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Chong S, Agarwal S, Agarwal S, Aluri KC, Arciprete M, Brown C, Charisse K, Cichocki J, Fitzgerald K, Goel V, Gu Y, Guenther D, Habtemariam B, Jadhav V, Janas M, Jayaraman M, Kurz J, Li J, Liou S, Liu J, Liu X, Maclauchlin C, Maier M, Manoharan M, McDougall R, Nair J, Ramsden D, Robbie G, Schmidt K, Smith P, Theile C, Vaishnaw A, Waldron S, Wu JT, Xu Y, Zhang X, Zlatev I, Castellanos-Rizaldos E. The Nonclinical Disposition and PK/PD Properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNA Are Highly Predictable and Build Confidence in Translation to Man. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:781-797. [PMID: 34154993 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligands has become the primary strategy for hepatocyte-targeted delivery, and with the recent approvals of GIVLAARI® (givosiran) for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria, OXLUMOTM (lumasiran) for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria, and Leqvio® (inclisiran) for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, the technology has been well-validated clinically. While much knowledge has been gained over decades of development there is a paucity of published literature on the DMPK properties of GalNAc-siRNA. With this in mind the goals of this mini-review are to provide an aggregate analysis of these nonclinical ADME data to build confidence on the translation of these properties to human. Upon subcutaneous administration, GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are quickly distributed to the liver, resulting in plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that reflect rapid elimination through ASGPR-mediated uptake from circulation into hepatocytes. These studies confirm that liver PK, including half-life and, most importantly, siRNA levels in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in hepatocytes are better predictors of pharmacodynamics (PD) than plasma PK. Several in vitro and in vivo nonclinical studies were conducted to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs. These studies demonstrate that the PK/PD and ADME properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are highly conserved across species, largely predictable, and can be accurately scaled to human, allowing us to identify efficacious and safe clinical dosing regimens in the absence of human liver PK profiles. Significance Statement Several nonclinical ADME studies have been conducted in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the disposition and elimination of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs and the PK/PD translation between species. These studies demonstrate that the ADME properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are well correlated and predictable across species building confidence in the ability to extrapolate to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeho Chong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Sagar Agarwal
- Clinical Pharmacology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Investigative Toxicology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Varun Goel
- Clinical Pharmacology, Avidity Bioscience, United States
| | - Yongli Gu
- Bioanalytical Science, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Dale Guenther
- RNAi Discovery, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | - Maja Janas
- Investigative Toxicology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | - Jeff Kurz
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Steven Liou
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Xiumin Liu
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robin McDougall
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Jay Nair
- Chemistry, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | - Gabriel Robbie
- Clinical Pharmacology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | | | - Ivan Zlatev
- Chemistry, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
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Nanna AR, Kel'in AV, Theile C, Pierson JM, Voo ZX, Garg A, Nair JK, Maier MA, Fitzgerald K, Rader C. Generation and validation of structurally defined antibody-siRNA conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5281-5293. [PMID: 32347936 PMCID: PMC7261152 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful treatment strategy across a potentially broad range of diseases. Tailoring siRNAs to silence genes vital for cancer cell growth and function could be an effective treatment, but there are several challenges which must be overcome to enable their use as a therapeutic modality, among which efficient and selective delivery to cancer cells remains paramount. Attempts to use antibodies for siRNA delivery have been reported but these strategies use either nonspecific conjugation resulting in mixtures, or site-specific methods that require multiple steps, introduction of mutations, or use of enzymes. Here, we report a method to generate antibody–siRNA (1:2) conjugates (ARCs) that are structurally defined and easy to assemble. This ARC platform is based on engineered dual variable domain (DVD) antibodies containing a natural uniquely reactive lysine residue for site-specific conjugation to β-lactam linker-functionalized siRNA. The conjugation is efficient, does not compromise the affinity of the parental antibody, and utilizes chemically stabilized siRNA. For proof-of-concept, we generated DVD-ARCs targeting various cell surface antigens on multiple myeloma cells for the selective delivery of siRNA targeting β-catenin (CTNNB1). A set of BCMA-targeting DVD-ARCs at concentrations as low as 10 nM revealed significant CTNNB1 mRNA and protein knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Nanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhi Xiang Voo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ashish Garg
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Akabayov B, Kulczyk AW, Akabayov SR, Theile C, McLaughlin LW, Beauchamp B, van Oijen AM, Richardson CC. Pyrovanadolysis, a pyrophosphorolysis-like reaction mediated by pyrovanadate, Mn2+, and DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29146-29157. [PMID: 21697085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases catalyze the 3'-5'-pyrophosphorolysis of a DNA primer annealed to a DNA template in the presence of pyrophosphate (PP(i)). In this reversal of the polymerization reaction, deoxynucleotides in DNA are converted to deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates. Based on the charge, size, and geometry of the oxygen connecting the two phosphorus atoms of PP(i), a variety of compounds was examined for their ability to carry out a reaction similar to pyrophosphorolysis. We describe a manganese-mediated pyrophosphorolysis-like activity using pyrovanadate (VV) catalyzed by the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7. We designate this reaction pyrovanadolysis. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals a shorter Mn-V distance of the polymerase-VV complex than the Mn-P distance of the polymerase-PP(i) complex. This structural arrangement at the active site accounts for the enzymatic activation by Mn-VV. We propose that the Mn(2+), larger than Mg(2+), fits the polymerase active site to mediate binding of VV into the active site of the polymerase. Our results may be the first documentation that vanadium can substitute for phosphorus in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Akabayov
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Arkadiusz W Kulczyk
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sabine R Akabayov
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Christopher Theile
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Larry W McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, and
| | - Benjamin Beauchamp
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Centre for Synthetic Biology, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles C Richardson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,.
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