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Hossain M, Mestrot A, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Islam MR, Meharg AA. Arsenic dynamics in paddy soil under traditional manuring practices in Bangladesh. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115821. [PMID: 33158623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization with organic matter (farm yard manure and/or rice straw) is thought to enhance arsenic (As) mobilization into soil porewaters, with subsequent As assimilation by rice roots leading to enhanced translocation to the grain. Here, interlinked experiments (field manuring and soil batch culture) were conducted to find the effect of organic matter at a field application rate practiced in Bangladesh (5 t/ha) on As mobilization in soil for paddies impacted by As contaminated groundwater irrigation, a widespread phenomenon in Bangladesh where the experiments were conducted. Total As concentration in a paddy soil (Sonargaon) ranged from 21.9 to 8.1 mg/kg down the soil profile and strongly correlated with TOC content. Arsenic, Fe, Mn, and DOC release into soil solution, and As speciation, are intimately linked to OM amendment, soil depth and temporal variation. Organic matter amendments lead to increased mobilization of As into both soil porewaters and standing surface waters. The As speciation in the porewater was dominated by inorganic As (Asi) (arsenite and arsenate), with traces amounts of methylated species (DMAV and MMAV) only being found with OM amendment. It was noted in field trials that OM fertilization greatly enhanced As mobility to surface waters, which may have major implications for the fate of As in paddy agronomic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Hossain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK; Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Adrien Mestrot
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gareth J Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Claire Deacon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - M Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL, UK
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Newth JL, Rees EC, Cromie RL, McDonald RA, Bearhop S, Pain DJ, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Hilton GM. Widespread exposure to lead affects the body condition of free-living whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in Britain. Environ Pollut 2016; 209:60-7. [PMID: 26629647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead poisoning, through the ingestion of spent lead gunshot, is an established cause of morbidity and mortality in waterbirds globally, but the thresholds at which blood levels begin to affect the physiology of birds in the wild are less well known. Here we determine the prevalence of lead exposure in whooper swans and, for the first time, identify the level of blood lead associated with initial reductions in body condition. Blood lead elevated above background levels (i.e. >20 μg dL(-1)) was found in 41.7% (125/300) of swans tested. Blood lead was significantly negatively associated with winter body condition when levels were ≥44 μg dL(-1) (27/260 = 10%). Our findings indicating that sub-lethal impacts of lead on body condition occur at the lower end of previously established clinical thresholds and that a relatively high proportion of individuals in this population may be affected, reaffirm the importance of reducing contamination of the environment with lead shot.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Newth
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, UK.
| | - E C Rees
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK
| | - R L Cromie
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK
| | - R A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - S Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - D J Pain
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK
| | - G J Norton
- Institute of Biological Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - C Deacon
- Institute of Biological Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - G M Hilton
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, GL2 7BT, UK
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Royer-Perron L, Deacon C, Perrier-Ferland L.C, Bocti C. 4. Epilepsy in the elderly: Do physicians make the right choices? Clin Neurophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lu H, Pfefferkorn F, Felix C, Deacon C. Irradiance–distance, beam uniformity, and heat generation of seven LED lights. Dent Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meharg C, Khan B, Norton G, Deacon C, Johnson D, Reinhardt R, Huettel B, Meharg AA. Trait-directed de novo population transcriptome dissects genetic regulation of a balanced polymorphism in phosphorus nutrition/arsenate tolerance in a wild grass, Holcus lanatus. New Phytol 2014; 201:144-154. [PMID: 24102375 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptome of a balanced polymorphism, under the regulation of a single gene, for phosphate fertilizer responsiveness/arsenate tolerance in wild grass Holcus lanatus genotypes screened from the same habitat. De novo transcriptome sequencing, RNAseq (RNA sequencing) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling were conducted on RNA extracted from H. lanatus. Roche 454 sequencing data were assembled into c. 22,000 isotigs, and paired-end Illumina reads for phosphorus-starved (P-) and phosphorus-treated (P+) genovars of tolerant (T) and nontolerant (N) phenotypes were mapped to this reference transcriptome. Heatmaps of the gene expression data showed strong clustering of each P+/P- treated genovar, as well as clustering by N/T phenotype. Statistical analysis identified 87 isotigs to be significantly differentially expressed between N and T phenotypes and 258 between P+ and P- treated plants. SNPs and transcript expression that systematically differed between N and T phenotypes had regulatory function, namely proteases, kinases and ribonuclear RNA-binding protein and transposable elements. A single gene for arsenate tolerance led to distinct phenotype transcriptomes and SNP profiles, with large differences in upstream post-translational and post-transcriptional regulatory genes rather than in genes directly involved in P nutrition transport and metabolism per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Bayezid Khan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Gareth Norton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Claire Deacon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
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Sommella A, Deacon C, Norton G, Pigna M, Violante A, Meharg AA. Total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, and other elements concentrations in Italian rice grain varies with origin and type. Environ Pollut 2013; 181:38-43. [PMID: 23810819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice is comparatively efficient at assimilating inorganic arsenic (Asi), a class-one, non-threshold carcinogen, into its grain, being the dominant source of this element to mankind. Here it was investigated how the total arsenic (Ast) and Asi content of Italian rice grain sourced from market outlets varied by geographical origin and type. Total Cr, Cd Se, Mg, K, Zn, Ni were also quantified. Ast concentration on a variety basis ranged from means of 0.18 mg kg(-1) to 0.28 mg kg(-1), and from 0.11 mg kg(-1) to 0.28 mg kg(-1) by production region. For Asi concentration, means ranged from 0.08 mg kg(-1) to 0.11 mg kg(-1) by variety and 0.10 mg kg(-1) to 0.06 mg kg(-1) by region. There was significant geographical variation for both Ast and Asi; total Se and Ni concentration; while the total concentration of Zn, Cr, Ni and K were strongly influenced by the type of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sommella
