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Lin BH, Ma RX, Wu JT, Du SQ, Lv YY, Yu HN, Zhang W, Mao SM, Liu GY, Bu YT, Chen ZH, Jin C, Wu ZY, Yang L. Cinnamaldehyde Alleviates Bone Loss by Targeting Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in BMSCs and Ovariectomized Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37917162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is typically brought on by disruption of bone homeostasis. Excessive oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are believed to be the primary mechanisms underlying this disorder. Therefore, in order to restore bone homeostasis effectively, targeted treatment of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is necessary. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), a small molecule that acts as an agonist for the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), has been found to possess antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We found that CIN, while rescuing apoptosis, can also reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to improve mitochondrial dysfunction and thus restore the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs disrupted by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. The role of CIN was preliminarily considered to be a consequence of Nrf2/HO-1 axis activation. The ovariectomized mice model further demonstrated that CIN treatment ameliorated oxidative stress in vivo, partially reversing OVX-induced bone loss. This improvement was seen in the trabecular microarchitecture and bone biochemical indices. However, when ML385 was concurrently injected with CIN, the positive effects of CIN were largely blocked. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intrinsic mechanisms by which CIN regulates BMSCs and highlights the potential therapeutic applications of these findings in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hao Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Run-Xun Ma
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shi-Qi Du
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yi-Yun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shu-Ming Mao
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guang-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yi-Tian Bu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zi-Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zong-Yi Wu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Berman CL, Antonsson M, Batkai S, Bosgra S, Chopda GR, Driessen W, Foy J, Hassan C, Hu XS, Jang HG, Meena , Sanseverino M, Thum T, Wang Y, Wild M, Wu JT. OSWG Recommended Approaches to the Nonclinical Pharmacokinetic (ADME) Characterization of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:287-305. [PMID: 37590469 PMCID: PMC10561745 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This white paper summarizes the recommendations of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) Subcommittee of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group for the characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of oligonucleotide (ON) therapeutics in nonclinical studies. In general, the recommended approach is similar to that for small molecule drugs. However, some differences in timing and/or scope may be warranted due to the greater consistency of results across ON classes as compared with the diversity among small molecule classes. For some types of studies, a platform-based approach may be appropriate; once sufficient data are available for the platform, presentation of these data should be sufficient to support development of additional ONs of the same platform. These recommendations can serve as a starting point for nonclinical study design and foundation for discussions with regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sieto Bosgra
- Independent Consultant, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Girish R. Chopda
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Novo Nordisk Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meena
- Stoke Therapeutics, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thomas Thum
- Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Formerly of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Martin Wild
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Wu JT, Leung GM, Leung WK. Risk prediction analytics for the Hong Kong Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 3:27-32. [PMID: 37357588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W K Leung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Clausen VA, Cao KH, Gansner JM, Robbie GJ, Wu JT. Quantification of oxalate by novel LC-MS/MS: assay development, validation and application in lumasiran clinical trials. Bioanalysis 2023. [PMID: 37195004 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Measurement of plasma oxalate (POx) is challenging, but critical, for management of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. A novel LC-MS/MS assay was developed, validated and used to quantify POx in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Methods: Samples (100 μl of plasma in K2EDTA) were spiked with internal standard (13C2-labeled oxalic acid), acidified and cleaned by protein precipitation before analysis using anion HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The assay was validated with a quantitation range of 0.500-50.0 μg/ml (5.55-555 μmol/l). All parameters successfully met acceptance criteria, including 15% (20% at lower limit of quantification) for accuracy and precision. Conclusion: This assay has advantages over previously published POx quantitation methods, was validated in accordance with regulatory guidelines and accurately determined POx levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen H Cao
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Brown KM, Nair JK, Janas MM, Anglero-Rodriguez YI, Dang LTH, Peng H, Theile CS, Castellanos-Rizaldos E, Brown C, Foster D, Kurz J, Allen J, Maganti R, Li J, Matsuda S, Stricos M, Chickering T, Jung M, Wassarman K, Rollins J, Woods L, Kelin A, Guenther DC, Mobley MW, Petrulis J, McDougall R, Racie T, Bombardier J, Cha D, Agarwal S, Johnson L, Jiang Y, Lentini S, Gilbert J, Nguyen T, Chigas S, LeBlanc S, Poreci U, Kasper A, Rogers AB, Chong S, Davis W, Sutherland JE, Castoreno A, Milstein S, Schlegel MK, Zlatev I, Charisse K, Keating M, Manoharan M, Fitzgerald K, Wu JT, Maier MA, Jadhav V. Expanding RNAi therapeutics to extrahepatic tissues with lipophilic conjugates. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1500-1508. [PMID: 35654979 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutics based on short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) delivered to hepatocytes have been approved, but new delivery solutions are needed to target additional organs. Here we show that conjugation of 2'-O-hexadecyl (C16) to siRNAs enables safe, potent and durable silencing in the central nervous system (CNS), eye and lung in rodents and non-human primates with broad cell type specificity. We show that intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly delivered C16-siRNAs were active across CNS regions and cell types, with sustained RNA interference (RNAi) activity for at least 3 months. Similarly, intravitreal administration to the eye or intranasal administration to the lung resulted in a potent and durable knockdown. The preclinical efficacy of an siRNA targeting the amyloid precursor protein was evaluated through intracerebroventricular dosing in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, resulting in amelioration of physiological and behavioral deficits. Altogether, C16 conjugation of siRNAs has the potential for safe therapeutic silencing of target genes outside the liver with infrequent dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Kelin
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diana Cha
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Gu JX, Chen H, Ren Y, Gu ZG, Li G, Xu WJ, Yang XY, Wen JX, Wu JT, Jin HG. A Novel Cerium(IV)-Based Metal-Organic Framework for CO 2 Chemical Fixation and Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102368. [PMID: 34766733 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerium (IV)-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly desirable due to their unique potential in fields such as redox catalysis and photocatalysis. However, due to the high reduction potential of CeIV species in solution, it is still a great challenge to synthesize CeIV -MOFs with novel structures, which are extremely dominated by the hexanuclear Ce-O cluster inorganic building units (IBUs). Herein, a Ce-O IBU chain containing CeIV -MOF, CSUST-3 (CSUST: Changsha University of Science and Technology), was successfully prepared using the kinetic stabilization study of UiO-66(Ce)-NDC (H2 NDC=2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). Furthermore, owing to the superior redox activity, Lewis acidity and semiconductor-like behavior owing to Ce4+ , activated CSUST-3 was demonstrated to be an excellent catalyst for CO2 chemical fixation. One-pot synthesis of styrene carbonate from styrene and CO2 was achieved under mild conditions (1 atm CO2 , 80 °C, and solvent free). Moreover, activated CSUST-3 was shown to be a remarkable co-catalyst-free photocatalyst for overall water splitting (OWS), rendering 59 μmol g-1 h-1 of H2 and 22 μmol g-1 h-1 of O2 under simulated sunlight irradiation (Na2 S-Na2 SO3 as sacrificial agent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangli Li
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Wen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Guang Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
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7
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Cao ZY, Wang N, Wei H, Jia JT, Zhang HY, Shang SA, Zhu QQ, Luo XF, Wu JT. The altered functional modular organization in systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent component analysis study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:728-737. [PMID: 34535879 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the abnormities in functional connectivity (FC) within each modular network and between modular networks in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Twelve meaningful modular networks were identified via independent component analysis from 41 patients and 40 volunteers. Parametric tests were used to compare the intra- and intermodular FC between the groups. Partial correlation analysis was used to seek the relationships between abnormal FCs and the clinical data. Compared to the controls, SLE patients showed decreased intramodular FC in the anterior default mode network (aDMN), posterior default mode network (pDMN), ventral attention network (VAN), and sensorimotor network (SMN) and increased intramodular FC in the medial visual network (mVN) and left frontoparietal network. In addition, SLE patients showed decreased intermodular FC between the SMN and the lateral visual network (lVN), between the SMN and the VAN, and between the pDMN and the lVN and exhibited increased intermodular FC between the SMN and the salience network (SAN), between the pDMN and the SAN, and between the aDMN and the VAN. Moreover, we found several correlations among the abnormal FCs and the Mini-Mental State Examination in SLE patients. Mild cognitive impairment is compensated by the hyperconnectivity between the aDMN and the VAN, while severe cognitive impairment tends to be compensated by the hyperconnectivity between the SMN and the SAN. The FC value between the SMN and the SAN and between the aDMN and the VAN may serve as neuroimaging markers for monitoring cognitive progression in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ye Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No.368 Middle Hanjiang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie-Ting Jia
- Department of Rheumatology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song-An Shang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xian-Fu Luo
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Central South University, No.98 Nantong West Road, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China.
