1
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Zhang X, Joseph S, Wu D, Bowser JL, Vaziri C. The DNA Damage Response (DDR) landscape of endometrial cancer defines discrete disease subtypes and reveals therapeutic opportunities. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae015. [PMID: 38596432 PMCID: PMC11000323 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome maintenance is an enabling characteristic that allows neoplastic cells to tolerate the inherent stresses of tumorigenesis and evade therapy-induced genotoxicity. Neoplastic cells also deploy many mis-expressed germ cell proteins termed Cancer Testes Antigens (CTAs) to promote genome maintenance and survival. Here, we present the first comprehensive characterization of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and CTA transcriptional landscapes of endometrial cancer in relation to conventional histological and molecular subtypes. We show endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC), an aggressive endometrial cancer subtype, is defined by gene expression signatures comprising members of the Replication Fork Protection Complex (RFPC) and Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway and CTAs with mitotic functions. DDR and CTA-based profiling also defines a subset of highly aggressive endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) with poor clinical outcomes that share similar profiles to ESC yet have distinct characteristics based on conventional histological and genomic features. Using an unbiased CRISPR-based genetic screen and a candidate gene approach, we confirm that DDR and CTA genes that constitute the ESC and related EEC gene signatures are required for proliferation and therapy-resistance of cultured endometrial cancer cells. Our study validates the use of DDR and CTA-based tumor classifiers and reveals new vulnerabilities of aggressive endometrial cancer where none currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
| | - Sayali Joseph
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
| | - Jessica L Bowser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC - 27599, USA
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2
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Biller M, Kabir S, Boado C, Nipper S, Saffa A, Tal A, Allen S, Sasanuma H, Dréau D, Vaziri C, Tomida J. REV7-p53 interaction inhibits ATM-mediated DNA damage signaling. Cell Cycle 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38557443 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2333227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
REV7 is an abundant, multifunctional protein that is a known factor in cell cycle regulation and in several key DNA repair pathways including Trans-Lesion Synthesis (TLS), the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway, and DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB) repair pathway choice. Thus far, no direct role has been studied for REV7 in the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway. Here we describe a novel function for REV7 in DSB-induced p53 signaling. We show that REV7 binds directly to p53 to block ATM-dependent p53 Ser15 phosphorylation. We also report that REV7 is involved in the destabilization of p53. These findings affirm REV7's participation in fundamental cell cycle and DNA repair pathways. Furthermore, they highlight REV7 as a critical factor for the integration of multiple processes that determine viability and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Biller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sara Kabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Chkylle Boado
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Nipper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Saffa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ariella Tal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sydney Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Didier Dréau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junya Tomida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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3
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Cheng X, An J, Lou J, Gu Q, Ding W, Droby GN, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Anand JR, Shelton A, Satterlee AB, Mann B, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Lu K, Hingtgen S, Wang J, Liu Z, Miller CR, Wu D, Vaziri C, Yang Y. Trans-lesion synthesis and mismatch repair pathway crosstalk defines chemoresistance and hypermutation mechanisms in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1957. [PMID: 38438348 PMCID: PMC10912752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all Glioblastoma (GBM) are either intrinsically resistant to the chemotherapeutical drug temozolomide (TMZ) or acquire therapy-induced mutations that cause chemoresistance and recurrence. The genome maintenance mechanisms responsible for GBM chemoresistance and hypermutation are unknown. We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 (a proximal regulator of TLS) is activated in a Mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent manner in TMZ-treated GBM cells, promoting post-replicative gap-filling and survival. An unbiased CRISPR screen provides an aerial map of RAD18-interacting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways deployed by GBM to tolerate TMZ genotoxicity. Analysis of mutation signatures from TMZ-treated GBM reveals a role for RAD18 in error-free bypass of O6mG (the most toxic TMZ-induced lesion), and error-prone bypass of other TMZ-induced lesions. Our analyses of recurrent GBM patient samples establishes a correlation between low RAD18 expression and hypermutation. Taken together we define molecular underpinnings for the hallmark tumorigenic phenotypes of TMZ-treated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Weimin Ding
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaith Nabil Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jay Ramanlal Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abigail Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Benson Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Breanna Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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4