- Department of Agriculture, Via Universitàn. 100, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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Norton G, Deacon C, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA. Arsenic speciation and localization in horticultural produce grown in a historically impacted mining region. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:6164-6172. [PMID: 23688252 DOI: 10.1021/es400720r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A field and market basket study (~1300 samples) of locally grown fruits and vegetables from historically mined regions of southwest (SW) England (Cornwall and Devon), and as reference, a market basket study of similarly locally grown produce from the northeast (NE) of Scotland (Aberdeenshire) was conducted to determine the concentration of total and inorganic arsenic present in produce from these two geogenically different areas of the U.K. On average 98.5% of the total arsenic found was present in the inorganic form. For both the market basket and the field survey, the highest total arsenic was present in open leaf structure produce (i.e., kale, chard, lettuce, greens, and spinach) being most likely to soil/dust contamination of the open leaf structure. The concentration of total arsenic in potatoes, swedes, and carrots was lower in peeled produce compared to unpeeled produce. For baked potatoes, the concentration of total arsenic in the skin was higher compared to the total arsenic concentration of the potato flesh, this difference in localization being confirmed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). For all above ground produce (e.g., apples), peeling did not have a significant effect on the concentration of total arsenic present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Norton
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
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Meharg AA, Norton G, Deacon C, Williams P, Adomako EE, Price A, Zhu Y, Li G, Zhao FJ, McGrath S, Villada A, Sommella A, De Silva PMCS, Brammer H, Dasgupta T, Islam MR. Variation in rice cadmium related to human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:5613-8. [PMID: 23668419 DOI: 10.1021/es400521h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains are the dominant source of cadmium in the human diet, with rice being to the fore. Here we explore the effect of geographic, genetic, and processing (milling) factors on rice grain cadmium and rice consumption rates that lead to dietary variance in cadmium intake. From a survey of 12 countries on four continents, cadmium levels in rice grain were the highest in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, with both these countries also having high per capita rice intakes. For Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, there was high weekly intake of cadmium from rice, leading to intakes deemed unsafe by international and national regulators. While genetic variance, and to a lesser extent milling, provide strategies for reducing cadmium in rice, caution has to be used, as there is environmental regulation as well as genetic regulation of cadmium accumulation within rice grains. For countries that import rice, grain cadmium can be controlled by where that rice is sourced, but for countries with subsistence rice economies that have high levels of cadmium in rice grain, agronomic and breeding strategies are required to lower grain cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Carbonell-Barrachina AA, Wu X, Ramírez-Gandolfo A, Norton GJ, Burló F, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic contents in rice-based infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA. Environ Pollut 2012; 163:77-83. [PMID: 22325434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spanish gluten-free rice, cereals with gluten, and pureed baby foods were analysed for total (t-As) and inorganic As (i-As) using ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS, respectively. Besides, pure infant rice from China, USA, UK and Spain were also analysed. The i-As contents were significantly higher in gluten-free rice than in cereals mixtures with gluten, placing infants with celiac disease at high risk. All rice-based products displayed a high i-As content, with values being above 60% of the t-As content and the remainder being dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Approximately 77% of the pure infant rice samples showed contents below 150 μg kg(-1) (Chinese limit). When daily intake of i-As by infants (4-12 months) was estimated and expressed on a bodyweight basis (μg d(-1) kg(-1)), it was higher in all infants aged 8-12 months than drinking water maximum exposures predicted for adults (assuming 1 L consumption per day for a 10 μg L(-1) standard).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Carbonell-Barrachina
- Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Departamento Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.
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Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Ramírez-Gandolfo A, Wu X, Norton GJ, Burló F, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Essential and toxic elements in infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2447-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Long J, Richardson CE, Barrett J, Deacon C, Matey P. Mammography as a diagnostic tool in women aged 35 to 39 presenting to the symptomatic breast clinic. Breast Cancer Res 2011. [PMCID: PMC3238282 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Carey AM, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Scheckel KG, Lombi E, Punshon T, Guerinot ML, Lanzirotti A, Newville M, Choi Y, Price AH, Meharg AA. Phloem transport of arsenic species from flag leaf to grain during grain filling. New Phytol 2011. [PMID: 21658183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03789.x/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
• Strategies to reduce arsenic (As) in rice grain, below concentrations that represent a serious human health concern, require that the mechanisms of As accumulation within grain be established. Therefore, retranslocation of As species from flag leaves into filling rice grain was investigated. • Arsenic species were delivered through cut flag leaves during grain fill. Spatial unloading within grains was investigated using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microtomography. Additionally, the effect of germanic acid (a silicic acid analog) on grain As accumulation in arsenite-treated panicles was examined. • Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) were extremely efficiently retranslocated from flag leaves to rice grain; arsenate was poorly retranslocated, and was rapidly reduced to arsenite within flag leaves; arsenite displayed no retranslocation. Within grains, DMA rapidly dispersed while MMA and inorganic As remained close to the entry point. Germanic acid addition did not affect grain As in arsenite-treated panicles. Three-dimensional SXRF microtomography gave further information on arsenite localization in the ovular vascular trace (OVT) of rice grains. • These results demonstrate that inorganic As is poorly remobilized, while organic species are readily remobilized, from leaves to grain. Stem translocation of inorganic As may not rely solely on silicic acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Carey