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Chong S, Agarwal S, Agarwal S, Aluri KC, Arciprete M, Brown C, Charisse K, Cichocki J, Fitzgerald K, Goel V, Gu Y, Guenther D, Habtemariam B, Jadhav V, Janas M, Jayaraman M, Kurz J, Li J, Liou S, Liu J, Liu X, Maclauchlin C, Maier M, Manoharan M, McDougall R, Nair J, Ramsden D, Robbie G, Schmidt K, Smith P, Theile C, Vaishnaw A, Waldron S, Wu JT, Xu Y, Zhang X, Zlatev I, Castellanos-Rizaldos E. The Nonclinical Disposition and PK/PD Properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNA Are Highly Predictable and Build Confidence in Translation to Man. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:781-797. [PMID: 34154993 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of oligonucleotide therapeutics, including small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligands has become the primary strategy for hepatocyte-targeted delivery, and with the recent approvals of GIVLAARI® (givosiran) for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria, OXLUMOTM (lumasiran) for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria, and Leqvio® (inclisiran) for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, the technology has been well-validated clinically. While much knowledge has been gained over decades of development there is a paucity of published literature on the DMPK properties of GalNAc-siRNA. With this in mind the goals of this mini-review are to provide an aggregate analysis of these nonclinical ADME data to build confidence on the translation of these properties to human. Upon subcutaneous administration, GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are quickly distributed to the liver, resulting in plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that reflect rapid elimination through ASGPR-mediated uptake from circulation into hepatocytes. These studies confirm that liver PK, including half-life and, most importantly, siRNA levels in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in hepatocytes are better predictors of pharmacodynamics (PD) than plasma PK. Several in vitro and in vivo nonclinical studies were conducted to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs. These studies demonstrate that the PK/PD and ADME properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are highly conserved across species, largely predictable, and can be accurately scaled to human, allowing us to identify efficacious and safe clinical dosing regimens in the absence of human liver PK profiles. Significance Statement Several nonclinical ADME studies have been conducted in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the disposition and elimination of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs and the PK/PD translation between species. These studies demonstrate that the ADME properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs are well correlated and predictable across species building confidence in the ability to extrapolate to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeho Chong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Sagar Agarwal
- Clinical Pharmacology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Investigative Toxicology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Varun Goel
- Clinical Pharmacology, Avidity Bioscience, United States
| | - Yongli Gu
- Bioanalytical Science, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Dale Guenther
- RNAi Discovery, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | - Maja Janas
- Investigative Toxicology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | - Jeff Kurz
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Steven Liou
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Xiumin Liu
- DMPK, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robin McDougall
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | - Jay Nair
- Chemistry, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | - Gabriel Robbie
- Clinical Pharmacology, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., United States
| | | | - Ivan Zlatev
- Chemistry, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, United States
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9
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Grivas P, Khaki AR, Wise-Draper TM, French B, Hennessy C, Hsu CY, Shyr Y, Li X, Choueiri TK, Painter CA, Peters S, Rini BI, Thompson MA, Mishra S, Rivera DR, Acoba JD, Abidi MZ, Bakouny Z, Bashir B, Bekaii-Saab T, Berg S, Bernicker EH, Bilen MA, Bindal P, Bishnoi R, Bouganim N, Bowles DW, Cabal A, Caimi PF, Chism DD, Crowell J, Curran C, Desai A, Dixon B, Doroshow DB, Durbin EB, Elkrief A, Farmakiotis D, Fazio A, Fecher LA, Flora DB, Friese CR, Fu J, Gadgeel SM, Galsky MD, Gill DM, Glover MJ, Goyal S, Grover P, Gulati S, Gupta S, Halabi S, Halfdanarson TR, Halmos B, Hausrath DJ, Hawley JE, Hsu E, Huynh-Le M, Hwang C, Jani C, Jayaraj A, Johnson DB, Kasi A, Khan H, Koshkin VS, Kuderer NM, Kwon DH, Lammers PE, Li A, Loaiza-Bonilla A, Low CA, Lustberg MB, Lyman GH, McKay RR, McNair C, Menon H, Mesa RA, Mico V, Mundt D, Nagaraj G, Nakasone ES, Nakayama J, Nizam A, Nock NL, Park C, Patel JM, Patel KG, Peddi P, Pennell NA, Piper-Vallillo AJ, Puc M, Ravindranathan D, Reeves ME, Reuben DY, Rosenstein L, Rosovsky RP, Rubinstein SM, Salazar M, Schmidt AL, Schwartz GK, Shah MR, Shah SA, Shah C, Shaya JA, Singh SRK, Smits M, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Stover DG, Streckfuss M, Subbiah S, Tachiki L, Tadesse E, Thakkar A, Tucker MD, Verma AK, Vinh DC, Weiss M, Wu JT, Wulff-Burchfield E, Xie Z, Yu PP, Zhang T, Zhou AY, Zhu H, Zubiri L, Shah DP, Warner JL, Lopes G. Association of clinical factors and recent anticancer therapy with COVID-19 severity among patients with cancer: a report from the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:787-800. [PMID: 33746047 PMCID: PMC7972830 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer may be at high risk of adverse outcomes from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We analyzed a cohort of patients with cancer and coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) to identify prognostic clinical factors, including laboratory measurements and anticancer therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with active or historical cancer and a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis recorded between 17 March and 18 November 2020 were included. The primary outcome was COVID-19 severity measured on an ordinal scale (uncomplicated, hospitalized, admitted to intensive care unit, mechanically ventilated, died within 30 days). Multivariable regression models included demographics, cancer status, anticancer therapy and timing, COVID-19-directed therapies, and laboratory measurements (among hospitalized patients). RESULTS A total of 4966 patients were included (median age 66 years, 51% female, 50% non-Hispanic white); 2872 (58%) were hospitalized and 695 (14%) died; 61% had cancer that was present, diagnosed, or treated within the year prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. Older age, male sex, obesity, cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, non-Hispanic black race, Hispanic ethnicity, worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, recent cytotoxic chemotherapy, and hematologic malignancy were associated with higher COVID-19 severity. Among hospitalized patients, low or high absolute lymphocyte count; high absolute neutrophil count; low platelet count; abnormal creatinine; troponin; lactate dehydrogenase; and C-reactive protein were associated with higher COVID-19 severity. Patients diagnosed early in the COVID-19 pandemic (January-April 2020) had worse outcomes than those diagnosed later. Specific anticancer therapies (e.g. R-CHOP, platinum combined with etoposide, and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors) were associated with high 30-day all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Clinical factors (e.g. older age, hematological malignancy, recent chemotherapy) and laboratory measurements were associated with poor outcomes among patients with cancer and COVID-19. Although further studies are needed, caution may be required in utilizing particular anticancer therapies. CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIER NCT04354701.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grivas
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA.
| | - A R Khaki
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA; Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - B French
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - C Hennessy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - C-Y Hsu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Y Shyr
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - X Li
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | | | - C A Painter
- Broad Institute, Cancer Program, Cambridge, USA
| | - S Peters
- Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B I Rini
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | | | - S Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - D R Rivera
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, USA
| | - J D Acoba
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, USA
| | - M Z Abidi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Z Bakouny
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - B Bashir
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - S Berg
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, USA
| | | | - M A Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - P Bindal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - R Bishnoi
- University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - N Bouganim
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - D W Bowles
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - A Cabal
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - P F Caimi
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - D D Chism
- Thompson Cancer Survival Center, Knoxville, USA
| | - J Crowell
- St. Elizabeth Healthcare, Edgewood, USA
| | - C Curran
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - A Desai
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, USA
| | - B Dixon
- St. Elizabeth Healthcare, Edgewood, USA
| | - D B Doroshow
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - E B Durbin
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - A Elkrief
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - D Farmakiotis
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - A Fazio
- Tufts Medical Center Cancer Center, Boston and Stoneham, USA
| | - L A Fecher
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D B Flora
- St. Elizabeth Healthcare, Edgewood, USA
| | - C R Friese
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - J Fu
- Tufts Medical Center Cancer Center, Boston and Stoneham, USA
| | - S M Gadgeel
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute/Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, USA
| | - M D Galsky
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - D M Gill
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - S Goyal
- George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - P Grover
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - S Gulati
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - S Gupta
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, USA
| | | | | | - B Halmos
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, USA
| | - D J Hausrath
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - J E Hawley
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - E Hsu
- Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, USA; University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
| | - M Huynh-Le
- George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - C Hwang
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute/Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, USA
| | - C Jani
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - D B Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - A Kasi
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - H Khan
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - V S Koshkin
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - N M Kuderer
- Advanced Cancer Research Group, LLC, Kirkland, USA
| | - D H Kwon
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - A Li
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | | | - C A Low
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - G H Lyman
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA
| | - R R McKay
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - C McNair
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - H Menon
- Penn State Health/Penn State Cancer Institute/St. Joseph Cancer Center, Hershey, USA
| | - R A Mesa
- Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, USA
| | - V Mico
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - D Mundt
- Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, USA
| | - G Nagaraj
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, USA
| | - E S Nakasone
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA
| | - J Nakayama
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - A Nizam
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, USA
| | - N L Nock
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - C Park
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - J M Patel
