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Lancette GA, Harmon SM, Brooks D, Bryant R, Chiu J, Graham J, Guilfoyle D, Hill W, Latt T, Noah C, Placencia A, Pratt M, Radle D, Smith A, Solomon H, Staben D, Stern N, Thaker N. Enumeration and Confirmation of Bacillus cereus in Foods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/63.3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted in 15 laboratories to evaluate 2 different techniques for enumerating Bacillus cereus in foods. A direct plating technique using mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin agar and a most probable number (MPN) technique using trypticase-soy-polymyxin broth were compared for the enumeration of high and low populations of B. cereus in mashed potatoes. The collaborative results showed that the overall mean recovery obtained with the low population level was essentially the same by both techniques. However, the overall mean recovery was significantly higher by the direct plating technique at the high population level. A statistical evaluation of the data also showed that the direct plating technique had better repeatability and reproducibility than did the MFN technique at both the high and low population levels. These results suggest that the MPN technique is suitable for examining foods containing low populations of B. cereus, but that the direct plating technique is preferable for foods that contain a high population of this organism. The confirmatory technique used in the proposed method is reliable for presumptive identification of isolates as B. cereus. The method has been adopted as official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle A Lancette
- Food and Drug Administration, Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, MN 55401
| | - Stanley M Harmon
- Food and Drug Administration, Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, MN 55401
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Wiesmann F, Ehret R, Naeth G, Däumer M, Fuhrmann J, Kaiser R, Noah C, Obermeier M, Schalasta G, Tiemann C, Wolf E, Knechten H, Braun P. Multicenter Evaluation of Two Next-Generation HIV-1 Quantitation Assays, Aptima Quant Dx and Cobas 6800, in Comparison to the RealTi me HIV-1 Reference Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e00292-18. [PMID: 30068537 PMCID: PMC6156314 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00292-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High accuracy and precision at the lower end of quantification are crucial requirements of a modern HIV viral load (VL) assay, since some clinically relevant thresholds are located at 50 and 200 copies/ml. In this study, we compared the performance of two new fully automated HIV-1 VL assays, Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx and Cobas HIV-1 (Cobas 6800), with the established RealTime m2000 assay. Assay precision and accuracy were evaluated in a retrospective evaluation out of excess plasma material from four HIV-1+ individuals (subtypes B, C, CRF01_AE, and CRF02_AG). Native plasma samples were diluted to nominal concentrations at 50 and 200 copies/ml (according to the RealTime m2000 assay). All dilutions were tested in triplicate in five independent runs over 5 days and in three labs per system. Assay concordance was determined using 1,011 surplus clinical routine samples, as well as selected retrospective longitudinal samples from 7 patients on treatment. The three assays yielded highly concordant results for individual clinical samples (R2 > 0.98; average difference, ≤0.2 log copies/ml) and retrospective longitudinal samples from patients on treatment. The Aptima and RealTime assays showed similar high precision, meeting the 5σ criterion for the majority of samples across all labs and subtypes. The Cobas assay was less precise, missing the 5σ criterion for the majority of samples at low concentrations. In this analysis, results from the Cobas assay appeared less reliable near the clinically relevant cutoff and should be interpreted with more caution in this context. Due to high precision, full automation, and high concordance with the RealTime assay, the Aptima assay represents a good alternative in routine VL monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wiesmann
- PZB Aachen, Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Ehret
- MVZmib AG, Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Naeth
- PZB Aachen, Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Däumer
- IIG-Institute of Immunology and Genetics, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Kaiser
- University of Cologne, Institute of Virology, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Obermeier
- MVZmib AG, Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schalasta
- Labor Enders, Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten Tiemann
- Labor Krone, Laboratory for Medical Diagnostics, Bad Salzuflen, Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Braun
- PZB Aachen, Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Aachen, Germany