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Gareth J Norton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Claire Deacon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Centre Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus Mawson Lakes, S. Australia, SA-5095 Australia
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzirotti
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matt Newville
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yongseong Choi
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adam H Price
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Carey AM, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Scheckel KG, Lombi E, Punshon T, Guerinot ML, Lanzirotti A, Newville M, Choi Y, Price AH, Meharg AA. Phloem transport of arsenic species from flag leaf to grain during grain filling. New Phytol 2011; 192:87-98. [PMID: 21658183 PMCID: PMC3932528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
• Strategies to reduce arsenic (As) in rice grain, below concentrations that represent a serious human health concern, require that the mechanisms of As accumulation within grain be established. Therefore, retranslocation of As species from flag leaves into filling rice grain was investigated. • Arsenic species were delivered through cut flag leaves during grain fill. Spatial unloading within grains was investigated using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microtomography. Additionally, the effect of germanic acid (a silicic acid analog) on grain As accumulation in arsenite-treated panicles was examined. • Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) were extremely efficiently retranslocated from flag leaves to rice grain; arsenate was poorly retranslocated, and was rapidly reduced to arsenite within flag leaves; arsenite displayed no retranslocation. Within grains, DMA rapidly dispersed while MMA and inorganic As remained close to the entry point. Germanic acid addition did not affect grain As in arsenite-treated panicles. Three-dimensional SXRF microtomography gave further information on arsenite localization in the ovular vascular trace (OVT) of rice grains. • These results demonstrate that inorganic As is poorly remobilized, while organic species are readily remobilized, from leaves to grain. Stem translocation of inorganic As may not rely solely on silicic acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Carey
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Gareth J. Norton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Claire Deacon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental
Protection Agency, 5995 Centre Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224, USA
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University
of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus Mawson Lakes, S. Australia,
SA-5095 Australia
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
03755, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
03755, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzirotti
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matt Newville
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yongseong Choi
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adam H. Price
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Andrew A. Meharg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of
Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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Carey AM, Norton GJ, Deacon C, Scheckel KG, Lombi E, Punshon T, Guerinot ML, Lanzirotti A, Newville M, Choi Y, Price AH, Meharg AA. Phloem transport of arsenic species from flag leaf to grain during grain filling. New Phytol 2011. [PMID: 21658183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
• Strategies to reduce arsenic (As) in rice grain, below concentrations that represent a serious human health concern, require that the mechanisms of As accumulation within grain be established. Therefore, retranslocation of As species from flag leaves into filling rice grain was investigated. • Arsenic species were delivered through cut flag leaves during grain fill. Spatial unloading within grains was investigated using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microtomography. Additionally, the effect of germanic acid (a silicic acid analog) on grain As accumulation in arsenite-treated panicles was examined. • Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) were extremely efficiently retranslocated from flag leaves to rice grain; arsenate was poorly retranslocated, and was rapidly reduced to arsenite within flag leaves; arsenite displayed no retranslocation. Within grains, DMA rapidly dispersed while MMA and inorganic As remained close to the entry point. Germanic acid addition did not affect grain As in arsenite-treated panicles. Three-dimensional SXRF microtomography gave further information on arsenite localization in the ovular vascular trace (OVT) of rice grains. • These results demonstrate that inorganic As is poorly remobilized, while organic species are readily remobilized, from leaves to grain. Stem translocation of inorganic As may not rely solely on silicic acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Carey
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Gareth J Norton
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Claire Deacon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Centre Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus Mawson Lakes, S. Australia, SA-5095 Australia
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzirotti
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matt Newville
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yongseong Choi
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Sources, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adam H Price
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Andrew A Meharg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Adomako EE, Williams PN, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic and trace elements in Ghanaian grain staples. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:2435-2442. [PMID: 21775037 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of 549 samples of rice, maize, wheat, sorghum and millet were obtained from markets in Ghana, the EU, US and Asia. Analysis of the samples, originating from 21 countries in 5 continents, helped to establish global mean trace element concentrations in grains; thus placing the Ghanaian data within a global context. Ghanaian rice was generally low in potentially toxic elements, but high in essential nutrient elements. Arsenic concentrations in rice from US (0.22 mg/kg) and Thailand (0.15 mg/kg) were higher than in Ghanaian rice (0.11 mg/kg). Percentage inorganic arsenic content of the latter (83%) was, however, higher than for US (42%) and Thai rice (67%). Total arsenic concentration in Ghanaian maize, sorghum and millet samples (0.01 mg/kg) was an order of magnitude lower than in Ghanaian rice, indicating that a shift from rice-centric to multigrain diets could help reduce health risks posed by dietary exposure to inorganic As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eureka E Adomako