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - K G Patel
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - P Peddi
- Willis-Knighton Cancer Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - N A Pennell
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - M Puc
- Virtua Health, Marlton, USA
| | | | - M E Reeves
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, USA
| | - D Y Reuben
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | | | - R P Rosovsky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - M Salazar
- Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - G K Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - M R Shah
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA
| | - S A Shah
- Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - C Shah
- University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - J A Shaya
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - S R K Singh
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute/Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, USA
| | - M Smits
- ThedaCare Regional Cancer Center, Appleton, USA
| | | | - D G Stover
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | - S Subbiah
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - L Tachiki
- University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, USA
| | - E Tadesse
- Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, USA
| | - A Thakkar
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, USA
| | - M D Tucker
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - A K Verma
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, USA
| | - D C Vinh
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - M Weiss
- ThedaCare Regional Cancer Center, Appleton, USA
| | - J T Wu
- Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Z Xie
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, USA
| | - P P Yu
- Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, USA
| | - T Zhang
- Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - A Y Zhou
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - L Zubiri
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - D P Shah
- Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson, San Antonio, USA
| | - J L Warner
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - GdL Lopes
- University of Miami/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, USA
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Li J, Liu J, Zhang X, Clausen V, Tran C, Arciprete M, Wang Q, Rocca C, Guan LH, Zhang G, Najarian D, Xu Y, Smith P, Wu JT, Chong S. Nonclinical Pharmacokinetics and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Givosiran, the First Approved N-Acetylgalactosamine-Conjugated RNA Interference Therapeutic. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:572-580. [PMID: 33941543 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Givosiran is an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated RNA interference therapeutic that targets 5'-aminolevulinate synthase 1 mRNA in the liver and is currently marketed for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria. Herein, nonclinical pharmacokinetics and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of givosiran were characterized. Givosiran was completely absorbed after subcutaneous administration with relatively short plasma elimination half-life (t1/2; less than 4 hours). Plasma exposure increased approximately dose proportionally with no accumulation after repeat doses. Plasma protein binding was concentration dependent across all species tested and was around 90% at clinically relevant concentration in human. Givosiran predominantly distributed to the liver by asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake, and the t1/2 in the liver was significantly longer (∼1 week). Givosiran was metabolized by nucleases, not cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes, across species with no human unique metabolites. Givosiran metabolized to form one primary active metabolite with the loss of one nucleotide from the 3' end of antisense strand, AS(N-1)3' givosiran, which was equipotent to givosiran. Renal and fecal excretion were minor routes of elimination of givosiran as approximately 10% and 16% of the dose was recovered intact in excreta of rats and monkeys, respectively. Givosiran is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of P450 isozymes, and it is not a substrate or inhibitor of uptake and most efflux transporters. Thus, givosiran has a low potential of mediating drug-drug interactions involving P450 isozymes and drug transporters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nonclinical pharmacokinetics and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of givosiran were characterized. Givosiran shows similar pharmacokinetics and ADME properties across rats and monkeys in vivo and across human and animal matrices in vitro. Subcutaneous administration results in adequate exposure of givosiran to the target organ (liver). These studies support the interpretation of toxicology studies, help characterize the disposition of givosiran in humans, and support the clinical use of givosiran for the treatment of acute hepatic porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Chris Tran
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Qianfan Wang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Carrie Rocca
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Li-Hua Guan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Smith
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Saeho Chong
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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11
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Agarwal S, Allard R, Darcy J, Chigas S, Gu Y, Nguyen T, Bond S, Chong S, Wu JT, Janas MM. Impact of Serum Proteins on the Uptake and RNAi Activity of GalNAc-Conjugated siRNAs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:309-315. [PMID: 33861634 PMCID: PMC8377513 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein interactions are evaluated during the drug development process since they determine the free drug concentration in blood and thereby can influence the drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. While the impact of serum proteins on the disposition of small molecules is well understood, it is not yet well characterized for a new modality, RNA interference therapeutics. When administered systemically, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) conjugated to the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand bind to proteins present in circulation. However, it is not known if these protein interactions may impact the GalNAc-conjugated siRNA uptake into hepatocytes mediated through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and thereby influence the activity of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs. In this study, we assess the impact of serum proteins on the uptake and activity of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs in primary human hepatocytes. We found that a significant portion of the GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs is bound to serum proteins. However, ASGPR-mediated uptake and activity of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs were minimally impacted by the presence of serum relative to their uptake and activity in the absence of serum. Therefore, in contrast to small molecules, serum proteins are expected to have minimal impact on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Agarwal
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruth Allard
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha Chigas
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongli Gu
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tuyen Nguyen
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Bond
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saeho Chong
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maja M Janas
- Early Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Li Q, Wu JT, Liu Y, Qi XM, Jin HG, Yang C, Liu J, Li GL, He QG. Recent advances in black phosphorus-based electrochemical sensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338480. [PMID: 34090586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of liquid-phase-exfoliated black phosphorus (BP) as a field-effect transistor in 2014, BP, with its 2D layered structure, has attracted significant attention, owing to its anisotropic electroconductivity, tunable direct bandgap, extraordinary surface activity, moderate switching ratio, high hole mobility, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Several pioneering research efforts have explored the application of BP in different types of electrochemical sensors. This review summarizes the latest synthesis methods, protection strategies, and electrochemical sensing applications of BP and its derivatives. The typical synthesis methods for BP-based crystals, nanosheets, and quantum dots are discussed in detail; the degradation of BP under ambient conditions is introduced; and state-of-the-art protection methodologies for enhancing BP stability are explored. Various electrochemical sensing applications, including chemically modified electrodes, electrochemiluminescence sensors, enzyme electrodes, electrochemical aptasensors, electrochemical immunosensors, and ion-selective electrodes are discussed in detail, along with the mechanisms of BP functionalization, sensing strategies, and sensing properties. Finally, the major challenges in this field are outlined and future research avenues for BP-based electrochemical sensors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xiao-Man Qi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Hong-Guang Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Guang-Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China.
| | - Quan-Guo He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
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13
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Xiao XL, Wu JT, Zhang HZ, Wang YD, Zhang JQ, Liu LF, Yu-Chen, Min-Li, Yang PB, Wu XL, Liu JX. The neurotoxic effect of isoflurane on age-defined neurons generated from tertiary dentate matrix in mice. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01949. [PMID: 33201600 PMCID: PMC7821555 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent animal studies showed that isoflurane exposure may lead to the disturbance of hippocampal neurogenesis and later cognitive impairment. However, much less is known about the effect of isoflurane exposure on the neurons generated form tertiary dentate matrix, even though a great increase of granule cell population during the infantile period is principally derived from this area. METHODS To label the new cells originated from the tertiary dentate matrix, the mice were injected with BrdU on postnatal day 6 (P6). Then, the mice were exposed to isoflurane for 4 hr at 1, 8, 21, and 42 days after BrdU injection, and the brains were collected 24 hr later. The loss of newly generated cells/neurons with different developmental stage was assessed by BrdU, BrdU + DCX, BrdU + NeuN, or BrdU + Prox-1 staining, respectively. RESULTS We found that the isoflurane exposure significantly decreased the numbers of nascent cells (1 day old) and mature neurons (42 days old), but had no effect on the immature (8 days old) and early mature neurons (8 and 21 days old, respectively). CONCLUSION The results suggested isoflurane exposure exerts the neurotoxic effects on the tertiary dentate matrix-originated cells with an age-defined pattern in mice, which partly explain the cognitive impairment resulting from isoflurane exposure to the young brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Han-Ze Zhang
- Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Di Wang
- Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Qiao Zhang
- Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Le-Fan Liu
- School of laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Min-Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Bo Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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14
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Abstract
Developing reliable and user-friendly electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes remains a challenge for emerging real-world EEG applications. Classic wet electrodes are the gold standard for recording EEG; however, they are difficult to implement and make users uncomfortable, thus severely restricting their widespread application in real-life scenarios. An alternative is dry electrodes, which do not require conductive gels or skin preparation. Despite their quick setup and improved user-friendliness, dry electrodes still have some inherent problems (invasive, relatively poor signal quality, or sensitivity to motion artifacts), which limit their practical utilization. In recent years, semi-dry electrodes, which require only a small amount of electrolyte fluid, have been successfully developed, combining the advantages of both wet and dry electrodes while addressing their respective drawbacks. Semi-dry electrodes can collect reliable EEG signals comparable to wet electrodes. Moreover, their setup is as fast and convenient similar to that of dry electrodes. Hence, semi-dry electrodes have shown tremendous application prospects for real-world EEG acquisition. Herein, we systematically summarize the development, evaluation methods, and practical design considerations of semi-dry electrodes. Some feasible suggestions and new ideas for the development of semi-dry electrodes have been presented. This review provides valuable technical support for the development of semi-dry electrodes toward emerging practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, People's Republic of China
