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Kates MM, Dugan C, Rowsey T, Luckett JP, Chaulk AL. Ocular self-injection of alkaline drain cleaner in a patient with psychosis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:e378-e380. [PMID: 37599122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Kates
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1720, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233 Alabama, United States.
| | - C Dugan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1720, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233 Alabama, United States
| | - T Rowsey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1720, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233 Alabama, United States
| | - J P Luckett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1720, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233 Alabama, United States; Alabama Ophthalmology Associates, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - A L Chaulk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama-Birmingham, 1720, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35233 Alabama, United States; Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Attwell C, McKay A, Sim M, Dugan C, Nicholas J, Hopper L, Peeling P. Timing is everything, but does it really matter? Impact of 8-weeks morning versus evening iron supplementation in ballet and contemporary dancers. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2275-2282. [PMID: 37291690 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2224285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of a morning versus evening oral iron supplement strategy to increase iron stores was explored. Ballet and contemporary dancers with serum ferritin (sFer) < 50μg/L (n = 14), were supplemented daily with 105 mg elemental oral iron in either the morning (FeAM) or evening (FePM) for 8 weeks. A control group (n = 6) with sFer >50μg/L were given no supplement over the same period. Dancers' sFer were measured at baseline and post-intervention. Assessment of daily training load, dietary intake, and menstruation were made. A significant interaction (p < 0.001) showed the within group sFer change over the 8-week intervention in FeAM (+25.9 ± 10.5μg/L) and FePM, (+22.3 ± 13.6μg/L) was significantly different to CON (-30.17 ± 28.7μg/L; both p = 0.001). This change was not different between FeAM and FePM (p = 0.778). sFer levels within FeAM and FePM significantly increased over the 8-weeks; however, they significantly decreased in the CON group (all p < 0.05). Post-intervention sFer levels were no longer different between the three groups (p > 0.05). Training load, dietary intake, and number of menstrual cycles incurred were similar between FeAM and FePM (p > 0.05). Oral iron supplementation in either the morning or evening appears equally effective in increasing sFer levels in dancers with sub-optimal iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Attwell
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Alannah McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Cory Dugan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Joanna Nicholas
- Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Australia
| | - Luke Hopper
- Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
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Dugan C, Simpson A, Peeling P, Lim J, Davies A, Buissink P, MacLean B, Jayasuriya P, Richards T. The Perceived Impact of Iron Deficiency and Iron Therapy Preference in Exercising Females of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:2097-2108. [PMID: 37644963 PMCID: PMC10461751 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s397122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patient perceptions of iron deficiency and efficacy of iron therapy may differ from the interpretations of doctors. Qualitative investigation at an individual level related may help define patient expectations and therapeutic targets. Therefore, we aimed to explore this concept in exercising females of reproductive age. Methods Exercising females (n = 403) who either (a) were currently experiencing iron deficiency, or (b) have experienced iron deficiency in the past were included. A survey comprising open-ended text response questions explored three 'domains': (1) the impact of iron deficiency, (2) the impact of iron tablet supplementation (where applicable), and (3) the impact of iron infusion treatment (where applicable). Questions were asked about training, performance, and recovery from exercise. Survey responses were coded according to their content, and sentiment analysis was conducted to assess responses as positive, negative, or neutral. Results Exercising females showed negative sentiment toward iron deficiency symptoms (mean range = -0.94 to -0.81), with perception that fatigue significantly impacts performance and recovery. Iron therapies were perceived to improve energy, performance, and recovery time. Participants displayed a strong positive sentiment (mean range = 0.74 to 0.79) toward iron infusion compared to a moderately positive sentiment toward oral iron supplementation (mean range = 0.44 to 0.47), with many participants perceiving that oral iron supplementation had no effect. Conclusion In Australia, women prefer an iron infusion in treatment of iron deficiency compared to oral iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Dugan
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Aaron Simpson
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jayne Lim
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amelia Davies
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paige Buissink
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Beth MacLean
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pradeep Jayasuriya
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Toby Richards
- UWA Medical School and Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Davies AT, Devlin PM, Dugan C, Richards T, Miles LF. Non-erythropoiesis stimulating agent, non-iron therapies for the management of anemia: A scoping review. Transfusion 2023; 63:849-860. [PMID: 36810729 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia T Davies
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paula M Devlin
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cory Dugan
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Toby Richards
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lachlan F Miles
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Dugan C, Cabolis K, Miles LF, Richards T. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravenous iron therapy for adults with non-anaemic iron deficiency: An abridged Cochrane review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2637-2649. [PMID: 36321348 PMCID: PMC9745472 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for oxygen supply and aerobic metabolism. Iron deficiency impacts cellular respiration and mitochondrial energy metabolism, which can lead to reduced skeletal muscle function and muscle mass, causing sarcopenia. Intravenous iron offers the ability to rapidly correct iron deficiency, but the functional impact on patient mental and physical health is unclear. We assessed the effects of intravenous iron therapy on physical function and quality of life in the treatment of adults with non-anaemic iron deficiency. An update and reanalysis of a previously published Cochrane systematic review was performed to assess randomized controlled trials that compared any intravenous iron preparation with placebo in adults. The primary functional outcome measure was physical performance as defined by the trial authors. Secondary outcome measures included fatigue and quality-of-life scores, and adverse effects at the end of follow-up. Biochemical efficacy was