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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Deacon C, Guillemette A, Reiher J. 8. N complexes: An under-recognized normal EEG variant needing to be distinguished from generalized spike-waves. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Migoya EM, Bergeron R, Miller JL, Snyder RNK, Tanen M, Hilliard D, Weiss B, Larson P, Gutierrez M, Jiang G, Liu F, Pryor KA, Yao J, Zhu L, Holst JJ, Deacon C, Herman G, Thornberry N, Amatruda J, Williams-Herman D, Wagner JA, SinhaRoy R. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Administered in Combination With Metformin Result in an Additive Increase in the Plasma Concentration of Active GLP-1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:801-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Parvaiz A, King I, McCollouch R, Dewan V, Deacon C, Isgar B. A prospective study of incidental breast lesions detected on diagnostic CT scans. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Lu Y, Dong F, Deacon C, Chen HJ, Raab A, Meharg AA. Arsenic accumulation and phosphorus status in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars surveyed from fields in South China. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:1536-1541. [PMID: 20045585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major inorganic arsenic exposure pathway in S.E. Asia. A multi-location survey was undertaken in Guangdong Province, South China to assess arsenic accumulation and speciation in 2 rice cultivars, one an Indica and the other a hybrid Indica. The results showed that arsenic concentrations in rice tissue increased in the order grain < husk < straw < root. Rice grain arsenic content of 2 rice cultivars was significant different and correlated with phosphorus concentration and molar ratio of P/As in shoot, being higher for the Indica cultivar than for the hybrid Indica, which suggests altering shoot phosphorus status as a promising route for breeding rice cultivars with reduced grain arsenic. Speciation of grain arsenic, performed using HPLC-ICP-MS, identified inorganic arsenic as the dominant arsenic species present in the rice grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Newcombe C, Raab A, Williams PN, Deacon C, Haris PI, Meharg AA, Feldmann J. Accumulation or production of arsenobetaine in humans? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:832-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b921588c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Williams PN, Islam S, Islam R, Jahiruddin M, Adomako E, Soliaman ARM, Rahman GKMM, Lu Y, Deacon C, Zhu YG, Meharg AA. Arsenic limits trace mineral nutrition (selenium, zinc, and nickel) in Bangladesh rice grain. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:8430-6. [PMID: 19924980 DOI: 10.1021/es901825t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A reconnaissance of 23 paddy fields, from three Bangladesh districts, encompassing a total of 230 soil and rice plant samples was conducted to identify the extent to which trace element characteristics in soils and irrigation waters are reflected by the harvested rice crop. Field sites were located on two soil physiographic units with distinctly different As soil baseline and groundwater concentrations. For arsenic (As), both straw and grain trends closely fitted patterns observed for the soils and water. Grain concentration characteristics for selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni), however, were markedly different. Regressions of shoot and grain As against grain Se, Zn, and Ni were highly significant (P < 0.001), exhibiting a pronounced decline in grain trace-nutrient quality with increasing As content. To validate this further, a pot experiment cultivar screening trial, involving commonly cultivated high yielding variety (HYV) rice grown alongside two U.S. rice varieties characterized as being As tolerant and susceptible, was conducted on an As-amended uniform soil. Findings from the trial confirmed that As perturbed grain metal(loid) balances, resulting in severe yield reductions in addition to constraining the levels of Se, Zn, and Ni in the grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Williams
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Williams PN, Lombi E, Sun GX, Scheckel K, Zhu YG, Feng X, Zhu J, Carey AM, Adomako E, Lawgali Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA. Selenium characterization in the global rice supply chain. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:6024-30. [PMID: 19731713 DOI: 10.1021/es900671m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For up to 1 billion people worldwide, insufficient dietary intake of selenium (Se) is a serious health constraint. Cereals are the dominant Se source for those on low protein diets, as typified by the global malnourished population. With crop Se content constrained largely by underlying geology, regional soil Se variations are often mirrored by their locally grown staples. Despite this, the Se concentrations of much of the world's rice, the mainstay of so many, is poorly characterized, for both total Se content and Se speciation. In this study, 1092 samples of market sourced polished rice were obtained. The sampled rice encompassed dominant rice producing and exporting countries. Rice from the U.S. and India were found to be the most enriched, while mean average levels were lowest in Egyptian rice: approximately 32-fold less than their North American equivalents. By weighting country averages by contribution to either global production or export, modeled baseline values for both were produced. Based on a daily rice consumption of 300 g day(-1), around 75% of the grains from the production and export pools would fail to provide 70% of daily recommended Se intakes. Furthermore, Se localization and speciation characterization using X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (micro-XANES) techniques were investigated in a Se-rich sample. The results revealed that the large majority of Se in the endosperm was present in organic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Williams