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15
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Chew MH, Koh FH, Wu JT, Ngaserin S, Ng A, Ong BC, Lee VJ. Clinical assessment of COVID-19 outbreak among migrant workers residing in a large dormitory in Singapore. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:202-203. [PMID: 32492454 PMCID: PMC7261446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Chew
- Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - F H Koh
- Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - S Ngaserin
- Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - A Ng
- Department of Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - B C Ong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - V J Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Liu D, Leung K, Jit M, Yu H, Yang J, Liao Q, Liu F, Zheng Y, Wu JT. Cost-effectiveness of bivalent versus monovalent vaccines against hand, foot and mouth disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:373-380. [PMID: 31279839 PMCID: PMC6942242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) were responsible for 43.3% (235 123/543 243) and 24.8% (134 607/543 243) of all laboratory-confirmed hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases during 2010-2015 in China. Three monovalent EV71 vaccines have been licensed in China while bivalent EV71/CA16 vaccines are under development. A comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of bivalent EV71/CA16 versus monovalent EV71 vaccination would be useful for informing the additional value of bivalent HFMD vaccines in China. METHODS We used a static model parameterized with the national HFMD surveillance data during 2010-2013, virological HFMD surveillance records from all 31 provinces in mainland China during 2010-2013 and caregiver survey data of costs and health quality of life during 2012-2013. We estimated the threshold vaccine cost (TVC), defined as the maximum additional cost that could be paid for a cost-effective bivalent EV71/CA16 vaccine over a monovalent EV71 vaccine, as the outcome. The base case analysis was performed from a societal perspective. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying assumptions governing HFMD risk, costs, discounting and vaccine efficacy. RESULTS In the base case, choosing the bivalent EV71/CA16 over monovalent EV71 vaccination would be cost-effective only if the additional cost of the bivalent EV71/CA16 compared with the monovalent EV71 vaccine is less than €4.7 (95% CI 4.2-5.2). Compared with the TVC in the base case, TVC increased by up to €8.9 if all the test-negative cases were CA16-HFMD; decreased by €1.1 with an annual discount rate of 6% and exclusion of the productivity loss; and increased by €0.14 and €0.3 with every 1% increase in bivalent vaccine efficacy against CA16-HFMD and differential vaccine efficacy against EV71-HFMD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bivalent EV71/CA16 vaccines can be cost-effective compared with monovalent EV71 vaccines, if suitably priced. Our study provides further evidence for determining the optimal use of HFMD vaccines in routine paediatric vaccination programme in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M Jit
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - H Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - J Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Liao
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - F Liu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - J T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Janas MM, Zlatev I, Liu J, Jiang Y, Barros SA, Sutherland JE, Davis WP, Liu J, Brown CR, Liu X, Schlegel MK, Blair L, Zhang X, Das B, Tran C, Aluri K, Li J, Agarwal S, Indrakanti R, Charisse K, Nair J, Matsuda S, Rajeev KG, Zimmermann T, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Xu Y, Akinc A, Fitzgerald K, Vaishnaw AK, Smith PF, Manoharan M, Jadhav V, Wu JT, Maier MA. Safety evaluation of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides in GalNAc-siRNA conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3306-3320. [PMID: 30820542 PMCID: PMC6468299 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For oligonucleotide therapeutics, chemical modifications of the sugar-phosphate backbone are frequently used to confer drug-like properties. Because 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro (2′-F) nucleotides are not known to occur naturally, their safety profile was assessed when used in revusiran and ALN-TTRSC02, two short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), of the same sequence but different chemical modification pattern and metabolic stability, conjugated to an N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand for targeted delivery to hepatocytes. Exposure to 2′-F-monomer metabolites was low and transient in rats and humans. In vitro, 2′-F-nucleoside 5′-triphosphates were neither inhibitors nor preferred substrates for human polymerases, and no obligate or non-obligate chain termination was observed. Modest effects on cell viability and mitochondrial DNA were observed in vitro in a subset of cell types at high concentrations of 2′-F-nucleosides, typically not attained in vivo. No apparent functional impact on mitochondria and no significant accumulation of 2′-F-monomers were observed after weekly administration of two GalNAc–siRNA conjugates in rats for ∼2 years. Taken together, the results support the conclusion that 2′-F nucleotides can be safely applied for the design of metabolically stabilized therapeutic GalNAc–siRNAs with favorable potency and prolonged duration of activity allowing for low dose and infrequent dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingxuan Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Xiumin Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Lauren Blair
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Biplab Das
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chris Tran
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Krishna Aluri
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanxin Xu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Peter F Smith
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Vasant Jadhav
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Li F, Wu JT, Wang PF, Qu LZ. NKAP functions as an oncogene in Ewing sarcoma cells partly through the AKT signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3037-3045. [PMID: 31555387 PMCID: PMC6755408 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB activating protein (NKAP) is a highly conserved protein involved in transcriptional repression, immune cell development, maturation, acquisition of functional competency and maintenance of hematopoiesis. In the present study, the function of NKAP in the progress of Ewing sarcoma (ES) was investigated. It was identified that NKAP is highly expressed in ES cells when compared with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). NKAP was knocked-down in human ES cell lines A673 and RD-ES using small interfering (si)RNA transfection. The effectiveness of transfection was then verified using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis to determine mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The results of the proliferation assays indicated that the knockdown of NKAP inhibited the proliferation and clonogenic abilities of human ES cells. Transwell assays further indicated that cell invasion and migration were significantly inhibited by NKAP knockdown, which may be mediated by downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity. Gain-of-function analysis also demonstrated the positive role NKAP played in the proliferation, invasion and migration of ES cells. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry, which identified that apoptotic cells were significantly increased when NKAP was silenced. In addition, downregulation of NKAP increased the levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3, but decreased Bcl2 levels, which suggested that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated. To explore the action mechanism of NKAP, the status of the AKT signaling pathway in NKAP-silenced A673 and RD-ES cells was investigated. Results indicated that NKAP knockdown led to decreased phosphorylation of AKT and expression of cyclin D1, a down-stream effector of the AKT signaling pathway, suggesting inactivation of the AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study revealed that NKAP promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of ES cells, at least partly, through the AKT signaling pathway, providing new approaches for the therapeutic application of NKAP in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Joint and Sports Medicine, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tengnan Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Jining, Shandong 277000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Hand, Foot and Microsurgery, Shandong Energy Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277800, P.R. China
| | - Li-Zhen Qu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
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Ramsden D, Wu JT, Zerler B, Iqbal S, Jiang J, Clausen V, Aluri K, Gu Y, Dennin S, Kim J, Chong S. In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Evaluation of GalNAc Conjugated siRNAs Against CYP450 Enzymes and Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1183-1194. [PMID: 31270142 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent a new class of medicines that are smaller (∼16,000 Da) than biologic therapeutics (>150,000 Da) but much larger than small molecules (<900 Da). Current regulatory guidance on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) from the European Medicines Agency, Food and Drug Administration, and Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency provides no recommendations for oligonucleotide therapeutics including siRNAs; therefore, small molecule guidance documents have historically been applied. Over ∼10 years, in vitro DDI investigations with siRNAs conjugated to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine [(GalNAc)-siRNA] ligand have been conducted during nonclinical drug development to elucidate the potential clinical DDI liability. GalNAc siRNAs were evaluated as substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of major cytochrome P450s (P450s) and as substrates and inhibitors of transporters. Aggregate analysis of these data demonstrates a low potential for DDI against P450s. Zero of five, 10, and seven are inducers, time-dependent inhibitors, or substrates, respectively, and nine of 12 do not inhibit any P450 isoform evaluated. Three GalNAc siRNAs inhibited CYP2C8 at supratherapeutic concentrations, and one mildly inhibited CYP2B6. The lowest K i value of 28 µM is >3000-fold above the therapeutic clinical C max at steady state, and importantly no clinical inhibition was projected. Of four GalNAc siRNAs tested none were substrates for transporters and one caused inhibition of P-glycoprotein, calculated not to be clinically relevant. The pharmacological basis for DDIs, including consideration of the target and/or off-target profiles for GalNAc siRNAs, should be made as part of the overall DDI risk assessment. If modulation of the target protein does not interfere with P450s or transporters, then in vitro or clinical investigations into the DDI potential of the GalNAc siRNAs are not warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recommendations for evaluating DDI potential of small molecule drugs are well established; however, guidance for novel modalities, particularly oligonucleotide-based therapeutics are lacking. Given the paucity of published data in this field, in vitro DDI investigations are often conducted. The aggregate analysis of GalNAc-siRNA data reviewed herein demonstrates that, like new biological entities, these oligonucleotide-based therapeutic drugs are unlikely to result in DDIs; therefore, it is recommended that the need for in vitro or clinical investigations similarly be determined on a case-by-case basis. Given the mechanism of siRNA action, special consideration should be made in cases where there may be a pharmacological basis for DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ramsden
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Brad Zerler
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Sajida Iqbal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Jim Jiang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Valerie Clausen
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Krishna Aluri
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Yongli Gu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Sean Dennin
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
| | - Saeho Chong
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R., J.-T.W., J.J., V.C., K.A., Y.G., S.D., J.K., S.C.); The Medicines Company, Parsippany, New Jersey (B.Z.); and Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts (S.I.)