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Noah C, Brabetz W, Gronow S, Brade H. Cloning, sequencing, and functional analysis of three glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519010070010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genes encoding the 3-deoxy-D- manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) transferase ( waaA) and heptosyltransferases I ( waaC) and II ( waaF) in Klebsiella pneumoniae were cloned from a DNA library by functional complementation of corresponding Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica mutants. Sequence analyses revealed extensive homologies of the deduced proteins to their counterparts in other Enterobacteriaceae. However, differences were evident with regard to the chromosomal organization of the genes. To perform in vitro studies, the waaA, waaC and waaF genes were subcloned and expressed in the Gram-positive host Corynebacterium glutamicum. WaaA was characterized as a bifunctional enzyme capable of transferring two Kdo residues to a synthetic bisphosphorylated tetraacyl-lipid A precursor of E. coli (compound 406). In contrast, waaC and waaF were shown to encode specific glycosyltransferases catalyzing the consecutive transfer of two L- glycero-D- manno-heptose residues to Kdo2-406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Noah
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany,
| | - Werner Brabetz
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sabine Gronow
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Helmut Brade
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
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Henrich TJ, Hanhauser E, Hu Z, Stellbrink HJ, Noah C, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Kuritzkes DR, Pereyra F. Viremic control and viral coreceptor usage in two HIV-1-infected persons homozygous for CCR5 Δ32. AIDS 2015; 29:867-76. [PMID: 25730507 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine viral and immune factors involved in transmission and control of HIV-1 infection in persons without functional CCR5. DESIGN Understanding transmission and control of HIV-1 in persons homozygous for CCR5(Δ32) is important given efforts to develop HIV-1 curative therapies aimed at modifying or disrupting CCR5 expression. METHODS We identified two HIV-infected CCR5(Δ32/Δ32) individuals among a cohort of patients with spontaneous control of HIV-1 infection without antiretroviral therapy and determined coreceptor usage of the infecting viruses. We assessed genetic evolution of full-length HIV-1 envelope sequences by single-genome analysis from one participant and his sexual partner, and explored HIV-1 immune responses and HIV-1 mutations following virologic escape and disease progression. RESULTS Both participants experienced viremia of less than 4000 RNA copies/ml with preserved CD4(+) T-cell counts off antiretroviral therapy for at least 3.3 and 4.6 years after diagnosis, respectively. One participant had phenotypic evidence of X4 virus, had no known favorable human leukocyte antigen alleles, and appeared to be infected by minority X4 virus from a pool that predominately used CCR5 for entry. The second participant had virus that was unable to use CXCR4 for entry in phenotypic assay but was able to engage alternative viral coreceptors (e.g., CXCR6) in vitro. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that individuals may be infected by minority X4 viruses from a population that predominately uses CCR5 for entry, and that viruses may bypass traditional HIV-1 coreceptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) completely by engaging alternative coreceptors to establish and propagate HIV-1 infection.
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Schmidt D, Kollan C, Fätkenheuer G, Schülter E, Stellbrink HJ, Noah C, Jensen BEO, Stoll M, Bogner JR, Eberle J, Meixenberger K, Kücherer C, Hamouda O, Bartmeyer B. Estimating trends in the proportion of transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance in a long term observational cohort in Germany. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104474. [PMID: 25148412 PMCID: PMC4141736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed trends in the proportion of transmitted (TDR) and acquired (ADR) HIV drug resistance and associated mutations between 2001 and 2011 in the German ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study. Method The German ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study is a subset of the German ClinSurv-HIV Cohort. For the ClinSurv-HIV Drug Resistance Study all available sequences isolated from patients in five study centres of the long term observational ClinSurv-HIV Cohort were included. TDR was estimated using the first viral sequence of antiretroviral treatment (ART) naïve patients. One HIV sequence/patient/year of ART experienced patients was considered to estimate the proportion of ADR. Trends in the proportion of HIV drug resistance were calculated by logistic regression. Results 9,528 patients were included into the analysis. HIV-sequences of antiretroviral naïve and treatment experienced patients were available from 34% (3,267/9,528) of patients. The proportion of TDR over time was stable at 10.4% (95% CI 9.1–11.8; p for trend = 0.6; 2001–2011). The proportion of ADR among all treated patients was 16%, whereas it was high among those with available HIV genotypic resistance test (64%; 1,310/2,049 sequences; 95% CI 62–66) but declined significantly over time (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.77–0.83; p for trend<0.001; 2001–2011). Viral load monitoring subsequent to resistance testing was performed in the majority of treated patients (96%) and most of them (67%) were treated successfully. Conclusions The proportion of TDR was stable in this study population. ADR declined significantly over time. This decline might have been influenced by broader resistance testing, resistance test guided therapy and the availability of more therapeutic options and not by a decline in the proportion of TDR within the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kollan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eugen Schülter