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Mentis N, Köthe LD, Holst J, Deacon C, Wan Sze Ng V, Theodorakis M, Nawrodt B, Rotenberger K, Nauck M. „Glucose-depedent Insulinotropic Polypeptide“ (GIP) verstärkt die antidiabetischen Wirkungen von "Glucagon-Like Peptide-1" (GLP-1) bei hyperglykämischen Patienten mit Typ 2-Diabetes mellitus nicht. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1221857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sun GX, Williams PN, Zhu YG, Deacon C, Carey AM, Raab A, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Survey of arsenic and its speciation in rice products such as breakfast cereals, rice crackers and Japanese rice condiments. Environ Int 2009; 35:473-475. [PMID: 18775567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice has been demonstrated to be one of the major contributors to arsenic (As) in human diets in addition to drinking water, but little is known about rice products as an additional source of As exposure. Rice products were analyzed for total As and a subset of samples were measured for arsenic speciation using high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). A wide range of rice products had total and inorganic arsenic levels that typified those found in rice grain including, crisped rice, puffed rice, rice crackers, rice noodles and a range of Japanese rice condiments as well as rice products targeted at the macrobiotic, vegan, lactose intolerant and gluten intolerance food market. Most As in rice products are inorganic As (75.2-90.1%). This study provides a wider appreciation of how inorganic arsenic derived from rice products enters the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Adomako EE, Solaiman ARM, Williams PN, Deacon C, Rahman GKMM, Meharg AA. Enhanced transfer of arsenic to grain for Bangladesh grown rice compared to US and EU. Environ Int 2009; 35:476-9. [PMID: 18757098 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A field survey was conducted in arsenic impacted and non-impacted paddies of Bangladesh to assess how arsenic levels in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain are related to soil and shoot concentrations. Ten field sites from an arsenic contaminated tubewell irrigation region (Faridpur) were compared to 10 field sites from a non-affected region (Gazipur). Analysis of the overall data set found that both grain and shoot total arsenic concentrations were highly correlated (P<0.001) with soil arsenic. Median arsenic concentrations varied by 14, 10 and 3 fold for soil, shoot and grain respectively comparing the two regions. The reason for the sharp decline in the magnitude of difference between Gazipur and Faridpur for grain arsenic was due to an exponential decline in the grain/shoot arsenic concentration ratio with increasing shoot arsenic concentration. When the Bangladesh data were compared to EU and US soil-shoot-grain transfers, the same generic pattern could be found with the exception that arsenic was more efficiently transferred to grain from soil/shoot in the Bangladesh grown plants. This may reflect climatic or cultivar differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eureka E Adomako
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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Lu Y, Adomako EE, Solaiman ARM, Islam MR, Deacon C, Williams PN, Rahman GKMM, Meharg AA. Baseline soil variation is a major factor in arsenic accumulation in Bengal Delta paddy rice. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:1724-1729. [PMID: 19368163 DOI: 10.1021/es802794w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Factors responsible for paddy soil arsenic accumulation in the tubewell irrigated systems of the Bengal Delta were investigated. Baseline (i.e., nonirrigated) and paddy soils were collected from 30 field systems across Bangladesh. For each field, soil sampled at dry season (Boro) harvest i.e., the crop cycle irrigated with tubewell water, was collected along a 90 m transect away from the tubewell irrigation source. Baseline soil arsenic levels ranged from 0.8 to 21. mg/kg, with lower values found on the Pliestocene Terrace around Gazipur (average, 1.6 +/- 0.2 mg/kg), and higher levels found in Holecene sediment tracts of Jessore and Faridpur (average, 6.6 +/- 1.0 mg/kg). Two independent approaches were used to assess the extent of arsenic build-up in irrigated paddy soils. First, arsenic build-up in paddy soil at the end of dry season production (irrigated - baseline soil arsenic) was regressed against number of years irrigated and tubewell arsenic concentration. Years of irrigation was not significant (P = 0.711), indicating no year-on-year arsenic build-up, whereas tubewell As concentration was significant (P = 0.008). The second approach was analysis of irrigated soils for 20 fields over 2 successive years. For nine of the fields there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in soil arsenic from year 1 to 2, one field had a significant increase, whereas there was no change for the remaining 10. Over the dry season irrigation cycle, soil arsenic built-up in soils at a rate dependent on irrigation tubewell water, 35* (tubewell water concentration in mg/kg, triple bond mg/L). Grain arsenic rises steeply at low soil/shoot arsenic levels, plateauing out at concentratations. Baseline soil arsenic at Faridpur sites corresponded to grain arsenic levels at the start of this saturation phase. Therefore, variation in baseline levels of soil arsenic leads to a large range in grain arsenic. Where sites have high baseline soil arsenic, further additional arsenic from irrigation water only leads to a gradual increase in grain arsenic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Meharg AA, Williams PN, Adomako E, Lawgali YY, Deacon C, Villada A, Cambell RCJ, Sun G, Zhu YG, Feldmann J, Raab A, Zhao FJ, Islam R, Hossain S, Yanai J. Geographical variation in total and inorganic arsenic content of polished (white) rice. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:1612-7. [PMID: 19350943 DOI: 10.1021/es802612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An extensive data set of total arsenic analysis for 901 polished (white) grain samples, originating from 10 countries from 4 continents, was compiled. The samples represented the baseline (i.e., notspecifically collected from arsenic contaminated areas), and all were for market sale in major conurbations. Median total arsenic contents of rice varied 7-fold, with Egypt (0.04 mg/kg) and India (0.07 mg/kg) having the lowest arsenic content while the U.S. (0.25 mg/kg) and France (0.28 mg/kg) had the highest content. Global distribution of total arsenic in rice was modeled by weighting each country's arsenic distribution by that country's contribution to global production. A subset of 63 samples from Bangladesh, China, India, Italy, and the U.S. was analyzed for arsenic species. The relationship between inorganic arsenic contentversus total arsenic contentsignificantly differed among countries, with Bangladesh and India having the steepest slope in linear regression, and the U.S. having the shallowest slope. Using country-specific rice consumption data, daily intake of inorganic arsenic was estimated and the associated internal cancer risk was calculated using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cancer slope. Median excess internal cancer risks posed by inorganic arsenic ranged 30-fold for the 5 countries examined, being 0.7 per 10,000 for Italians to 22 per 10,000 for Bangladeshis, when a 60 kg person was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Meharg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