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20
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Li C, Wang YN, Wang M, Peng Y, Wu JT, Luo XF. [Application of stretched exponential diffusion-weighted imaging model in quantitative diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: in a rabbit model]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 99:500-504. [PMID: 30786346 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of diffusion parameters obtained from mono-exponential and stretched exponential diffusion-weighted imaging models in staging of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and compare the diagnosis ability of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Methods: Thirty-two 12 -week-old male New Zealand rabbits, about 2.5 kg of each, were randomly divided into five groups. To obtained different severity groups of NAFLD, a variety of diet (from standard to high-fat, high cholesterol chow) were feed for different periods before liver diffusion imaging was performed by using 3.0 T MR imaging system (Discovery 750W GE health care), the value of ADC, stretched exponential model parameters distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC) and α (water molecular diffusion heterogeneity index) were measured. Liver specimens were obtained for pathological grading (NAFLD activity scoring system). The diffusion parameters of each group of NAFLD were compared by ANOVA, LSD-t test was utilized to pairwise comparison between different grades of NAFLD. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between ADC, DDC, α and different severity groups of NAFLD. ROC curve was compared to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of MR parameters for NASH. Results: α was significant different between borderline and NASH groups (0.65±0.05 vs 0.72±0.07; P<0.05); ADC and DDC showed no statistical difference between borderline and NASH groups (ADC:(1.09±0.14)×10(-3) vs (1.04±0.24)×10(-3) mm(2)/s; DDC: (0.73±0.08)×10(-3) vs (0.66±0.19)×10(-3) mm(2)/s; P>0.05); ADC and DDC were negatively correlated with NAFLD, and the correlation coefficients were -0.552, -0.596, respectively (P<0.05). α was found to be positively correlated with advancement of NAFLD, the correlation coefficient was 0.729 (P<0.05).In terms of the diagnostic efficiency of NASH, the AUC of ADC, DDC and α were 0.736, 0.784, 0.900, respectively, α was significantly greater than ADC in diagnosis of NASH (P<0.05). Conclusion: Stretched exponential model parameter α (water molecular diffusion heterogeneity index) could be utilized to identify NAFLD. α may provide more information and improve the staging of NASH compared with conventional diffusion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Y N Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - M Wang
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Y Peng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - X F Luo
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
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Tsui KL, Wong SY, Wu JT, Chow CB, Goldsman DM, Nizam A. Development of adaptable pandemic simulation models. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:23-25. [PMID: 30229732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K L Tsui
- Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong
| | - S Y Wong
- Department of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, City University of Hong Kong
| | - J T Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C B Chow
- Infectious Disease Centre, Hospital Authority
| | - D M Goldsman
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - A Nizam
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, USA
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22
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Fielding R, Wu JT, Lam WW, Wang LD. Decision-making process of families about human papillomavirus vaccination of adolescent daughters: a qualitative study of Hong Kong Chinese families. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:30-33. [PMID: 30229734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Fielding
- Division of Behavioural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J T Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - W Wt Lam
- Division of Behavioural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - L Dl Wang
- Division of Behavioural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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23
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Wu JT, Cowling BJ. Real-time forecasting of infectious disease epidemics. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:26-29. [PMID: 30229733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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Cheng JX, Zhang HY, Peng ZK, Xu Y, Tang H, Wu JT, Xu J. Divergent topological networks in Alzheimer's disease: a diffusion kurtosis imaging analysis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:10. [PMID: 29719719 PMCID: PMC5921324 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain consists of plenty of complicated cytoarchitecture. Gaussian-model based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is far from satisfactory interpretation of the structural complexity. Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is a tool to determine brain non-Gaussian diffusion properties. We investigated the network properties of DKI parameters in the whole brain using graph theory and further detected the alterations of the DKI networks in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Magnetic resonance DKI scanning was performed on 21 AD patients and 19 controls. Brain networks were constructed by the correlation matrices of 90 regions and analyzed through graph theoretical approaches. Results We found small world characteristics of DKI networks not only in the normal subjects but also in the AD patients; Grey matter networks of AD patients tended to be a less optimized network. Moreover, the divergent small world network features were shown in the AD white matter networks, which demonstrated increased shortest paths and decreased global efficiency with fiber tractography but decreased shortest paths and increased global efficiency with other DKI metrics. In addition, AD patients showed reduced nodal centrality predominantly in the default mode network areas. Finally, the DKI networks were more closely associated with cognitive impairment than the DTI networks. Conclusions Our results suggest that DKI might be superior to DTI and could serve as a novel approach to understand the pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Zheng-Kun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Hui Tang
- Medical Experimental Center, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Jun Xu
- 4Department of Neurology, Beijing TianTan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China.,5Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 Jiangsu China
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Shi P, Gemski C, Zhou L, Wu JT, Xia C. Immunogenicity risk assessment using pre-clinical tools for biotherapeutics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yao JL, He QZ, Liu M, Chang XW, Wu JT, Duan T, Wang K. Effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on human amniotic epithelial cell proliferation and migration. Toxicology 2017; 394:19-26. [PMID: 29191629 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deleterious effects of cannabis consumption for fertility and pregnancy outcome are recognized for years. The main psychoactive molecule of cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is able to cross the placenta barrier and cause alterations in fetal growth, low birth weight and preterm labor. However, the effects of THC on the human placenta amnion are still unknown. METHODS The distributions of CB1R and CB2R in human amnion tissues were observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Human amniotic epithelial cell proliferation and migration in response to THC treatment were measured by MTS and transwell assays, respectively. The PCR array was performed to study the key regulators involved in the cell migration. The protein levels of CB1R, CB2R in amnion tissues and MMP2, MMP9 in cells were detected by western blotting. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to knockdown MMP2 and MMP9 in WISH cells. RESULTS Our results indicated that both CB1R and CB2R primarily identified in the epithelial layer of human placental amnion tissue. The CB1R expression in the amnion tissue was higher in the preterm group than normal control. High-dose of THC (30uM, but not 20 and 10uM) significantly inhibited (p<0.01) human amniotic epithelial cell lines (WISH) proliferation. Meanwhile, THC at both 10uM and 20uM (p<0.05) significantly suppressed cells migration in both WISH and primary human amniotic epithelial cells. The PCR array data and siRNA experiments demonstrated that MMP2/9 were tightly involved in the regulation of THC-inhibited cell migration in WISH cells. CONCLUSION These results suggested that THC inhibited the migration of human amniotic epithelial cell through the regulation of MMP2 and MMP9, which in turn altered the development of the amnion during the gestation and partially resulted in preterm labor and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Yao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Q Z He
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - M Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - X W Chang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - J T Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - T Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| | - K Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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Xu L, Packer LE, Qian MG, Wu JT. Rapid quantification of a cleavable antibody-conjugated drug by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with microwave-assisted enzymatic cleavage. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:226-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wu JT, Yang GW, Qi CH, Zhou L, Hu JG, Wang MS. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLATYCODIN D ON ALCOHOL-INDUCED FATTY LIVER RATS VIA TLR4-MYD88-NF-κB SIGNAL PATH. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2016; 13:176-183. [PMID: 28852734 PMCID: PMC5566142 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of Platycodin D (PD), triterpenoid saponins extracted from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on alcohol-induced fatty liver (AFL) and investigate the possible mechanism. METHODS AND MATERIALS A rat model was set up by feeding ethanol and fish oil to experimental rats, which then were treated with PD of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg body weight/day for 4 weeks, respectively, whereafter, liver function enzymes, endotoxin of serum and liver lipid were assayed by biochemical methods, cytokines, histochemistry of hepatic tissue, the protein expression of CD14 and TLR4, the mRNA expression of MD-2, MyD 88 and TRAF-6 were assayed. RESULTS Treatment with PD on AFL rats significantly decreased the levels of serum ALT, AST and TBIL, coefficient of liver index and the hepatic tissue contents of TG, additionally and dramatically decreased serum endotoxin levels, down-regulated MD-2 and CD14 levels, as well as the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TRAF-6, accordingly suppressed NF-κB: p65 as well as endotoxin-mediated inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with PD effectively protects against AFL through anti-inflammatory and anti-endotoxic process, and the confirmed mechanism is that PD treatment ameliorate alcoholic-induced liver injury mainly via TLR4-MyD88-NF-K: B signal path in AFL rat. List of Abbreviations: AFL: alcoholic-induced fatty liver, CD14: cluster of differentiation 14, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, MD-2: molecule myeloid differential protein-2, MyD 88: myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, TRAF-6: TNF-receptor associated factor-6, NF-κB: nuclear transcription factor kappa B, IL-6: interleukin-6, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, PG: Platycodon grandiflorum, PD: Platycodin D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gui-Wen Yang
- College of life science, Shandong normal university, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Cui-Hua Qi
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of biological science and technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Mao-Shan Wang
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Sui WF, Zhang HY, Xu J, Xu Y, Wu JT. [Application of swallow tail appearance in patients with Parkinson's disease]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 96:30-2. [PMID: 26792604 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical value of swallow tail appearance in detecting the patient with Parkinson's disease at 3.0 T MRI. METHODS A total of 42 patients with clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease(PD) and 27 age-matched normal controls underwent the brain MR examination with conventional and E-SWAN sequences. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on Hoehn-Yahr stage and 2 groups according the treatment condition (treated, untreated). Substantia nigra (SN) was selected as region of interest (ROI) and observed the swallow tail appearance on magnitude imagines of E-SWAN sequence. Nonparametric test was used for comparison between patients groups and normal controls. There was statistically difference if the P value was lower than 0.05. RESULTS The swallow tail appearance lost was significantly correlated with Parkinson's disease (P=0.000). The swallow tail appearance lost was not correlated with the usage of drugs(P=0.833) and Hoehn-Yahr stage(P=0.189). The sensitivity of diagnosis of PD by using the swallow tail disappearance was 95.5% (42/44), the specificity was 83.3% (25/30), the accuracy was 90.5%(67/74). CONCLUSIONS Assessing the substantia nigra on E-SWAN for the typical swallow tail appearance has potential to become a new and easy applicable 3.0 T MRI diagnostic tool for PD, however, it was meaningless for prognosis and staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Sui
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Subei, Yangzhou 225001, China
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Abstract
In this investigation, UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/Fe(2+) (photo-Fenton) and UV/H2O2/Fe(3+) (photo-Fenton-like) systems were used to mineralize sulfamethizole (SFZ). The optimal doses of H2O2 (1-20 mM) in UV/H2O2 and iron (0.1-1 mM) in photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like systems were determined. Direct photolysis by UV irradiation and direct oxidation by added H2O2, Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) did not mineralize SFZ. The optimal dose of H2O2 was 10 mM in UV/H2O2 and that of iron (Fe(2+) or Fe(3+)) was 0.2 mM in both UV/H2O2/Fe(2+) and UV/H2O2/Fe(3+) systems. Under the best experimental conditions and after 60 min of reaction, the SFZ mineralization percentages in UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/Fe(2+) and UV/H2O2/Fe(3+) systems were 16, 90 and 88%, respectively. The UV/H2O2/Fe(2+) and UV/H2O2/Fe(3+) systems effectively mineralized SFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Y H Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
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Duan HY, Liu DM, Qian P, Wang SL, Yan LJ, Wu JT, Yang HT, Fan XW, Chu YJ. Effect of atorvastatin on plasma NT-proBNP and inflammatory cytokine expression in patients with heart failure. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:15739-48. [PMID: 26634541 DOI: 10.4238/2015.december.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effect of atorvastatin intervention on plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with heart failure (HF). One hundred and twenty-three HF patients were selected from our hospital and randomly divided into control (N = 61) and observation (N = 62) groups; the former received conventional treatment, while the latter were given conventional treatment combined with atorvastatin. Plasma NT-proBNP, inflammatory cytokines [high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10] and cardiac function [left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic maximum flow rate ratio (E/A)] were compared among groups. The effective rate of treating HF significantly increased after atorvastatin treatment. The plasma NT-proBNP, IL-6, IL-10, hs-CRP, and LVEDD levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the LVEF and E/A levels significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the observation group compared to the control group and before intervention. The NT-proBNP and cytokine levels significantly differed among patients with different classes of heart function (P < 0.05); the NT-proBNP and cytokine levels increased with the severity of heart function. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the NT-proBNP and inflammatory cytokine levels and LVEF and E/A values, and a positive correlation between these factors and LVEDD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, atorvastatin significantly improves cardiac function; the mechanism atorvastatin action was related to the decrease in plasma NT-proBNP and inflammatory cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - D M Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - P Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - S L Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - L J Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - H T Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - X W Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Y J Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Kadakia E, Iartchouk N, Kannan K, Song K, Mei Zhang D, Zopf C, Zopf C, Patel M, Patel C, Chowdhury S, Shyu WC, Wu JT, Chakravarty A. Abstract B154: Application of preclinical combination pharmacokinetic(PK)/efficacy(E) modeling to investigate and translate the preclinical scheduling effect for MLN1117 and Taxotere combination. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-b154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During preclinical development of investigational compound, MLN1117, combination efficacy studies of MLN1117 and Taxotere in mice bearing lung cancer tumor xenografts indicated the presence of a scheduling effect. In many instances, pre-dosing Taxotere resulted in improved tumor growth inhibition as compared to concomitant dosing with MLN1117. Furthermore both in vitro and in vivo PD studies demonstrated that sequential administration of MLN1117 (PI3Ka inhibitor) and Taxotere resulted in increased apoptosis as compared to concomitant treatment.