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Köln, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Björn-Erik Ole Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Stoll
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases Unit, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Bogner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Med IV, University Hospital of Munich, Munich Germany
| | - Josef Eberle
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Institute of Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin Meixenberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kücherer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osamah Hamouda
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Bartmeyer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood Born Infections, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ingiliz P, Krznaric I, Stellbrink HJ, Knecht G, Lutz T, Noah C, Stocker H, Obermeier M, Dupke S, Boesecke C, Rockstroh JK, Baumgarten A, Hoffmann C. Multiple hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfections in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: no influence of HCV genotype switch or interleukin-28B genotype on spontaneous clearance. HIV Med 2014; 15:355-61. [PMID: 24580777 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection is on the rise in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Data on natural history of acute hepatitis C and possible factors associated with spontaneous clearance are limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of HCV reinfections in HIV-positive MSM. METHODS A retrospective analysis was carried out on patients with more than one sexually acquired HCV infection who were diagnosed at four major German HIV and hepatitis care centres. Reinfection was defined by genotype or phylogenetic clade switch, detectable HCV RNA after a sustained virological response (SVR) or after spontaneous clearance (SC). RESULTS In total, 48 HIV-positive MSM were identified with HCV reinfection, among them 11 with a third episode and one patient with four episodes. At the first episode, 43 and five patients had an SVR and SC, respectively. The second episode was accompanied by a genotype switch in 29 patients (60%). Whereas 30 and nine patients showed an SVR and SC, respectively, eight patients developed chronic hepatitis. Neither HCV genotype switch nor interleukin-28B genotype was associated with SC. However, SC rates at the second episode were higher for patients with SC at the first episode compared with patients without SC (60 vs. 14%, respectively; P = 0.03). Two patients with SC at the first episode were reinfected with the same genotype. CONCLUSIONS Multiple reinfections in HIV-infected MSM do occur, with or without genotype switch, and with prior SC of previous episodes. In this large case series, except for SC at the first episode, no factor was of value in clinical decision-making for early therapeutic intervention in acute HCV reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ingiliz
- Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
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Hayward LF, Castellanos M, Noah C. Cardiorespiratory variability following repeat acute hypoxia in the conscious SHR versus two normotensive rat strains. Auton Neurosci 2012; 171:58-65. [PMID: 23154112 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A link between exaggerated chemoreceptor sensitivity and hypertension has been documented in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) but has also been questioned when comparisons with normotensive strains other than the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat are made. To further evaluate the link between hypertension and chemoreflex sensitivity, changes in cardiorespiratory variability in response to three successive bouts of 5 min of hypoxia (21%→10%) were evaluated in conscious male SHR, and WKY and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n=7-8/group). In response to the first bout of hypoxia, the change in respiratory frequency (RF) was greatest in the SHR, but the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was similar in both SHRs and WKY rats and all strains demonstrated a similar rise in heart rate (HR). All strains showed some level of response accommodation during subsequent bouts of hypoxia. Spectral analysis of HR variability identified a significant difference in high frequency (HF) power between strains during hypoxia, including an increase in HF power in the WKY rats, a decrease in the SHRs and little overall change in the SD rats. Alternatively, all strains demonstrated a rise in systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variability in the low frequency (LF) range in response to hypoxia but the increase was greatest in the SHR. Since SAP LF power is linked to vasosympathetic tone, these results support the hypothesis that essential hypertension is linked to exaggerated sympathetic responses to chemoreceptor stimulation but confirm that estimation of augmented reflex function cannot be determined by quantifying simple changes in MAP or HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Hayward
- Univ. of Florida, Dept. Physiological Sciences, 1333 Center Dr., BSB 3-4, Gainesville, FL 32610-0144, USA.