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Zhang X, Joseph S, Wu D, Bowser JL, Vaziri C. The DNA Damage Response (DDR) landscape of endometrial cancer defines discrete disease subtypes and reveals therapeutic opportunities. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.20.567919. [PMID: 38045328 PMCID: PMC10690150 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome maintenance is an enabling characteristic that allows neoplastic cells to tolerate the inherent stresses of tumorigenesis and evade therapy-induced genotoxicity. Neoplastic cells also deploy mis-expressed germ cell proteins termed Cancer Testes Antigens (CTAs) to promote genome maintenance and survival. Here, we present the first comprehensive characterization of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and CTA transcriptional landscapes of endometrial cancer in relation to conventional histological and molecular subtypes. We show endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC), an aggressive endometrial cancer subtype, is defined by gene expression signatures comprising members of the Replication Fork Protection Complex (RFPC) and Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway and CTAs with mitotic functions. DDR and CTA- based profiling also defines a subset of highly aggressive endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) with poor clinical outcomes that share similar profiles to ESC yet have distinct characteristics based on conventional histological and genomic features. Using an unbiased CRISPR-based genetic screen and a candidate gene approach, we confirm that DDR and CTA genes that constitute the ESC and related EEC gene signatures are required for proliferation and therapy-resistance of cultured endometrial cancer cells. Our study validates the use of DDR and CTA-based tumor classifiers and reveals new vulnerabilities of aggressive endometrial cancer where none currently exist.
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5
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Wang Y, Risteski P, Yang Y, Chen H, Droby G, Walens A, Jayaprakash D, Troester M, Herring L, Chernoff J, Tolić I, Bowser J, Vaziri C. The TRIM69-MST2 signaling axis regulates centrosome dynamics and chromosome segregation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:10568-10589. [PMID: 37739411 PMCID: PMC10602929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stringent control of centrosome duplication and separation is important for preventing chromosome instability. Structural and numerical alterations in centrosomes are hallmarks of neoplastic cells and contribute to tumorigenesis. We show that a Centrosome Amplification 20 (CA20) gene signature is associated with high expression of the Tripartite Motif (TRIM) family member E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRIM69. TRIM69-ablation in cancer cells leads to centrosome scattering and chromosome segregation defects. We identify Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (MST2) as a new direct binding partner of TRIM69. TRIM69 redistributes MST2 to the perinuclear cytoskeleton, promotes its association with Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and stimulates MST2 phosphorylation at S15 (a known PLK1 phosphorylation site that is critical for centrosome disjunction). TRIM69 also promotes microtubule bundling and centrosome segregation that requires PRC1 and DYNEIN. Taken together, we identify TRIM69 as a new proximal regulator of distinct signaling pathways that regulate centrosome dynamics and promote bipolar mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrik Risteski
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gaith Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrea Walens
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deepika Jayaprakash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adam’s School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jessica Bowser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Cheng X, An J, Lou J, Gu Q, Ding W, Droby G, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Shelton A, Satterlee AB, Mann BE, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Liu K, Hingtgen S, Wang J, Liu Z, Miller R, Wu D, Vaziri C, Yang Y. Trans-Lesion Synthesis and Mismatch Repair Pathway Crosstalk Defines Chemoresistance and Hypermutation Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.16.562506. [PMID: 37905107 PMCID: PMC10614844 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Almost all Glioblastoma (GBM) are either intrinsically resistant to the chemotherapeutical drug temozolomide (TMZ) or acquire therapy-induced mutations that cause chemoresistance and recurrence. The genome maintenance mechanisms responsible for GBM chemoresistance and hypermutation are unknown. We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 (a proximal regulator of TLS) is activated in a Mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent manner in TMZ-treated GBM cells, promoting post-replicative gap-filling and survival. An unbiased CRISPR screen provides a new aerial map of RAD18-interacting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways deployed by GBM to tolerate TMZ genotoxicity. Analysis of mutation signatures from TMZ-treated GBM reveals a role for RAD18 in error-free bypass of O6mG (the most toxic TMZ-induced lesion), and error-prone bypass of other TMZ-induced lesions. Our analyses of recurrent GBM patient samples establishes a correlation between low RAD18 expression and hypermutation. Taken together we define novel molecular underpinnings for the hallmark tumorigenic phenotypes of TMZ-treated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Unit of Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Weimin Ding
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaith Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abigail Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Benson Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Breanna Elizabeth Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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7