To further investigate and translate these observations, combination PK/E modeling was performed on preclinical PK and efficacy data. A scheduling efficacy study was executed in small cell lung cancer NCI-H1048 model. The study was designed to compare the anti-tumor activity of the combination under varying levels of PK concomitance between the two compounds. Using a non-linear mixed effects approach, dynamic PK/E modeling was performed to describe the individual mouse tumor growth curves as a function of the instantaneous plasma drug concentration of MLN1117 and Taxotere. The combination effect in the dynamic model was described using the following expression:
(PK/E)MLN1117 + (PK/E)Taxotere + Tau* (PK/E)Taxotere * (PK/E)MLN1117
The combination interaction (Tau) between MLN1117 and Taxotere was estimated to be negative but associated with significant inter-tumor variability. A negative Tau implied the combination behaved sub-additively under conditions of concomitant dosing. Pre-dosing Taxotere made the combination non-concomitant which explains the improved anti-tumor activity associated with it. The variability associated with the positive effects of pre-dosing Taxotere or non-concomitant dosing was attributed to the variability in Tau. In general, the modeling results favored the use of non-concomitant dosing for the MLN1117/Taxotere combination to eliminate the dependence of the combination efficacy on the negative Tau.
Although the emphasis of this study has been on SCLC cancer model NCI-H1048, early preclinical data from other cancer models of different origin indicate that this phenomenon could be ubiquitous. The combination PK/E model though empirical in nature, provided a useful and translatable tool to guide combination schedule selection. The modeling framework focused on understanding the behavior of the combination i.e. combination interaction term (Tau) and translating this understanding to optimize combination scheduling choices for the clinic.
Citation Format: Ekta Kadakia, Natasha Iartchouk, Karuppiah Kannan, Keli Song, Dong Mei Zhang, Christopher Zopf, Christopher Zopf, Munjal Patel, Chirag Patel, Swapan Chowdhury, Wen Chyi Shyu, Jing-Tao Wu, Arijit Chakravarty. Application of preclinical combination pharmacokinetic(PK)/efficacy(E) modeling to investigate and translate the preclinical scheduling effect for MLN1117 and Taxotere combination. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Kadakia
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Keli Song
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Munjal Patel
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Chirag Patel
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
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Zhang HY, Tang H, Chen WX, Ji GJ, Ye J, Wang N, Wu JT, Guan B. Mapping the functional connectivity of the substantia nigra, red nucleus and dentate nucleus: A network analysis hypothesis associated with the extrapyramidal system. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:36-41. [PMID: 26342496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the functional networks related to the extrapyramidal system using a temporal oscillation signal correlation analysis method based on critical nodes in the substantia nigra (SN), red nucleus (RN) and dentate nucleus (DN). Nineteen healthy subjects underwent resting-state fMRI and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). For the brain network analysis, the SN, RN and DN were positioned on susceptibility weighted images and used as seeds for temporal correlations analyzed via BOLD data. T-tests were performed for the correlation coefficients of each seed. We demonstrated that the SN, RN and DN were functionally connected to each other, and, in general, their connectivity maps overlapped in a series of subcortical extrapyramidal structures and regions of cerebral cortices. A Granger causality analysis indicated that the effective connectivity graphs within extrapyramidal structures mainly exhibited a spacial up-down pattern for the positive and negative influences, respectively. Our findings suggest that extensive regions involved in the extrapyramidal system constituted a relatively exclusive network via spatial-temporal correlation signals that analogously corresponded to the anatomical structures. The investigation of extrapyramidal system networks may have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Medical Experimental Center, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Wen-Xin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Hangzhou Normal University, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Bing Guan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Chen A, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Chakravarty A, Zopf CJ. Abstract 4527: Dosing schedule effects on combination activity from first principles. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Finding the ideal dosing schedule to optimize efficacy while balancing toxicity is a challenge for single agent clinical development, and takes on added complexity for combinations. In this work, we use theoretical modeling to investigate the role of schedule in determining combination activity, and propose a novel method of using dosing schedule to identify the in vivo interaction strength pre-clinically.
Methods
To evaluate the effect of schedule on tumor growth inhibition, we built a dynamic pharmacokinetic (PK)/effect (E) model to simulate tumor volume as a function of plasma concentration of a drug combination. The PK of each single agent was simulated using a one compartment model, and the inhibition of tumor growth rate was modeled as the sum of single agent effects and their product scaled by an interaction coefficient. We first simulated this model for various relative dosing frequencies and offsets between the two drugs to understand the relationship between schedule and activity for a synergistic combination. We next assessed the accuracy of estimating the interaction parameter using the activity discrepancy between in- and off-phase dosing schedules versus a traditional isobologram analysis. Using Fourier analysis of single agent PK profiles, we then identified an efficient study design to identify both the interaction parameter and optimal relative dosing schedule of the two drugs.
Results
Simulation of the PK/E model with parameter sweeps of dosing frequency and offsets led to a phase plot for combination activity showing peaks and valleys related to the concomitant exposure of the two drugs. From this, we surmised the interaction could be estimated based on the difference in tumor growth inhibition between schedules, and a comparison of in- and off-phase schedules performed well compared to isobologram analysis. Fourier analysis of simulated PK profiles of the two drugs revealed the concomitance as a function of dosing offset, and the pattern was maintained in the simulated activity. Using a study design with only four dose groups with different dosing offsets, we show it is possible to determine both the interaction coefficient (comparing one group at the peak and one at the valley of concomitance) and any effect of dose-ordering (two groups at different offsets but with the same predicted concomitance). Additionally, we demonstrate the difference in activity between synergistic and additive combinations manifests as beat frequencies present in the frequency spectrum, another possibility to identify synergy.
Conclusions
While combination development offers unique challenges, building an understanding of the PK/E relationship from first principles provides a framework to investigate drug interaction effects. The insights gained from studying combinations in vivo with a pre-clinical scheduling study may provide translational guidance on clinical questions around concomitance and dose-ordering.
Citation Format: Andrew Chen, Jing-Tao Wu, Wen Chyi Shyu, Arijit Chakravarty, Christopher J. Zopf. Dosing schedule effects on combination activity from first principles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4527. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4527
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
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Chen A, Zopf CJ, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Chakravarty A. Abstract 3242: Xenograft dose-response from intra-mouse dose escalation. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Xenograft response has been shown to hold predictive value for the clinical efficacy of a drug, but growth sensitivity to a drug candidate can vary widely between xenografts models. As the ability to test pre-clinically for broad biological activity across many xenografts models is often resource-limited, in this work we develop a mathematical approach based on evolutionary dynamics to derive dose-response information from a single xenograft tumor.
Methods
We propose to estimate a dose-response curve of xenograft growth inhibition by treating a single tumor with a series of different dose strengths. Exponential tumor growth rate (GR) may be quickly estimated to determine the inhibition effect of a particular exposure during week-long intervals of constant dose strength. We next considered the possibility of a dose strength ordering effect on tumor growth due to cellular heterogeneity in GR and drug sensitivity within a tumor. To determine to what extent dose history could influence the observed growth inhibition, we developed an evolutionary model of tumor growth for a heterogeneous population of cancer cells with joint-distributed clonal GR and drug sensitivities, and simulated tumor response to treatment for distributions having variable degrees of correlation. Finally, we tested the ability to estimate dose-response curves from single tumors in vivo compared to the typical method of assessing drug effect based on multiple dose-groups.
Results
For the three possible orders of dosing three different treatment strengths, we found that the simulated study design with escalating dose intervals lead to the least error compared to assessing each dose in a separate tumor. Additionally, the discrepancy between the growth inhibition effects of different dose orders peaks when the correlation between GR and drug sensitivity decreases to negative. We then show that this study design allows efficient, accurate estimation of the range of dose-responses in a broad set of simulated tumor types (e.g., fast-growing and sensitive, or slow-growing and insensitive). An in vivo dose-response study validates the estimation of dose-response curves from a single xenograft by comparing favorably with the single dose per mouse method.