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Obermeier M, Pironti A, Berg T, Braun P, Däumer M, Eberle J, Ehret R, Kaiser R, Kleinkauf N, Korn K, Kücherer C, Müller H, Noah C, Stürmer M, Thielen A, Wolf E, Walter H. HIV-GRADE: a publicly available, rules-based drug resistance interpretation algorithm integrating bioinformatic knowledge. Intervirology 2012; 55:102-7. [PMID: 22286877 DOI: 10.1159/000331999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypic drug resistance testing provides essential information for guiding treatment in HIV-infected patients. It may either be used for identifying patients with transmitted drug resistance or to clarify reasons for treatment failure and to check for remaining treatment options. While different approaches for the interpretation of HIV sequence information are already available, no other available rules-based systems specifically have looked into the effects of combinations of drugs. HIV-GRADE (Genotypischer Resistenz Algorithmus Deutschland) was planned as a countrywide approach to establish standardized drug resistance interpretation in Germany and also to introduce rules for estimating the influence of mutations on drug combinations. The rules for HIV-GRADE are taken from the literature, clinical follow-up data and from a bioinformatics-driven interpretation system (geno2pheno([resistance])). HIV-GRADE presents the option of seeing the rules and results of other drug resistance algorithms for a given sequence simultaneously. METHODS The HIV-GRADE rules-based interpretation system was developed by the members of the HIV-GRADE registered society. For continuous updates, this expert committee meets twice a year to analyze data from various sources. Besides data from clinical studies and the centers involved, published correlations for mutations with drug resistance and genotype-phenotype correlation data information from the bioinformatic models of geno2pheno are used to generate the rules for the HIV-GRADE interpretation system. A freely available online tool was developed on the basis of the Stanford HIVdb rules interpretation tool using the algorithm specification interface. Clinical validation of the interpretation system was performed on the data of treatment episodes consisting of sequence information, antiretroviral treatment and viral load, before and 3 months after treatment change. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS As the developed online tool allows easy comparison of different drug resistance interpretation systems, coefficients of determination (R(2)) were compared for the freely available rules-based systems. HIV-GRADE (R(2) = 0.40), Stanford HIVdb (R(2) = 0.40), REGA algorithm (R(2) = 0.36) and ANRS (R(2) = 0.35) had a very similar performance using this multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSION The performance of HIV-GRADE is comparable to alternative rules-based interpretation systems. While there is still room for improvement, HIV-GRADE has been made publicly available to allow access to our approach regarding the interpretation of resistance against single drugs and drug combinations.
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Stellbrink HJ, Schewe CK, Vogel M, Noah C. Increasing numbers of acute hepatitis C infections in HIV-infected MSM and high reinfection rates following SVR. J Int AIDS Soc 2010. [PMCID: PMC3112984 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-s4-p200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Degen O, Noah C, Colberg K, Hertling S, van Lunzen J. Does HIV-1 tropism change in patients during virological suppressive therapy? J Int AIDS Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-s1-p62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Obermeier MJ, Berg T, Sichtig N, Braun P, Däumer MP, Walter H, Noah C, Wolf E, Müller H, Stürmer M, Thielen A, Kaiser R. Determination of HIV-1 co-receptor usage in German patients – comparison of genotypic methods with the TROFILE® phenotypic assay. J Int AIDS Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-s1-p201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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de Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, Harder T, Noah C, Laue C, Ott S, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Heller K, Schrezenmeir J. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine 2006; 24:6670-4. [PMID: 16844267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of long-term consumption of probiotic bacteria on viral respiratory tract infections (common cold, influenza), a randomized, double blind, controlled intervention study was performed during two winter/spring periods (3 and 5 month). Four hundred and seventy-nine healthy adults were supplemented daily with vitamins plus minerals with or without probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The intake of the probiotic had no effect on the incidence of common cold infections (verum=158, control=153 episodes, influenza was not observed), but significantly shortened duration of episodes by almost 2 days (7.0+/-0.5 versus 8.9+/-1.0 days, p=0.045), reduced the severity of symptoms and led to larger increases in cytotoxic T plus T suppressor cell counts and in T helper cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael de Vrese
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany.
