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Sobierajski E, Lauer G, Czubay K, Grabietz H, Beemelmans C, Beemelmans C, Meyer G, Wahle P. Development of myelin in fetal and postnatal neocortex of the pig, the European wild boar Sus scrofa. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:947-966. [PMID: 37000250 PMCID: PMC10147765 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of the neocortex of altricial species is mostly a postnatal event, and the appearance of myelin has been associated with the end of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in rodent visual cortex. Due to their precocality, ungulates may tell a different story. Here, we analyzed the development of PDGFRα positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells and expression of myelin proteins in the laminar compartments of fetal and postnatal porcine cortex from E45 onwards. Precursor cell density initially increased and then decreased but remained present at P90. MAG and MBP staining were detectable at E70 in subventricular zone and deep white matter, ascending into gyral white matter at E85, and into the gray matter and marginal zone at E100 (birth in pig at E114). Protein blots confirmed the declining expression of PDGFRα from E65 onwards, and the increase of MBP and MAG expression from E80 onwards. Somatosensory input elicited by spontaneous activity is considered important for the formation of the body representation. Indeed, PDGFRα, MBP and MAG expression started earlier in somatosensory than in visual cortex. Taken together, myelination proceeded in white and gray matter and marginal zone of pig cortex before birth with an areal-specific time course, and an almost mature pattern was present at P5 in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sobierajski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Czubay
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah Grabietz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christa Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Petra Wahle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany.
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Sobierajski E, Lauer G, Aktas M, Beemelmans C, Beemelmans C, Meyer G, Wahle P. Development of microglia in fetal and postnatal neocortex of the pig, the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1341-1362. [PMID: 34817865 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on cortical development is based mainly on rodents besides primates and carnivores, all being altricial. Here, we analyzed a precocial animal, the pig, looking at dorsoparietal cortex from E45 to P90. At E45, most ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-positive (Iba1+) cells had a macrophage-like morphology and resided in meninges and choroid plexus. Only a few cells were scattered in the ventricular and subventricular zone (VZ and SVZ). At E60/E70, all laminar compartments displayed microglia cells at a low-to-moderate density, being highest in VZ and SVZ followed by intermediate zone/white matter (IZ/WM). The cortical plate and marginal zone displayed only a few Iba1+ cells. Cells were intensely labeled, but still had poorly arborized somata and many resembled ameboid, macrophage-like microglia. Concurrent with a massive increase in cortical volume, microglia cell density increased until E85, and further until E100/E110 (birth at E114) to densities that resemble those seen postnatally. A fraction of microglia colabeled with Ki67 suggesting proliferation in all laminar compartments. Cell-to-cell distance decreased substantially during this time, and the fraction of microglia to all nuclei and to neurons increases in the laminar compartments. Eventually, of all cortical DAPI+ nuclei 7-12% were Iba1+ microglia. From E70 onwards, more and more cells with ramified processes were present in MZ down to IZ/WM, showing, for instance, a close association with NeuN+, NPY+, and GAD65/67+ somata and axon initial segments. These results suggested that the development of microglia cell density and morphology proceeds rapidly from mid-gestation onwards reaching near-adult status already before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sobierajski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Meriyem Aktas
- Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Petra Wahle
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Ernst L, Darschnik S, Roos J, González-Gómez M, Beemelmans C, Beemelmans C, Engelhardt M, Meyer G, Wahle P. Fast prenatal development of the NPY neuron system in the neocortex of the European wild boar, Sus scrofa. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3855-3873. [PMID: 30094604 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on cortical development is based mainly on small rodents besides primates and carnivores, all being altricial nestlings. Ungulates are precocial and born with nearly mature sensory and motor systems. Almost no information is available on ungulate brain development. Here, we analyzed European wild boar cortex development, focusing on the neuropeptide Y immunoreactive (NPY-ir) neuron system in dorsoparietal cortex from E35 to P30. Transient NPY-ir neuron types including archaic cells of the cortical plate and axonal loop cells of the subplate which appear by E60 concurrent with the establishment of the ungulate brain basic sulcal pattern. From E70, NPY-ir axons have an axon initial segment which elongates and shifts closer towards the axon's point of origin until P30. From E85 onwards (birth at E114), NPY-ir neurons in cortical layers form basket cell-like local and Martinotti cell-like ascending axonal projections. The mature NPY-ir pattern is recognizable at E110. Together, morphologies are conserved across species, but timing is not: in pig, the adult pattern largely forms prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ernst
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Darschnik
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Roos
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Unit of Histology, Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Christa Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gundela Meyer
- Unit of Histology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany.
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