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Cheng X, An J, Lou J, Gu Q, Ding W, Droby G, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Shelton A, Satterlee AB, Mann BE, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Liu K, Hingtgen S, Wang J, Liu Z, Miller R, Wu D, Vaziri C, Yang Y. Trans-Lesion Synthesis and Mismatch Repair Pathway Crosstalk Defines Chemoresistance and Hypermutation Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2367368. [PMID: 37886584 PMCID: PMC10602147 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2367368/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Almost all Glioblastoma (GBM) are either intrinsically resistant to the chemotherapeutical drug temozolomide (TMZ) or acquire therapy-induced mutations that cause chemoresistance and recurrence. The genome maintenance mechanisms responsible for GBM chemoresistance and hypermutation are unknown. We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 (a proximal regulator of TLS) is activated in a Mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent manner in TMZ-treated GBM cells, promoting post-replicative gap-filling and survival. An unbiased CRISPR screen provides a new aerial map of RAD18-interacting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways deployed by GBM to tolerate TMZ genotoxicity. Analysis of mutation signatures from TMZ-treated GBM reveals a role for RAD18 in error-free bypass of O6mG (the most toxic TMZ-induced lesion), and error-prone bypass of other TMZ-induced lesions. Our analyses of recurrent GBM patient samples establishes a correlation between low RAD18 expression and hypermutation. Taken together we define novel molecular underpinnings for the hallmark tumorigenic phenotypes of TMZ-treated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Unit of Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Weimin Ding
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaith Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abigail Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Benson Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Breanna Elizabeth Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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8
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Iskandar SE, Chiou LF, Leisner TM, Shell DJ, Norris-Drouin JL, Vaziri C, Pearce KH, Bowers AA. Identification of Covalent Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors in mRNA Display. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37395736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptides have historically been underutilized for covalent inhibitor discovery, despite their unique abilities to interact with protein surfaces and interfaces. This is in part due to a lack of methods for screening and identifying covalent peptide ligands. Here, we report a method to identify covalent cyclic peptide inhibitors in mRNA display. We combine co- and post-translational library diversification strategies to create cyclic libraries with reactive dehydroalanines (Dhas), which we employ in selections against two model targets. The most potent hits exhibit low nanomolar inhibitory activities and disrupt known protein-protein interactions with their selected targets. Overall, we establish Dhas as electrophiles for covalent inhibition and showcase how separate library diversification methods can work synergistically to dispose mRNA display to novel applications like covalent inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Iskandar
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lilly F Chiou
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tina M Leisner
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Devan J Shell
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jacqueline L Norris-Drouin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth H Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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9
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Mann B, Zhang X, Bell N, Adefolaju A, Thang M, Dasari R, Kanchi K, Valdivia A, Yang Y, Buckley A, Lettry V, Quinsey C, Rauf Y, Kram D, Cassidy N, Vaziri C, Corcoran DL, Rego S, Jiang Y, Graves LM, Dunn D, Floyd S, Baldwin A, Hingtgen S, Satterlee AB. A living ex vivo platform for functional, personalized brain cancer diagnosis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101042. [PMID: 37192626 PMCID: PMC10313921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional precision medicine platforms are emerging as promising strategies to improve pre-clinical drug testing and guide clinical decisions. We have developed an organotypic brain slice culture (OBSC)-based platform and multi-parametric algorithm that enable rapid engraftment, treatment, and analysis of uncultured patient brain tumor tissue and patient-derived cell lines. The platform has supported engraftment of every patient tumor tested to this point: high- and low-grade adult and pediatric tumor tissue rapidly establishes on OBSCs among endogenous astrocytes and microglia while maintaining the tumor's original DNA profile. Our algorithm calculates dose-response relationships of both tumor kill and OBSC toxicity, generating summarized drug sensitivity scores on the basis of therapeutic window and allowing us to normalize response profiles across a panel of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved and exploratory agents. Summarized patient tumor scores after OBSC treatment show positive associations to clinical outcomes, suggesting that the OBSC platform can provide rapid, accurate, functional testing to ultimately guide patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah Bell
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adebimpe Adefolaju
- Eshelman Institute for Innovation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morrent Thang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rajaneekar Dasari
- Eshelman Institute for Innovation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Krishna Kanchi
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alain Valdivia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Buckley
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vivien Lettry
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn Quinsey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yasmeen Rauf
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Kram