Conclusions
The mathematical approach described here allows efficient estimation of a dose-response curve for a xenograft model using a single tumor. By reducing the resources required to determine the response of a single model, a molecule's anticancer effect can be tested against a larger sample of tumor types pre-clinically. A more accurate picture of a drug candidate's broad biological activity will allow for greater confidence in translational projections of clinical efficacy.
Citation Format: Andrew Chen, Christopher J. Zopf, Jing-Tao Wu, Wen Chyi Shyu, Arijit Chakravarty. Xenograft dose-response from intra-mouse dose escalation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3242. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3242
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
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Chen A, Zopf CJ, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Chakravarty A. Abstract 4520: Biological coupling: Drug synergy, cross-resistance, and schedule effects in combination therapy. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Combination therapy promises to enhance and extend benefit to oncology patients, but development of drug combinations engenders challenges beyond those of single agents. In this work, we use theoretical models of combination efficacy to demonstrate a potential link between drug interactions, cross-resistance, and dosing schedule effects.
Methods
First, we investigated the relationship between efficacy interaction and schedule effects by building a dynamic pharmacokinetic (PK)/efficacy (E) model to generate theoretical tumor volume trajectories in response to exposure to two drugs. We used a single compartment PK model to simulate the plasma exposure to each drug following various dosing schedules, and exponential tumor growth was inhibited by a drug effect model consisting of the sum of single agent effects and their product with an interaction coefficient. Simulations of this PK/E model for 1000 pairs of drugs with randomized properties and interaction strengths were compared for dosing schedules with high or low concomitance, respectively. Next, we used a Moran simulation to study the effect of interaction strength on sensitivity loss in a heterogeneous population. For a tumor initially comprising 1000 subclones (either doubly sensitive, singly resistant to either drug, or doubly resistant), we simulate based on relative subclone fitnesses the time steps until fixation of a resistant population. We then apply the PK/E model assuming a multi-clone tumor to elucidate the relationship between synergy, dosing schedule, and the rise of cross-resistance by comparing response to in-phase and off-phase combination dosing and across a range of interaction strengths.
Results
Simulation of the PK/E model demonstrates that tumor growth inhibition of in-phase and off-phase dosing schedules diverges in a linear relationship with the interaction strength. Moran simulations show synergistic compounds are more likely to lead to fixation of a doubly resistant subclone within a population of tumor cells, and that it will happen faster than with nonsynergistic combinations. Comparing the tumor volume and sensitive fraction trajectories in response to either in-phase or off-phase dosing of a synergistic combination revealed prolonged sensitivity and reduced tumor load when dosing out of phase to avoid the synergistic interaction. Sweeping the interaction strength shows a minimum in long-term tumor growth rate when the combination exerts its effect additively.
Conclusions
While synergistic drug combinations may provide increased efficacy beyond additive effects of the drugs, this theoretical framework predicts that positive interactions will lead to scheduling challenges and faster resistance emergence. Counter-intuitively, it suggests the best strategy for long-term patient benefit is to use drugs with additive efficacy or non-concomitant dosing to avoid synergistic interactions.
Citation Format: Andrew Chen, Christopher J. Zopf, Jing-Tao Wu, Wen Chyi Shyu, Arijit Chakravarty. Biological coupling: Drug synergy, cross-resistance, and schedule effects in combination therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4520. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4520
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
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Chen A, Zopf CJ, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Chakravarty A. Abstract 3759: Xenograft rebound kinetics are consistent with the founder effect. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Tumors are often composed of a heterogeneous cell population growing over time subject to the forces of evolutionary dynamics. These principles offer insights not only for bulk tumor growth, but also for small cell populations such as in metastases or de-bulked tumors following treatment. In this work, we investigate whether the evolutionary effects of small population sizes are evident in in vivo pre-clinically through a meta-analysis of xenograft rebound growth kinetics following treatment.
Methods
We first used a HCT116 cell fitness distribution we have previously measured in soft agar to demonstrate the expected population fitness trajectory as a function of starting population size. We sampled subclone fitnesses from this distribution to initialize either large or small theoretical tumors, and simulated tumor growth as a Moran process to find the probability distribution of expected outcomes in final tumor population fitness.
Since initial tumor volumes in xenografts experiments have a narrow range of volume (equivalently, population size), we next identified tumor volume measurements following suspension of treatment with anticancer agents from in-house historical xenograft growth datasets. Each of 1359 tumor volume trajectories after treatment was fit using non-linear regression to determine the exponential growth rate (population fitness), and compared to both the volume at treatment end as well as the average control group growth rate from the corresponding experiment.
Results
The simulated tumors demonstrate the “founder effect” in heterogeneous populations: large populations become dominated by the fastest growing, most fit subclones while small populations are sensitive to initial clonal sampling as well as random births and deaths. Rebound growth in xenografts post-treatment displayed large variability compared to the growth of the corresponding experimental control group. Post-treatment and untreated growth rates are poorly correlated (R2 = 0.1) consistent with a significant change in the tumor cell population following a period of selective pressure. Two additional observations are coherent with a founder effect following a bottleneck event (i.e., treatment). The relationship between post-treatment starting volume and growth rate has a positive slope (p = 0.01, F-test) while growth rate variance decreases with starting volume (p < 0.01 F-test). Both results concur with the Moran simulations showing smaller populations have more stochastic outcomes while larger populations deterministically drift to greater fitness.
Conclusions
We find that xenograft growth kinetics following cessation of treatment with anticancer agents are consistent with a selection process and the founder effect. Application of evolutionary theory to small cell populations in preclinical models may yield new strategies to combat metastases and resistance emergence.
Citation Format: Andrew Chen, Christopher J. Zopf, Jing-Tao Wu, Wen Chyi Shyu, Arijit Chakravarty. Xenograft rebound kinetics are consistent with the founder effect. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3759. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3759
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the imaging characteristics of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) in the abdomen and pelvis. METHODS Nine cases of SFT confirmed by surgery and pathology were retrospectively analyzed in terms of computed tomography (CT, eight cases) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, one case). RESULTS SFT were located in the retroperitoneum (4/9), abdominal cavity (1/9), pelvis (4/9). Eight cases were single (8/9) and one case (1/9) with three tumors. The average tumor size of 11 lesions was 9.7 cm (4.7-20 cm). Nine tumors were round or ovoid, and two lesions were irregular. The CT value of the plain scans ranged from 33 to 43 Hounsfield units (HU, mean 37.6 HU) in five cases. Arterial-phase CT found solid parts demonstrate avid enhancement (eight cases) and five of them presented with multiple circuitous vessels along the periphery with a CT value of 68-89 HU (mean 76.6 HU). In the venous and delayed phases, enhancement was strengthened progressively. The CT values at venous (eight cases) and delayed phases (five cases) were 108-115 and 112-123 HU respectively, with averages of 109.8 and 114.8 HU. Patch or nodular no-enhanced areas were observed in eight cases during the enhanced phases. One case showed isointensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images accompanied by linear or curvilinear hypointense lines. Intense enhancements along with linear no-enhancement areas are seen in the arterial and venous phases. CONCLUSION The possibility of SFT should be considered when a single or multiple masses with sharp border, inhomogeneous density or signal are detected, especially, with inhomogeneous intense enhancement in the arterial phase being maintained in the venous and delayed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-T Tian
- Department of Radiology, Su Bei People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, No. 98, Nan Tong West Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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Cowling BJ, Park M, Fang VJ, Wu P, Leung GM, Wu JT. Preliminary epidemiological assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May to June 2015. Euro Surveill 2015. [PMID: 26132767 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3369.three] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
South Korea is experiencing the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections outside the Arabian Peninsula, with 166 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 24 deaths up to 19 June 2015. We estimated that the mean incubation period was 6.7 days and the mean serial interval 12.6 days. We found it unlikely that infectiousness precedes symptom onset. Based on currently available data, we predict an overall case fatality risk of 21% (95% credible interval: 14–31).
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Cowling BJ, Park M, Fang VJ, Wu P, Leung GM, Wu JT. Preliminary epidemiological assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May to June 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:7-13. [PMID: 26132767 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.25.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
South Korea is experiencing the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections outside the Arabian Peninsula, with 166 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 24 deaths up to 19 June 2015. We estimated that the mean incubation period was 6.7 days and the mean serial interval 12.6 days. We found it unlikely that infectiousness precedes symptom onset. Based on currently available data, we predict an overall case fatality risk of 21% (95% credible interval: 14–31).