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de Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, Harder T, Noah C, Laue C, Ott S, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Heller K, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2005; 24:481-91. [PMID: 16054520 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate whether the consumption of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 (5 x 10(7) cfu/tablet) during at least 3 months influences the severity of symptoms and the incidence and duration of the common cold. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was performed over at least 3 months during two winter/spring periods. Four hundred and seventy nine healthy adults (aged 18-67) were supplemented daily with vitamins and minerals with or without the probiotic bacteria. Cellular immune parameters were evaluated in a randomly drawn subgroup of 122 volunteers before and after 14 days of supplementation. During common cold episodes, the participants recorded symptoms daily. Stool samples were collected before and after 14 days of probiotic supplementation to quantify fecal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria using qRT-PCR. RESULTS The total symptom score, the duration of common cold episodes, and days with fever during an episode were lower in the probiotic-treated group than in the control group: 79.3+/-7.4 vs. 102.5+/-12.2 points (P = 0.056), 7.0+/-0.5 vs. 8.9+/-1.0 days (P = 0.045), 0.24+/-0.1 vs. 1.0+/-0.3 days (P = 0.017). A significantly higher enhancement of cytotoxic plus T suppressor cells (CD8+) and a higher enhancement of T helper cells (CD4+) was observed in the probiotic-treated group. Fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria increased significantly after probiotic supplementation. CONCLUSIONS The intake of probiotic bacteria during at least 3 months significantly shortened common cold episodes by almost 2 days and reduced the severity of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael de Vrese
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany.
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Gronow S, Noah C, Blumenthal A, Lindner B, Brade H. Construction of a deep-rough mutant of Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416 and characterization of its chemical and biological properties. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:1647-55. [PMID: 12427755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206942200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia is a bacterium with increasing importance as a pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. The deep-rough mutant Ko2b was generated from B. cepacia type strain ATCC 25416 by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cassette into the gene waaC encoding heptosyltransferase I. Mass spectrometric analysis of the de-O-acylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the mutant showed that it consisted of a bisphosphorylated glucosamine backbone with two 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids in amide-linkage, 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (Ara4N) residues on both phosphates, and a core oligosaccharide of the sequence Ara4N-(1 --> 8) D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Ko)-(2 --> 4)3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo). The mutant allowed investigations on the biosynthesis of the LPS as well as on its role in human infection. Mutant Ko2b showed no difference in its ability to invade human macrophages as compared with the wild type. Furthermore, isolated LPS of both strains induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha from macrophages to the same extent. Thus, the truncation of the LPS did not decrease the biological activity of the mutant or its LPS in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gronow
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Noah C, Brabetz W, Gronow S, Brade H. Cloning, sequencing, and functional analysis of three glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the inner core region of Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide. J Endotoxin Res 2001; 7:25-33. [PMID: 11521078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding the 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) transferase (waaA) and heptosyltransferases I (waaC) and II (waaF) in Klebsiella pneumoniae were cloned from a DNA library by functional complementation of corresponding Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica mutants. Sequence analyses revealed extensive homologies of the deduced proteins to their counterparts in other Enterobacteriaceae. However, differences were evident with regard to the chromosomal organization of the genes. To perform in vitro studies, the waaA, waaC and waaF genes were subcloned and expressed in the Gram-positive host Corynebacterium glutamicum. WaaA was characterized as a bifunctional enzyme capable of transferring two Kdo residues to a synthetic bisphosphorylated tetraacyl-lipid A precursor of E. coli (compound 406). In contrast, waaC and waaF were shown to encode specific glycosyltransferases catalyzing the consecutive transfer of two L-glycero-D-manno-heptose residues to Kdo(2)-406.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noah
- Division of Medical and Biochemical Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.
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Harmon SM, Bryant R, Campbell D, Chieu J, English L, Graham J, Lancette G, Latt T, McLaughlin P, Pratt M, Noah C, Nygaard G, Radle D, Staben D, Stern N, Varney G. New Method for Differentiating Members of the Bacillus cereus Group: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1982. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/65.5.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted of a new method for differentiating members of the Bacillus cereus group. Using the new method, each of 14 collaborators identified 8 Bacillus cultures, which represented 3 biotypes of the B. cereus group. Each culture was tested for motility, hemolytic activity on trypticase- soy-sheep blood agar, and rhizoid growth on nutrient agar; carbol-fuchsin stain was used to determine the presence of protein toxin crystals. Cultures were identified as B. cereus (biotype 1), B. cereus var. mycoides (biotype 2), or B. thuringiensis (biotype 3). All collaborators correctly identified the unknown cultures and classified them correctly as to biotype. There were no statistically significant differences in the identification rates among the different laboratories. Additional tests by one participant on 5 strains of Bacillus anthracis showed that the new method is also adequate for differentiating B. anthracis from typically reacting strains of B. cereus. The method has been adopted interim official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Harmon
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Microbiology, Washington, DC 20204
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