to detect a number of CWA simulants at room temperature; namely dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. Importantly, we demonstrate in this paper the potential to identify CWAs with a high level of confidence in complex chemical environments, where multiple threat agents and interferents could also be present in trace amounts, thereby reducing the risk of false positives. Instantaneous detection and identification of trace quantities of chemical threats using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry could form the basis for a timely warning system capability with greater precision and accuracy than is currently provided by existing analytical technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Petersson
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
O'Hara ME, Clutton-Brock TH, Green S, Mayhew CA. Endogenous volatile organic compounds in breath and blood of healthy volunteers: examining breath analysis as a surrogate for blood measurements. J Breath Res 2009; 3:027005. [PMID: 21383460 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the premise that levels of endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOC) in breath reflect those in blood, the concentration of acetone and isoprene were measured in radial arterial blood, peripheral venous blood and breath samples from ten healthy volunteers. Coefficients of repeatability as a percentage of mean are less than 30% in breath but greater than 70% in blood. The volunteer-mean ratios of arterial to venous blood concentration are 1.4 (0.9-2.1) for acetone and 0.55 (0.3-1.0) for isoprene. Concentration in breath showed a significant inter-subject correlation with concentration in arterial blood (CAB) for acetone but not for isoprene. Arterial blood/breath ratios are 580 (280-1060) for acetone and 0.47 (0.22-0.77) for isoprene. The sample-mean blood/breath ratio was used to calculate an estimate of CAB and the standard deviation of this estimate was lower than that of arterial blood measured directly. For most subjects, estimated CAB was within uncertainty limits of the actual CAB. Owing to the poor repeatability of VOC concentrations from consecutive blood samples, and the capacitive effects of the lung, this study suggests that breath VOC measurements may provide a more consistent measure than blood measurements for investigating underlying physiological function or pathology within individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
O'Hara M, Mayhew CA. A preliminary comparison of volatile organic compounds in the headspace of cultures of
Staphylococcus aureus
grown in nutrient, dextrose and brain heart bovine broths measured using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. J Breath Res 2009; 3:027001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Mikhailov VA, Parkes MA, Simpson MJ, Tuckett RP, Mayhew CA. Selected ion flow tube study of the ion-molecule reactions of monochloroethene, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9012-22. [PMID: 18754602 DOI: 10.1021/jp804443v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Data for the rate coefficients and product cations of the reactions of a large number of atomic and small molecular cations with monochloroethene, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene in a selected ion flow tube at 298 K are reported. The recombination energy of the ions range from 6.27 (H3O(+)) through to 21.56 (Ne(+)) eV. Collisional rate coefficients are calculated by modified average dipole orientation theory and compared with experimental values. Thermochemistry and mass balance predict the most feasible neutral products. Together with previously reported results for the three isomers of dichloroethene ( Mikhailov, V. A. ; Parkes, M. A. ; Tuckett, R. P. ; Mayhew, C. A. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 5760 ), the fragment ion branching ratios have been compared with those from threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy over the photon energy range of 9-22 eV to determine the importance or otherwise of long-range charge transfer. For ions with recombination energy in excess of the ionization energy of the chloroethene, charge transfer is energetically allowed. The similarity of the branching ratios from the two experiments suggest that long-range charge transfer is dominant. For ions with recombination energy less than the ionization energy, charge transfer is not allowed; chemical reaction can only occur following formation of an ion-molecule complex, where steric effects are more significant. The products that are now formed and their percentage yields are a complex interplay between the number and position of the chlorine atoms with respect to the C=C bond, where inductive and conjugation effects can be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Mikhailov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
