A Screening Approach for Identifying Gliadin Neutralizing Antibodies on Epithelial Intestinal Caco-2 Cells

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the ingestion of gliadin-containing food in genetically susceptible individuals. Undigested peptides of gliadin exert various effects, including increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in the small intestine. Although many therapeutic approaches are in development, a gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD. Affecting at least 1% of the population in industrialized countries, it is important to generate therapeutic options against CD. Here, we describe the establishment of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on AlphaLISA and electrical cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology for the identification of anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective compounds in human enterocytes after pepsin-trypsin-digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) treatment. Our results show that the combination of these HTS technologies enables fast, reliable, simple, and label-free screening of IgY antibodies against PT-gliadin. Using this platform, we have identified a new chicken anti-PT-gliadin IgY antibody as a potential anti-CD agent.

Threshold-based structure-activity relationships of pyrazines with bell-pepper flavor

Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) are applied in order to explain the aroma of 46 bell-pepper aroma compounds. Biological activities log(1/c) values are used, where c stands for the detection threshold value of the aroma compound in water. Results of conventional QSAR and CoMFA are both satisfactory in statistical significance and predictive ability. We construct a qualitative model using the graphic features of CoMFA together with the results of "classical" QSAR analysis, which is performed by multiple linear regression. Finally, the human olfactory detection threshold values of excluded pyrazines are successfully predicted. This makes CoMFA and QSAR two important tools for designing new aroma compounds and in elucidating the mechanism of odor-receptor interaction.

Predicting the free energies of complexation between cyclodextrins and guest molecules: linear versus nonlinear models

PURPOSE

In the present paper, linear and nonlinear models for complexation of alpha- beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin with guest molecules are developed, with the aim of free energy prediction and interpretation of the association process.

METHODS

Linear and nonlinear regression is used to correlate experimental free energies of complexation with calculated molecular descriptors. Molecular modeling supports the interpretation of the results.

RESULTS

Highly predictive models are obtained, although the structural variability of the compounds used for their deduction is large, reaching from synthetic heterocycles to steroids and prostaglandins.

CONCLUSIONS

The scaled regression coefficients give insight to the complexation mechanisms, which appear to be different for the three types of cyclodextrins.

Sources for structure formation and switches in metabolic pathways

Zonation of function, i.e. localization of metabolic activity in certain regions of histologically uniform tissues, is an often observed phenomenon. Moreover, experiments show that such metabolic patterns are highly dynamical. Since in the pathways of intermediary metabolism no autocatalytic reactions are observed, different types of metabolic regulation are sources of the non-linearities necessary for structure formation. Two models of biochemical reactions frequently encountered in metabolic pathways, namely a bisubstrate kinetics model with substrate inhibition, and an allosteric model with product regulation, are presented. It is shown, that they are well-suited to reproduce the dynamical behavior suggested by experimental findings, like their capability to act as switches, or their ability for spatio-temporal pattern formation in mature tissues.

Selective assembly of cyclodextrins on poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers

This paper presents a computational study on the formation of a molecular necklace formed by specific threading of cyclodextrins (CDs) on block copolymers. Structural as well as energetic principles for the selective complexation of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin with poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers (PEO-PPO) are elucidated considering a diblock copolymer of equimolecular composition (PEO)4-(PPO)4 as guest. A non-statistical distribution of CDs, i.e. alpha-CDs primarily located on the PEO chain and beta-CDs on PPO blocks of the polymer, is based on a variety of structural features and energetic preferences considering both potential as well as solvation energies. This selectivity becomes already obvious considering 1:1 complexes between PEO and PPO monomers and the two CDs, but is increasingly evident when calculating higher order ensembles. Besides the host-guest interaction, docking between CDs themselves is an important, also non-statistical, prerequisite for the self-assembly of highly ordered tubes. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between adjacent CDs in a tubular aggregate gives an important contribution to the overall stability of the molecular necklace. The net effect, based on the preferential interaction between host and guest as well as between the host molecules themselves, results in the formation of a stable, highly ordered macromolecular, multicomponent aggregate.

Hysteresis-driven structure formation in biochemical networks

A mechanism of structure formation, based on hysteresis behaviour is presented. A bisubstrate kinetic system with substrate inhibition, discussed previously in the context of Turing structure formation, may show hysteresis behaviour, when embedded in a metabolic network: the system may possess multiple steady states and may be switched from one stable fixpoint to the other. When cells containing this type of system are diffusively coupled, under certain conditions patterns result, which, as is demonstrated, are not of the Turing type. The main difference to diffusion-driven (Turing) structures is the fact that the hysteresis-driven patterns emerge under diffusive conditions, under which both the homogeneous and the asymmetrical steady state is stable. The resulting special properties and biological implications are discussed.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited

Turing structures in a system with regulated gap-junctions

In two coupled cells, each containing a bisubstrate-kinetics reaction system, the two substrates can cross the membranes through gap-junction protein channels (gating). Passing through the gap-junctions is controlled by one of the substrates, thus resulting in non-linear diffusion. Linear stability analysis gives the conditions, under which the symmetric fixpoint becomes unstable, leading to spatial asymmetry (Turing structures). The implications for morphogenesis are discussed.