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Williams PN, Lei M, Sun G, Huang Q, Lu Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Zhu YG. Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:637-42. [PMID: 19244995 DOI: 10.1021/es802412r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Paddy rice has been likened to nictiana sp in its ability to scavenge cadmium (Cd) from soil, whereas arsenic (As) accumulation is commonly an order of magnitude higher than in other cereal crops. In areas such as those found in parts of Hunan province in south central China, base-metal mining activities and rice farming coexist. Therefore there is a considerable likelihood that lead (Pb), in addition to Cd and As, will accumulate in rice grown in parts of this region above levels suitable for human consumption. To test this hypothesis, a widespread provincial survey of rice from mine spoilt paddies (n = 100), in addition to a follow-up market grain survey (n = 122) conducted in mine impacted areas was undertaken to determine the safety of local rice supply networks. Furthermore, a specific Cd, As, and Pb biogeochemical survey of paddy soil and rice was conducted within southern China, targeting sites impacted by mining of varying intensities to calibrate rice metal(loid) transfer models and transfer factors that can be used to predict tissue loading. Results revealed a number of highly significant correlations between shoot, husk, bran, and endosperm rice tissue fractions and that rice from mining areas was enriched in Cd, As, and Pb. Sixty-five, 50, and 34% of all the mine-impacted field rice was predicted to fail national food standards for Cd, As, and Pb, respectively. Although, not as elevated as the grains from the mine-impacted field survey, it was demonstrated that metal(loid) tainted rice was entering food supply chains intended for direct human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Williams
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Signes-Pastor AJ, Deacon C, Jenkins RO, Haris PI, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Meharg AA. Arsenic speciation in Japanese rice drinks and condiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1930-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b911615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun GX, Williams PN, Carey AM, Zhu YG, Deacon C, Raab A, Feldmann J, Islam RM, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic in rice bran and its products are an order of magnitude higher than in bulk grain. Environ Sci Technol 2008. [PMID: 18939599 DOI: 10.1021/es801238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (brown) rice having higher arsenic levels than polished (white). It is reported here that rice bran, both commercially purchased and specifically milled for this study, have levels of inorganic arsenic, a nonthreshold, class 1 carcinogen, reaching concentrations of approximately 1 mg/kg dry weight, around 10-20 fold higher than concentrations found in bulk grain. Although pure rice bran is used as a health food supplement, perhaps of more concern is rice bran solubles, which are marketed as a superfood and as a supplement to malnourished children in international aid programs. Five rice bran solubles products were tested, sourced from the United States and Japan, and were found to have 0.61-1.9 mg/kg inorganic arsenic. Manufactures recommend approximately 20 g servings of the rice bran solubles per day, which equates to a 0.012-0.038 mg intake of inorganic arsenic. There are no maximum concentration levels (MCLs) set for arsenic or its species in food stuffs. EU and U.S. water regulations, set at 0.01 mg/L total or inorganic arsenic, respectively, are based on the assumption that 1 L of water per day is consumed, i.e., 0.01 mg of arsenic/ day. At the manufacturers recommended rice bran solubles consumption rate, inorganic arsenic intake exceeds 0.01 mg/ day, remembering that rice bran solubles are targeted at malnourished children and that actual risk is based on mg kg(-1) day(-1) intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Sun
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
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Sun GX, Williams PN, Carey AM, Zhu YG, Deacon C, Raab A, Feldmann J, Islam RM, Meharg AA. Inorganic arsenic in rice bran and its products are an order of magnitude higher than in bulk grain. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:7542-7546. [PMID: 18939599 DOI: 10.1021/es801238p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rice is more elevated in arsenic than all other grain crops tested to date, with whole grain (brown) rice having higher arsenic levels than polished (white). It is reported here that rice bran, both commercially purchased and specifically milled for this study, have levels of inorganic arsenic, a nonthreshold, class 1 carcinogen, reaching concentrations of approximately 1 mg/kg dry weight, around 10-20 fold higher than concentrations found in bulk grain. Although pure rice bran is used as a health food supplement, perhaps of more concern is rice bran solubles, which are marketed as a superfood and as a supplement to malnourished children in international aid programs. Five rice bran solubles products were tested, sourced from the United States and Japan, and were found to have 0.61-1.9 mg/kg inorganic arsenic. Manufactures recommend approximately 20 g servings of the rice bran solubles per day, which equates to a 0.012-0.038 mg intake of inorganic arsenic. There are no maximum concentration levels (MCLs) set for arsenic or its species in food stuffs. EU and U.S. water regulations, set at 0.01 mg/L total or inorganic arsenic, respectively, are based on the assumption that 1 L of water per day is consumed, i.e., 0.01 mg of arsenic/ day. At the manufacturers recommended rice bran solubles consumption rate, inorganic arsenic intake exceeds 0.01 mg/ day, remembering that rice bran solubles are targeted at malnourished children and that actual risk is based on mg kg(-1) day(-1) intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Sun
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
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Zhu YG, Sun GX, Lei M, Teng M, Liu YX, Chen NC, Wang LH, Carey AM, Deacon C, Raab A, Meharg AA, Williams PN. High percentage inorganic arsenic content of mining impacted and nonimpacted Chinese rice. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:5008-13. [PMID: 18678041 DOI: 10.1021/es8001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two approaches were undertaken to characterize the arsenic (As) content of Chinese rice. First, a national market basket survey (n = 240) was conducted in provincial capitals, sourcing grain from China's premier rice production areas. Second, to reflect rural diets, paddy rice (n = 195) directly from farmers fields were collected from three regions in Hunan, a key rice producing province located in southern China. Two of the sites were within mining and smeltery districts, and the third was devoid of large-scale metal processing industries. Arsenic levels were determined in all the samples while a subset (n = 33) were characterized for As species, using a new simple and rapid extraction method suitable for use with Hamilton PRP-X100 anion exchange columns and HPLC-ICP-MS. The vast majority (85%) of the market rice grains possessed total As levels < 150 ng g(-1). The rice collected from mine-impacted regions, however, were found to be highly enriched in As, reaching concentrations of up to 624 ng g(-1). Inorganic As (As(i)) was the predominant species detected in all of the speciated grain, with As(i) levels in some samples exceeding 300 ng g(-1). The As(i) concentration in polished and unpolished Chinese rice was successfully predicted