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah Cassidy
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Rego
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuchao Jiang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Denise Dunn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Albert Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Andrew B Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Eshelman Institute for Innovation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Lee YS, Klomp JE, Stalnecker CA, Goodwin CM, Gao Y, Droby GN, Vaziri C, Bryant KL, Der CJ, Cox AD. VCP/p97, a pleiotropic protein regulator of the DNA damage response and proteostasis, is a potential therapeutic target in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer. Genes Cancer 2023; 14:30-49. [PMID: 36923647 PMCID: PMC10010283 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We and others have recently shown that proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) are critical for KRAS-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell growth in vitro. However, the CRISPR-Cas9 library that enabled us to identify these key proteins had limited representation of DDR-related genes. To further investigate the DDR in this context, we performed a comprehensive, DDR-focused CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen. This screen identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as an essential gene in KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines. We observed that genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of VCP limited cell growth and induced apoptotic death. Addressing the basis for VCP-dependent growth, we first evaluated the contribution of VCP to the DDR and found that loss of VCP resulted in accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. We next addressed its role in proteostasis and found that loss of VCP caused accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins. We also found that loss of VCP increased autophagy. Therefore, we reasoned that inhibiting both VCP and autophagy could be an effective combination. Accordingly, we found that VCP inhibition synergized with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. We conclude that concurrent targeting of autophagy can enhance the efficacy of VCP inhibitors in KRAS-mutant PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye S. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A. Stalnecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gaith N. Droby
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L. Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrienne D. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Anand J, Chiou L, Sciandra C, Zhang X, Hong J, Wu D, Zhou P, Vaziri C. Roles of trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad005. [PMID: 36755961 PMCID: PMC9900426 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance and mutagenesis are hallmarks and enabling characteristics of neoplastic cells that drive tumorigenesis and allow cancer cells to resist therapy. The 'Y-family' trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases enable cells to replicate damaged genomes, thereby conferring DNA damage tolerance. Moreover, Y-family DNA polymerases are inherently error-prone and cause mutations. Therefore, TLS DNA polymerases are potential mediators of important tumorigenic phenotypes. The skin cancer-propensity syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XPV) results from defects in the Y-family DNA Polymerase Pol eta (Polη) and compensatory deployment of alternative inappropriate DNA polymerases. However, the extent to which dysregulated TLS contributes to the underlying etiology of other human cancers is unclear. Here we consider the broad impact of TLS polymerases on tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. We survey the ways in which TLS DNA polymerases are pathologically altered in cancer. We summarize evidence that TLS polymerases shape cancer genomes, and review studies implicating dysregulated TLS as a driver of carcinogenesis. Because many cancer treatment regimens comprise DNA-damaging agents, pharmacological inhibition of TLS is an attractive strategy for sensitizing tumors to genotoxic therapies. Therefore, we discuss the pharmacological tractability of the TLS pathway and summarize recent progress on development of TLS inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lilly Chiou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carly Sciandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Walens A, Van Alsten SC, Olsson LT, Smith MA, Lockhart A, Gao X, Hamilton AM, Kirk EL, Love MI, Gupta GP, Perou CM, Vaziri C, Hoadley KA, Troester MA. RNA-Based Classification of Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Racially Diverse Patients with Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:2136-2147. [PMID: 36129803 PMCID: PMC9720427 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of DNA repair pathways such as homologous recombination (HR) can lead to DNA repair imbalance, genomic instability, and altered chemotherapy response. DNA repair imbalance may predict prognosis, but variation in DNA repair in diverse cohorts of breast cancer patients is understudied. METHODS To identify RNA-based patterns of DNA repair expression, we performed unsupervised clustering on 51 DNA repair-related genes in the Cancer Genome Atlas Breast Cancer [TCGA BRCA (n = 1,094)] and Carolina Breast Cancer Study [CBCS (n = 1,461)]. Using published DNA-based HR deficiency (HRD) scores (high-HRD ≥ 42) from TCGA, we trained an RNA-based supervised classifier. Unsupervised and supervised HRD classifiers were evaluated in association with demographics, tumor characteristics, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS : Unsupervised clustering on DNA repair genes identified four clusters of breast tumors, with one group having high expression of HR genes. Approximately 39.7% of CBCS and 29.3% of TCGA breast tumors had this unsupervised high-HRD (U-HRD) profile. A supervised HRD classifier (S-HRD) trained on TCGA had 84% sensitivity and 73% specificity to detect HRD-high samples. Both U-HRD and S-HRD tumors in CBCS had higher frequency of TP53 mutant-like status (45% and 41% enrichment) and basal-like subtype (63% and 58% enrichment). S-HRD high was more common among black patients. Among chemotherapy-treated participants, recurrence was associated with S-HRD high (HR: 2.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.50-3.78). CONCLUSIONS HRD is associated with poor prognosis and enriched in the tumors of black women. IMPACT RNA-level indicators of HRD are predictive of breast cancer outcomes in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walens