O'Hara ME, O'Hehir S, Green S, Mayhew CA. Development of a protocol to measure volatile organic compounds in human breath: a comparison of rebreathing and on-line single exhalations using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Physiol Meas 2008; 29:309-30. [PMID: 18367807 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/3/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on human breath has great potential as a non-invasive diagnostic technique. It is, therefore, surprising that no single, standard procedure has evolved for breath sampling. Here we present a novel repeated-cycle isothermal rebreathing method, where one cycle comprises five rebreaths, which could be adopted for breath analysis of VOCs. For demonstration purposes, we present measurements of three common breath VOCs: isoprene, acetone and methanol. Their concentrations measured in breath are shown to increase with number of rebreaths until a plateau value is reached by at least 20 rebreaths. The average ratio of plateau concentration to single mixed expired breath concentration was found to be 1.92 +/- 0.57 for isoprene, 1.25 +/- 0.13 for acetone and 1.12 +/- 0.12 for methanol (mean +/- standard deviation). Measurements from on-line single exhalations are presented which demonstrate a positive slope in the time-dependent expirograms of isoprene and acetone. The slope of the isoprene expirogram is persistently linear and the end-expired concentration of isoprene is highly variable in the same subject depending on the duration of exhalation. End-expired values of acetone are not as sensitive to the length of exhalation, and are the same to within measurement uncertainty for any duration of exhalation for any subject. It is concluded that uncontrolled single on-line exhalations are not suitable for the reliable measurement of isoprene in the breath and that rebreathing can be the basis of an easily tolerated protocol for the reliable collection of breath samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Parkes MA, Ali S, Tuckett RP, Mikhailov VA, Mayhew CA. Selected ion flow tube cation–molecule reaction studies and threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy of cyclic-C5F8. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5222-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b704862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Parkes MA, Ali S, Tuckett RP, Mikhailov VA, Mayhew CA. Threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy and selected ion flow tube cation-molecule reaction studies of cyclic-C4F8. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3643-52. [PMID: 16883393 DOI: 10.1039/b604726b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using tunable vacuum-UV radiation from a synchrotron, the threshold photoelectron and threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectra of cyclic-C4F8 in the range 11-25 eV have been recorded. The parent ion is observed very weakly at threshold, 11.60 eV, and is most likely to have cyclic geometry. Ion yield curves and branching ratios have been determined for five fragments. Above threshold, the first ion observed is C3F5+, at slightly higher energy C2F4+, then successively CF+, CF2+ and CF3+ are formed. The dominant ions are C3F5+ and C2F4+, with the data suggesting the presence of a barrier in the exit channel to production of C3F5+ whilst no barrier to production of C2F4+. In complementary experiments, the product branching ratios and rate coefficients have been measured in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) at 298 K for the bimolecular reactions of cyclic-C4F8 with a large number of atomic and small molecular cations. Below the energy where charge transfer becomes energetically allowed, only one of the ions, CF2+, reacts. Above this energy, all but one of the remaining ions react. Experimental rate coefficients are consistently greater than the collisional values calculated from modified average dipole orientation theory. The inclusion of an additional ion-quadrupole interaction has allowed better agreement to be achieved. With the exception of N+, a comparison of the fragment ion branching ratios from the TPEPICO and SIFT data suggest that long-range charge transfer is the dominate mechanism for reactions of ions with recombination energy between 12.9 and 15.8 eV. For all other ions, either short-range charge transfer or a chemical reaction, involving cleavage and making of new bond(s), is the dominant mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Parkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mikhailov VA, Parkes MA, Tuckett RP, Mayhew CA. Isomeric Effects in the Gas-Phase Reactions of Dichloroethene, C2H2Cl2, with a Series of Cations. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5760-71. [PMID: 16640370 DOI: 10.1021/jp060093s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of the reactions of a series of gas-phase cations (NH(4)(+), H(3)O(+), SF(3)(+), CF(3)(+), CF(+), SF(5)(+), SF(2)(+), SF(+), CF(2)(+), SF(4)(+), O(2)(+), Xe(+), N(2)O(+), CO(2)(+), Kr(+), CO(+), N(+), N(2)(+), Ar(+), F(+), and Ne(+)) with the three structural isomers of dichloroethene, i.e., 1,1-C(2)H(2)Cl(2), cis-1,2-C(2)H(2)Cl(2), and trans-1,2-C(2)H(2)Cl(2) is reported. The recombination energy (RE) of these ions spans the range of 4.7-21.6 eV. Reaction rate coefficients and product branching ratios have been measured at 298 K in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT). Collisional rate coefficients are calculated by modified average dipole orientation (MADO) theory and compared with experimental