from total As levels. The mean baseline concentrations for As(i) in Chinese market rice based on this survey were estimated to be 96 ng g(-1) while levels in mine-impacted areas were higher with ca. 50% of the rice in one region predicted to fail the national standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Meharg AA, Sun G, Williams PN, Adomako E, Deacon C, Zhu YG, Feldmann J, Raab A. Inorganic arsenic levels in baby rice are of concern. Environ Pollut 2008; 152:746-9. [PMID: 18339463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a chronic exposure carcinogen. Analysis of UK baby rice revealed a median inorganic arsenic content (n=17) of 0.11 mg/kg. By plotting inorganic arsenic against total arsenic, it was found that inorganic concentrations increased linearly up to 0.25 mg/kg total arsenic, then plateaued at 0.16 mg/kg at higher total arsenic concentrations. Inorganic arsenic intake by babies (4-12 months) was considered with respect to current dietary ingestion regulations. It was found that 35% of the baby rice samples analysed would be illegal for sale in China which has regulatory limit of 0.15 mg/kg inorganic arsenic. EU and US food regulations on arsenic are non-existent. When baby inorganic arsenic intake from rice was considered, median consumption (expressed as microg/kg/d) was higher than drinking water maximum exposures predicted for adults in these regions when water intake was expressed on a bodyweight basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Meharg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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Meharg AA, Deacon C, Campbell RCJ, Carey AM, Williams PN, Feldmann J, Raab A. Inorganic arsenic levels in rice milk exceed EU and US drinking water standards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:428-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b800981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Williams PN, Villada A, Deacon C, Raab A, Figuerola J, Green AJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA. Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared to wheat and barley. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:6854-9. [PMID: 17969706 DOI: 10.1021/es070627i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Paired grain, shoot, and soil of 173 individual sample sets of commercially farmed temperate rice, wheat, and barley were surveyed to investigate variation in the assimilation and translocation of arsenic (As). Rice samples were obtained from the Carmargue (France), Doñana (Spain), Cadiz (Spain), California, and Arkansas. Wheat and barleywere collected from Cornwall and Devon (England) and the east coast of Scotland. Transfer of As from soil to grain was an order of magnitude greater in rice than for wheat and barley, despite lower rates of shoot-to-grain transfer. Rice grain As levels over 0.60 microg g(-1) d. wt were found in rice grown in paddy soil of around only 10 microg g(-1) As, showing that As in paddy soils is problematic with respect to grain As levels. This is due to the high shoot/soil ratio of approximately 0.8 for rice compared to 0.2 and 0.1 for barley and wheat, respectively. The differences in these transfer ratios are probably due to differences in As speciation and dynamics in anaerobic rice soils compared to aerobic soils for barley and wheat. In rice, the export of As from the shoot to the grain appears to be under tight physiological control as the grain/shoot ratio decreases by more than an order of magnitude (from approximately 0.3 to 0.003 mg/kg) and as As levels in the shoots increase from 1 to 20 mg/kg. A down regulation of shoot-to-grain export may occur in wheat and barley, but it was not detected at the shoot As levels found in this survey. Some agricultural soils in southwestern England had levels in excess of 200 microg g(-1) d. wt, although the grain levels for wheat and barley never breached 0.55 microg g(-1) d. wt. These grain levels were achieved in rice in soils with an order of magnitude lower As. Thus the risk posed by As in the human food-chain needs to be considered in the context of anaerobic verses aerobic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Taggart MA, Figuerola J, Green AJ, Mateo R, Deacon C, Osborn D, Meharg AA. After the Aznalcóllar mine spill: arsenic, zinc, selenium, lead and copper levels in the livers and bones of five waterfowl species. Environ Res 2006; 100:349-61. [PMID: 16165123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In April 1998, a holding lagoon containing pyrite ore processing waste, failed and released 5-6 million m3 of highly polluting sludge and acidic water. Over 2650 ha of the internationally important Doñana Natural Park became contaminated, along with < 100 ha of the more pristine Doñana National Park. In order to assess the affect of the spill on waterfowl from Doñana, bone and liver samples from 124 individuals have been analysed for As, Pb, Cu, Zn and Se. Five species have been studied, from the Rallidae (rails), Anatini (dabbling ducks) and Aythyini (pochards) families. Geometric mean bone concentrations 2-3 months after the spill were in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Se > As, while liver concentrations were in the order of Zn > Cu > Se > Pb > As. Dry weight bone concentrations ranged from n.d-1.76 mg kg(-1) As, 109.4-247.6 mg kg(-1) Zn, 0.06-1.27 mg kg(-1) Se, n.d-134.11 mg kg(-1) Pb, and 2.18-8.92 mg kg(-1) Cu. Wet weight liver concentrations ranged from n.d-0.34 mg kg(-1) As, 29.8-220.1 mg kg(-1) Zn, 0.15-0.85 mg kg(-1) Se, n.d-3.80 mg kg(-1) Pb, and 7.30-742.96 mg kg(-1) Cu. The most important factor related to the accumulation of these metals was commonly species; however, location and sex also had important effects on liver As levels, location and age affected Cu levels, while Zn and Pb were affected by age, sex and location. Birds from Natural Park areas were found to have significantly higher levels of bone Zn, Pb and Cu, and liver As and Cu than birds from National Park areas. Female birds had higher liver As, Zn and Pb than males; whilst adults appeared to have lower bone As and Zn but higher liver Pb than chicks/juveniles. Although metal concentrations were elevated in certain individuals, in the majority of birds studied, they did not reach levels widely considered to be toxic. However, it would appear that As and Cu liver levels (which may be indicative of short-medium term pollutant exposure) were elevated in waterbirds which died in the spill contaminated Natural Park, 2-3 months after the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taggart
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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Benson SRC, Harrison NJ, Lengyel J, Deacon C, Isgar B. Combined image guidance excision of non-palpable breast lesions. Breast 2004; 13:110-4. [PMID: 15019690 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When mammogramography detects a non-palpable lesion the surgeons may be called upon to establish a diagnosis. Various techniques are currently employed. We describe a technique, which can be used both for diagnostic and for therapeutic procedures. The technique essentially involves localising the tip of a guide-wire, placed under mammographic guidance, with ultrasound scanning. This minimises many of the problems encountered with wire guided excision. We conducted a prospective non-randomised study using our combined image guidance technique (CIG) for patients undergoing diagnostic (n = 24) and therapeutic biopsy (n = 13). We found that significantly smaller diagnostic biopsy weights were achievable using CIG, compared to non-CIG techniques. Reduced biopsy weights are recommended by current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R C Benson