assessed by change in serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentration levels. Twenty-one randomized controlled trials, comprising 3514 participants, were included. Intravenous iron compared with placebo resulted in significantly increased physical function measured by mean peak oxygen consumption (mean difference [MD] 1.77 mL/kg/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 2.97). An overall improvement in fatigue was seen (standardized MD 0.30, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.09) but no overall difference in quality of life (MD 0.15, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.31). Biochemically, intravenous iron resulted in improved serum ferritin (MD 245.52 μg/L, 95% CI 152.1 to 338.9) and haemoglobin levels (MD 4.65 g/L, 95% CI 2.53 to 6.78). There was a higher risk of developing mild adverse events in the intravenous iron group compared with the placebo group (risk ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.83); however, no differences were seen in serious adverse events (risk difference 0, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.01). The quality of evidence was rated 'low' and 'very low' for all outcome variables, except for fatigue, mainly due to most studies being judged as having a high risk of bias. In non-anaemic iron-deficient adults, the use of intravenous iron compared with placebo improved physical function and reduced fatigue scores. However, we remain uncertain about the efficacy in this population due to low-quality evidence, and there is a need for further studies to address potential impact on overall quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Dugan
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health and Medical ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Katerina Cabolis
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lachlan F. Miles
- Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Toby Richards
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health and Medical ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Devlin P, Davies A, Dugan C, Richards T, Miles LF. Non-erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, non-iron therapies for the management of anaemia: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059059. [PMID: 35410937 PMCID: PMC9003621 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative anaemia is associated with poor postoperative outcomes and is the strongest predictor of allogenic blood transfusion, which contributes further to patient morbidity. Emphasis has been placed on correcting anaemia prior to surgery to mitigate these outcomes. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the benefit of currently recommended interventions. With greater understanding of iron haemostasis and erythropoiesis, novel therapies have been identified. These are at varying stages of development with some demonstrating promising results in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is not known how these agents have been studied outside this population, particularly in the perioperative context. To address this, we will conduct a scoping review of the published literature to chart the evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews framework. The electronic database search will include Scopus, MEDLINE (Ovid) and Excerpta Medica database (Ovid), with no language restrictions, and will include all publications since 1 January 2010. This review will have three objectives: (1) to describe the mechanisms of action for novel agents, (2) to describe the level of evidence and stage of development of novel agents in a perioperative setting, and (3) to determine the potential agents suitable for prospective controlled trials in a preoperative or postoperative patient cohort and aiming to improve patient-centred outcomes. The review process will involve two reviewers with a third reviewer resolving disagreements. Data will be extracted and organised with subsequent analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This scoping review does not require research ethics approval. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and inform the development of future prospective trials based on established evidence from potential therapeutic agents. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This protocol has been registered prospectively on the Open Science Framework registry (DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/SM3UH, https://osf.io/sm3uh/?view_only=39876ccf7a4348dfbd566535b957a7db).Cite Now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Devlin
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amelia Davies
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cory Dugan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Toby Richards
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lachlan F Miles
- Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nabarro LE, McCann N, Herdman MT, Dugan C, Ladhani S, Patel D, Morris-Jones S, Balasegaram S, Heyderman RS, Brown M, Parry CM, Godbole G. British Infection Association Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Enteric Fever in England. J Infect 2022; 84:469-489. [PMID: 35038438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (EF) is an infection caused by the bacteria called Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. Infection is acquired through swallowing contaminated food or water. Most EF in England occurs in people returning from South Asia and other places where EF is common; catching EF in England is rare. The main symptom is fever, but stomach pain, diarrhoea, muscle aches, rash and other symptoms may occur. EF is diagnosed by culturing the bacteria from blood and/or stool in a microbiology laboratory. EF usually responds well to antibiotic treatment. Depending on how unwell the individual is, antibiotics may be administered by mouth or by injection. Over the past several years, there has been an overall increase in resistance to antibiotics used to treat enteric fever, in all endemic areas. Additionally, since 2016, there has been an ongoing outbreak of drug-resistant EF in Pakistan. This infection is called extensively drug-resistant, or XDR, EF and only responds to a limited number of antibiotics. Occasionally individuals develop complications of EF including confusion, bleeding, a hole in the gut or an infection of the bones or elsewhere. Some people may continue to carry the bacteria in their stool for a longtime following treatment for the initial illness. These people may need treatment with a longer course of antibiotics to eradicate infection. Travellers can reduce their risk of acquiring EF by following safe food and water practices and by receiving the vaccine at least a few weeks before travel. These guidelines aim to help doctors do the correct tests and treat patients for enteric fever in England but may also be useful to doctors and public health professionals in other similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Nabarro
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; British Infection Association, UK
| | - N McCann
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - C Dugan
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Ladhani
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University, London, UK
| | - D Patel
- National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), UK
| | - S Morris-Jones
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - R S Heyderman
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Brown
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C M Parry
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Alder Hey Hospital and Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - G Godbole
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UK; British Infection Association, UK.