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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41
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Patel M, Patel M, Kadakia E, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Chakravarty A. The pharmacokinetic driver of thrombocytopenia and its implications for clinical dose schedule optimization. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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42
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Kadakia E, Chen A, Patel M, Xia C, Hyer M, Ishii Y, Bottino D, Wu JT, Ecsedy J, Chakravarty A. Using preclinical PD/E correlations to derive an optimal PD threshold for phase-1 decision-making. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Chen
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Cindy Xia
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Marc Hyer
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Yuko Ishii
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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43
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Bottino D, Kadakia E, Westin EH, Shyu WC, Wu JT, Chakravarty A. Utility of perecnt growth-rate inhibition (% GRI), a tumor growth-rate based metric to more accurately estimate response rate and magnitude of anti-tumor agents. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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44
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Yang JJ, Li Y, Chakravarty A, Lu C, Xia CQ, Chen S, Pusalkar S, Zhang M, Ecsedy J, Manfredi MG, Wu JT, Shyu WC, Balani SK. Preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and prediction of human pharmacokinetics and efficacious dose of the investigational Aurora A kinase inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237). Drug Metab Lett 2015; 7:96-104. [PMID: 24484538 DOI: 10.2174/1872312807666131229122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alisertib (MLN8237) is an investigational potent Aurora A kinase inhibitor currently under clinical trials for hematological and nonhematological malignancies. Nonclinical investigation showed that alisertib is a highly permeable compound with high plasma protein binding, low plasma clearance, and moderate volume of distribution in rats, dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees. Consistent with the above properties, the oral bioavailability in animals was greater than 82%. The predicted human oral pharmacokinetic (PK) profile was constructed using allometric scaling of plasma clearance and volume of distribution in the terminal phase from animals. The chimpanzee PK profiles were extremely useful to model absorption rate constant, which was assumed to be similar to that in humans, based on the fact that chimpanzees are phylogenetically closest to humans. The human plasma clearance was projected to be low of 0.12 L/hr/kg, with half-life of approximately 10 hr. For human efficacious dose estimation, the tumor growth inhibition as a measure of efficacy (E) was assessed in HCT116 xenograft mice at several oral QD or BID dose levels. Additionally, subcutaneous mini-pump infusion studies were conducted to assess mitotic index in tumor samples as a pharmacodynamic (PD) marker. PK/PD/E modeling showed that for optimal efficacy and PD in the xenograft mice maintaining a plasma concentration exceeding 1 µM for at least 8-12 hr would be required. These values in conjunction with the projected human PK profile estimated the optimal oral dose of approximately 103 mg QD or 62.4 mg BID in humans. Notably, the recommended Phase 2 dose being pursued in the clinic is close to the projected BID dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suresh K Balani
- Pharmaceuticals International Co., DMPK, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Wu JT, Wu CH, Liu CY, Huang WJ. Photodegradation of sulfonamide antimicrobial compounds (sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfathiazole) in various UV/oxidant systems. Water Sci Technol 2015; 71:412-417. [PMID: 25714641 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used Na₂S₂O₈, NaBrO8 and H₂O₂to degrade sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethizole (SFZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfathiazole (STZ) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The initial concentration of sulfonamide and oxidant in all experiments was 20 mg/L and 5 mM, respectively. The degradation rate for sulfonamides satisfies pseudo-first-order kinetics in all UV/oxidant systems. The highest degradation rate for SDZ, SFZ, SMX and STZ was in the UV/Na₂S₂O₈, UV/NaBrO₃, UV/Na₂S₂O₈ and UV/H₂O₂ system, respectively. In the UV/Na₂S₂O₈ system, the photodegradation rate of SDZ, SFZ, SMX and STZ was 0.0245 min⁻¹, 0.0096 min⁻¹, 0.0283 min⁻¹ and 0.0141 min⁻¹, respectively; moreover, for the total organic carbon removal rate for SDZ, SFZ, SMX and STZ it was 0.0057 min⁻¹, 0.0081 min⁻¹, 0.0130 min⁻¹ and 0.0106 min⁻¹, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the ability of oxidants to degrade sulfonamide varied with pollutant type. Moreover, UV/Na₂S₂O₈ had the highest mineralization rate for all tested sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - C H Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - C Y Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - W J Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
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Feng L, Wu JT, Liu X, Yang P, Tsang TK, Jiang H, Wu P, Yang J, Fang VJ, Qin Y, Lau EH, Li M, Zheng J, Peng Z, Xie Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Leung GM, Gao GF, Yu H, Cowling BJ. Clinical severity of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China, 2013/14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25523971 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.49.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the severity of emerging infections is challenging because of potential biases in case ascertainment. The first human case of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was identified in China in March 2013; since then, the virus has caused two epidemic waves in the country. There were 134 laboratory-confirmed cases detected in the first epidemic wave from January to September 2013. In the second epidemic wave of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China from October 2013 to October 2014, we estimated that the risk of death among hospitalised cases of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was 48% (95% credibility interval: 42-54%), slightly higher than the corresponding risk in the first wave. Age-specific risks of death among hospitalised cases were also significantly higher in the second wave. Using data on symptomatic cases identified through national sentinel influenza-like illness surveillance, we estimated that the risk of death among symptomatic cases of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was 0.10% (95% credibility interval: 0.029-3.6%), which was similar to previous estimates for the first epidemic wave of human infections with influenza A(H7N9) virus in 2013. An increase in the risk of death among hospitalised cases in the second wave could be real because of changes in the virus, because of seasonal changes in host susceptibility to severe infection, or because of variation in treatment practices between hospitals, while the increase could be artefactual because of changes in ascertainment of cases in different areas at different times.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Hung I, Lau YL, Peiris JSM. Infection attack rates during the epidemic of swine influenza A by tracking temporal changes in age-specific seroprevalence rates. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20 Suppl 4:29-33. [PMID: 25224116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - I Hung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Y L Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J S M Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
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Ning B, Zhang SY, Hou D, Wu JT, Li ZB, Zhao JY. High-precision distribution of highly stable optical pulse trains with 8.8 × 10⁻¹⁹ instability. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5109. [PMID: 24870442 PMCID: PMC4037707 DOI: 10.1038/srep05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-precision distribution of optical pulse trains via fibre links has had a considerable impact in many fields. In most published work, the accuracy is still fundamentally limited by unavoidable noise sources, such as thermal and shot noise from conventional photodiodes and thermal noise from mixers. Here, we demonstrate a new high-precision timing distribution system that uses a highly precise phase detector to obviously reduce the effect of these limitations. Instead of using photodiodes and microwave mixers, we use several fibre Sagnac-loop-based optical-microwave phase detectors (OM-PDs) to achieve optical-electrical conversion and phase measurements, thereby suppressing the sources of noise and achieving ultra-high accuracy. The results of a distribution experiment using a 10-km fibre link indicate that our system exhibits a residual instability of 2.0 × 10−15 at1 s and8.8 × 10−19 at 40,000 s and an integrated timing jitter as low as 3.8 fs in a bandwidth of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This low instability and timing jitter make it possible for our system to be used in the distribution of optical-clock signals or in applications that require extremely accurate frequency/time synchronisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ning
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - S Y Zhang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - D Hou
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z B Li
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - J Y Zhao
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhu QQ, Zhu WR, Wu JT, Chen WX, Wang SA. Comparative study of intestinal tuberculosis and primary small intestinal lymphoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4446-4452. [PMID: 24764686 PMCID: PMC3989984 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the clinical, radiological, endoscopic and pathological features of intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) and primary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL).
METHODS: This was a retrospective study from February 2005 to October 2012 of patients with a diagnosis of ITB (n = 41) or PSIL (n = 37). All patients with ITB or PSIL underwent computed tomography (CT) and pathological examination. Thirty-five patients with ITB and 32 patients with PSIL underwent endoscopy. These patients were followed for a further 18 mo to ascertain that the diagnosis had not changed. Clinical, endoscopic, CT and pathological features were compared between ITB and PSIL patients.
RESULTS: Night sweating, fever, pulmonary TB and ascites were discovered significantly more often in ITB than in PSIL patients (P < 0.05), however, abdominal mass, hematochezia and intestinal perforation were found significantly more frequently in PSIL than in ITB patients (P < 0.05). Ring-like and rodent-like ulcers occurred significantly more often in ITB than in PSIL patients (P < 0.05), however, enterorrhagia and raised lesions were significantly more frequent in PSIL than in ITB patients (P < 0.05). The rate of granuloma was significantly higher in ITB than in PSIL patients (87.8% vs 13.5%, χ2 = 43.050, P < 0.05), and the incidence of confluent granulomas with caseous necrosis was significantly higher in ITB than in PSIL patients (47.2% vs 0.0%, χ2 = 4.034, P < 0.05). Multi-segmental lesions, mural stratification, mural gas sign, and intestinal stricture were more frequent in ITB than in PSIL patients (P < 0.05), however, a single-layer thickening of bowel wall, single segmental lesions, and intussusception were more common in PSIL than in ITB patients (P < 0.05). Necrotic lymph nodes, comb sign and inflammatory mass were more frequent in ITB than in PSIL patients (P < 0.05). The bowel wall enhancement in ITB patients was greater than that in PSIL patients (P < 0.05), while the thickening and lymph node enlargement in PSIL patients were higher than those in ITB patients (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Combined evaluation of clinical, radiological, endoscopic and pathological features is the key to differentiation between ITB and PSIL.
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Kuo CY, Wu CH, Wu JT, Chen YC. Preparation of immobilized Cu2O using microwave irradiation and its catalytic activity for bisphenol A: comparisons of Cu2O/H2O2 and visible-light/Cu2O/H2O2 systems. Water Sci Technol 2014; 70:1428-1433. [PMID: 25353950 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study produced immobilized Cu2O via microwave irradiation. The surface properties of Cu2O were assessed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the generated Cu2O was examined for bisphenol (BPA) degradation in Cu2O/H2O2 and visible-light/Cu2O/H2O2 systems under various H2O2 concentrations. Cu2O can decompose H2O2 to generate radicals, similar to the Fenton-like process. The BPA degradation rate followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The optimal H2O2 concentration was 30 mM and the BPA degradation rate under 30 mM H2O2 in the Cu2O/H2O2 and visible-light/Cu2O/H2O2 systems was 1.43 and 2.69 h(-1), respectively. The original Cu2O partly oxidized into CuO in the visible-light/Cu2O/H2O2 system and the BPA degradation percentage declined to 51% from 100% after the fifth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Kuo
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - C H Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - J T Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Y C Chen
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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