data. Thermochemistry and mass balance have been used to predict the most feasible neutral products. Threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectra have also been obtained for the three isomers of C(2)H(2)Cl(2) with photon energies in the range of 10-23 eV. The fragment ion branching ratios have been compared with those of the flow tube study to determine the importance of long-range charge transfer. A strong influence of the isomeric structure of dichloroethene on the products of ion-molecule reactions has been observed for H(3)O(+), CF(3)(+), and CF(+). For 1,1-C(2)H(2)Cl(2) the reaction with H(3)O(+) proceeds at the collisional rate with the only ionic product being 1,1-C(2)H(2)Cl(2)H(+). However, the same reaction yields two more ionic products in the case of cis-1,2- and trans-1,2-C(2)H(2)Cl(2), but only proceeds with 14% and 18% efficiency, respectively. The CF(3)(+) reaction proceeds with 56-80% efficiency, the only ionic product for 1,1-C(2)H(2)Cl(2) being C(2)H(2)Cl(+) formed via Cl(-) abstraction, whereas the only ionic product for both 1,2-isomers is CHCl(2)(+) corresponding to a breaking of the C=C double bond. Less profound isomeric effects, but still resulting in different products for 1,1- and 1,2-C(2)H(2)Cl(2) isomers, have been found in the reactions of SF(+), CO(2)(+), CO(+), N(2)(+), and Ar(+). Although these five ions have REs above the ionization energy (IE) of any of the C(2)H(2)Cl(2) isomers, and hence the threshold for long-range charge transfer, the results suggest that the formation of a collision complex at short range between these ions and C(2)H(2)Cl(2) is responsible for the observed effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Mikhailov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Howle CR, Mayhew CA, Tuckett RP. Selected Ion Flow Tube Study of the Reactions between Gas Phase Cations and CHCl2F, CHClF2, and CH2ClF. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3626-36. [PMID: 16839028 DOI: 10.1021/jp040582x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The branching ratios and rate coefficients have been measured at 298 K for the reactions between CHCl2F, CHClF2, and CH2ClF and the following cations (with recombination energies in the range 6.3-21.6 eV); H3O+, SFx+ (x = 1-5), CFy+ (y = 1-3), NO+, NO2+, O2+, Xe+, N2O+, O+, CO2+, Kr+, CO+, N+, N2+, Ar+, F+, and Ne+. The majority of the reactions proceed at the calculated collisional rate, but the reagent ions SF3+, NO+, NO2+, and SF2+ do not react. Surprisingly, although all of the observed product channels are calculated to be endothermic, H3O+ does react with CHCl2F. On thermochemical grounds, Xe+ appears to react with these molecules only when it is in its higher-energy 2P1/2 spin-orbit state. In general, most of the reactions form products by dissociative charge transfer, but some of the reactions of CH2ClF with the lower-energy cations produce the parent cation in significant abundance. The branching ratios produced in this study and by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy agree reasonably well over the energy range 11-22 eV. In about one-fifth of the large number of reactions studied, the branching ratios are in excellent agreement and appreciable energy resonance between an excited state and the ground state of the ionized neutral exists, suggesting that these reactions proceed exclusively by a long-range charge-transfer mechanism. Upper limits for the enthalpy of formation at 298 K of SF4Cl (-637 kJ mol-1), SClF (-28 kJ mol-1), and SHF (-7 kJ mol-1) are determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Howle
- School of Chemistry and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Harrison GR, Critchley ADJ, Mayhew CA, Thompson JM. Real-time breath monitoring of propofol and its volatile metabolites during surgery using a novel mass spectrometric technique: a feasibility study. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:797-9. [PMID: 14633747 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there is no rapid method for determining the plasma concentration of i.v. anaesthetics. A solution might be the measurement of the anaesthetic concentration in expired breath and its relation to the plasma concentration. We used chemical ionization methods to determine whether an i.v. anaesthetic can be detected in the low concentrations (parts per billion by volume) in the expired breath of an anaesthetized patient. METHOD Chemical ionization mass spectrometry can measure trace gases in air with high sensitivity without interference from major gases. We carried out a feasibility trial with a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to monitor the i.v. anaesthetic agent propofol and two of its metabolites in exhaled gas from an anaesthetic circuit. Exhaled gas was sampled via a 4 m long, unheated tube connected to the PTR-MS. RESULTS Propofol and its metabolites were monitored in real time in the expired breath of patients undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION Routine measurement of i.v. agents, analogous to that for volatile anaesthetic agents, may be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Harrison
- Featherstone Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|