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8
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Dugan C, Scott C, Abeysiri S, Baikady RR, Richards T. The need to screen for anemia in exercising women. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27271. [PMID: 34596123 PMCID: PMC8483825 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anemia is common, affecting 1 in 3 women in their lifetime. Despite high prevalence rates, awareness is poor. This is relevant for women undertaking sport as anemia can lead to reduced physical performance. There is no current screening program for testing of anemia for exercising women. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess a simple screening tool to predict anemia in exercising women.Cross sectional survey study.National fitness festival.Three hundred exercising women.Screening methodology (Female Health Questionnaire and a haemoglobin concentration measurement).The Female Health Questionnaire inquired about; previous iron status, menstrual blood loss, diet, and motherhood. Participants were asked to self-report any symptoms of iron deficiency, including; brain fog, palpitations, shortness of breath, restless legs, hair loss, and pica. Results were compared to fingerprick haemoglobin levels with anemia defined as [Hb] < 120 g/L.Average age was 31.21years (s.d.7.72), average [Hb] was 131.76 g/L (s.d.11.5) and 36 (12%) had anemia. A history of iron deficiency was reported by 127 (43.49%), 127 (43.49%) reported heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), 75 were vegetarian (18%) or vegan (8%) and 33 were mothers (11%). In total 80 reported taking time off work (total 1612 days). Women with anemia more commonly reported HMB (58.33% vs. 41.57%, P = .04), and those with HMB were more likely to report days off (39.37% vs. 18.18%, P < .001).Anemia was common in exercising women, particularly those with HMB. A simple screening tool for HMB and finger prick haemoglobin testing for anemia is recommended in women undertaking exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Dugan
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | | | | | - Ravishankar Rao Baikady
- The Iron Clinic, London, UK
- Department of Anesthesia and Peri Operative Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Dept, London, UK
| | - Toby Richards
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth
- The Iron Clinic, London, UK
- Department of Anesthesia and Peri Operative Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Dept, London, UK
- Lawrence-Brown Chair in Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth
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Dugan C, MacLean B, Cabolis K, Abeysiri S, Khong A, Sajic M, Richards T. The misogyny of iron deficiency. Anaesthesia 2021; 76 Suppl 4:56-62. [PMID: 33682094 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia is common, particularly in women and the commonest underlying cause, iron deficiency, is often overlooked. Anaemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing anaesthesia; however, women are defined as being anaemic at a lower haemoglobin level than men. In this narrative review, we present the history of iron deficiency anaemia and how women's health has often been overlooked. Iron deficiency was first described as 'chlorosis' and a cause of 'hysteria' in women and initial treatment was by iron filings in cold wine. We present data of population screening demonstrating how common iron deficiency is, affecting 12-18% of apparently 'fit and healthy' women, with the most common cause being heavy menstrual bleeding; both conditions being often unrecognised. We describe a range of symptoms reported by women, that vary from fatigue to brain fog, hair loss and eating ice. We also describe experiments exploring the physical impact of iron deficiency, showing that reduced exercise performance is related to iron deficiency independent of haemoglobin concentration, as well as the impact of iron supplementation in women improving oxygen consumption and fitness. Overall, we demonstrate the need to single out women and investigate iron deficiency rather than accept the dogma of normality and differential treatment; this is to say, the need to change the current standard of care for women undergoing anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dugan
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - B MacLean
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K Cabolis
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - S Abeysiri
- Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Khong
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Sajic
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - T Richards
- Division of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Macario AJ, Dugan C, Perez-Lloret IL, Conway de Macario E. Purification of erythroblastic nests. Blood 1981; 57:922-7. [PMID: 7214023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for preparing purified erythroblastic nests in large numbers (approximately 10(6)/run) in three steps: (1) induction of splenic erythropoiesis in mice, (2) preparative differential centrifugation for the removal of erythrocytes and single cells from spleen cell suspensions, and (3) sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll 400 in Joklik's modification of minimum essential medium. Viability of isolated EN is very high, as demonstrated by the trypan blue exclusion and in vitro erythrocyte formation methods.
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