- Department of Surgery, Royal Woverhampton NHS Trust, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK
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Deacon C, Wiebe S, Blume WT, McLachlan RS, Young GB, Matijevic S. Seizure identification by clinical description in temporal lobe epilepsy: how accurate are we? Neurology 2003; 61:1686-9. [PMID: 14694030 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000090566.40544.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of the clinical history performed by epileptologists in the identification of seizures in patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS The clinical and EEG telemetry (EEGT) monitoring data of 88 patients with suspected refractory temporal lobe seizures referred for evaluation of epilepsy surgery were prospectively evaluated. All clinical events obtained by history in these patients were adjudicated as being a seizure or not by two blinded (without access to EEG data) independent epileptologists. Each clinical event was then matched with the corresponding clinical event recorded with EEG telemetry in the epilepsy monitoring unit (gold standard). Sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, predictive value, and interrater agreement for the clinical assessment were obtained. RESULTS Of 357 clinically different events, 175 (49%) were reproduced in the epilepsy monitoring unit. Only 10 events were misidentified by history as being a seizure or not, resulting in an overall clinical accuracy of 94%. Epileptologists' sensitivity for seizure identification was 96% (95% CI 92, 98%) but specificity was only 50% (95% CI 22, 79%). Accuracy for complex partial seizures and generalized seizures was higher than for simple partial seizures (SPS). Misidentification occurred only with SPS and nonepileptic events. Agreement beyond chance among epileptologists was good. CONCLUSION In this selected group of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, seizure identification by clinical history is highly accurate. Epileptologists rarely miss seizures (high sensitivity) but more often overcall nonepileptic events as seizures (low specificity).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deacon
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Castlehouse H, Smith C, Raab A, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Feldmann J. Biotransformation and accumulation of arsenic in soil amended with seaweed. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37:951-7. [PMID: 12666926 DOI: 10.1021/es026110i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For many coastal regions of the world, it has been common practice to apply seaweed to the land as a soil improver and fertilizer. Seaweed is rich in arsenosugars and has a tissue concentration of arsenic up to 100 micro/g g(-1). These arsenic species are relatively nontoxic to humans; however, in the environment they may accumulate in the soil and decompose to more toxic arsenic species. The aim of this study was to determine the fate and biotransformation of these arsenosugars in soil using HPLC-ICP-MS analysis. Data from coastal soils currently manured with seaweeds were used to investigate if arsenic was accumulating in these soils. Long-term application of seaweed increased arsenic concentrations in these soils up to 10-fold (0.35 mg of As kg(-1) for nonagronomic peat, 4.3 mg of As kg(-1) for seaweed-amended peat). The biotransformation of arsenic was studied in microcosm experiments in which a sandy (machair) soil, traditionally manured with seaweed, was amended with Laminaria digitata and Fucus vesiculosus. In both seaweed species, the arsenic occurs in the form of arsenosugars (85%). The application of 50 g of seaweed to 1 kg of soil leads to an increase of arsenic in the soils, and the dominating species found in the soil pore water were dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) and the inorganic species arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) after the initial appearance of arsenosugars. A proposed decomposition pathway of arsenosugars is discussed in which the arsenosugars are transformed to DMA(V) and further to inorganic arsenic without appreciable amounts of methylarsonic acid (MA(V)). Commercially available seaweed-based fertilizers contain arsenic concentration between 10 and 50 mg kg(-1). The arsenic species in these fertilizers depends on the manufacturing procedure. Some contain mainly arsenosugars while others contain mainly DMA(V) and inorganic arsenic. With the application rates suggested by the manufacturers, the application of these fertilizers is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the maximum permissible sewage sludge load for arsenic (varies from 0.025 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in Styria, Austria, to 0.7 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in the U.K.), while a direct seaweed application would exceed the maximum arsenic load by at least a factor of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Castlehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
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Deacon C. Breastfeeding. Are we just bottling out? Nurs Times 2001; 97:26-7. [PMID: 11957476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Deacon C. Breast-feeding: overcoming the barriers. Nurs Times 2000; 96:41-2. [PMID: 11968398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Abstract
As a therapeutic principle, the insulinotropic peptide, GLP-1, of the secretin-glucagon family of peptides, has turned out to possess some remarkably attractive properties, including the capability of normalizing blood glucose concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and promoting satiety and reducing food intake in healthy volunteers. Because of rapid and extensive metabolization, the peptide is not immediately clinically applicable and, as a therapeutic principle, GLP-1 is still in its infancy. Some possible avenues for circumventing these difficulties are the development of DPP-IV-resistant analogs, the inhibition of DPP-IV, enhancement of GLP-1 secretion, GLP delivery systems using continuous subcutaneous infusion or buccal tablets, GLP-1 absorption, and orally active, stable analogs. It seems likely that one or more of these approaches could result in a clinically useful development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Holst
- Department of Medical Physiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Deacon C. How to be an effective convenor. Nurs Stand 1989; 4:47. [PMID: 2511489 DOI: 10.7748/ns.4.5.47.s58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Deacon C, Smith MF. Surgical microscope lamp cooler. Arch Otolaryngol 1974; 100:402. [PMID: 4429489 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1974.00780040414022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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