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah C. Van Alsten
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Linnea T. Olsson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Markia A. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alex Lockhart
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alina M. Hamilton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erin L. Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael I. Love
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gaorav P. Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katherine A. Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa A. Troester
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Fleming MC, Chiou LF, Tumbale PP, Droby GN, Lim J, Norris-Drouin JL, Williams JG, Pearce KH, Williams RS, Vaziri C, Bowers AA. Discovery and Structural Basis of the Selectivity of Potent Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of MAGE-A4. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7231-7245. [PMID: 35522528 PMCID: PMC9930912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MAGE proteins are cancer testis antigens (CTAs) that are characterized by highly conserved MAGE homology domains (MHDs) and are increasingly being found to play pivotal roles in promoting aggressive cancer types. MAGE-A4, in particular, increases DNA damage tolerance and chemoresistance in a variety of cancers by stabilizing the E3-ligase RAD18 and promoting trans-lesion synthesis (TLS). Inhibition of the MAGE-A4:RAD18 axis could sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutics like platinating agents. We use an mRNA display of thioether cyclized peptides to identify a series of potent and highly selective macrocyclic inhibitors of the MAGE-A4:RAD18 interaction. Co-crystal structure indicates that these inhibitors bind in a pocket that is conserved across MHDs but take advantage of A4-specific residues to achieve high isoform selectivity. Cumulatively, our data represent the first reported inhibitor of the MAGE-A4:RAD18 interaction and establish biochemical tools and structural insights for the future development of MAGE-A4-targeted cellular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Fleming
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Lilly F. Chiou
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Percy P. Tumbale
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Gaith N. Droby
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jiwoong Lim
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Jacqueline L. Norris-Drouin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Jason G. Williams
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - R. Scott Williams
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA,Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
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14
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Durando ML, Menghani SV, Baumann JL, Robles DG, Day TA, Vaziri C, Scott AJ. Four-Year Disease-Free Remission in a Patient With POLE Mutation-Associated Colorectal Cancer Treated Using Anti-PD-1 Therapy. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:218-223. [PMID: 35276675 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The stability of the human genome depends upon a delicate balance between replication by high- and low-fidelity DNA polymerases. Aberrant replication by error-prone polymerases or loss of function of high-fidelity polymerases predisposes to genetic instability and, in turn, cancer. DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ε) is a high-fidelity, processive polymerase that is responsible for the majority of leading strand synthesis, and mutations in Pol ε have been increasingly associated with various human malignancies. The clinical significance of Pol ε mutations, including how and whether they should influence management decisions, remains poorly understood. In this report, we describe a 24-year-old man with an aggressive stage IV high-grade, poorly differentiated colon carcinoma who experienced a dramatic response to single-agent checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy after rapidly progressing on standard chemotherapy. His response was complete and durable and has been maintained for more than 48 months. Genetic testing revealed a P286R mutation in the endonuclease domain of POLE and an elevated tumor mutational burden of 126 mutations per megabase, both of which have been previously associated with response to immunotherapy. Interestingly, tumor staining for PD-L1 was negative. This case study highlights the importance of genetic profiling of both early and late-stage cancers, the clinical significance of POLE mutations, and how the interplay between genetic instability and immune-checkpoint blockade can impact clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Durando
- 1Banner-University Medical Center Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.,2Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine.,3University of Arizona Cancer Center
| | | | - Jessica L Baumann
- 5Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.,6Now with Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Danny G Robles
- 1Banner-University Medical Center Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.,7Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tovah A Day
- 8Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- 9Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aaron J Scott
- 1Banner-University Medical Center Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.,2Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine.,3University of Arizona Cancer Center
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15
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Walens A, Hamilton AM, Smith MA, Gao X, Kirk EL, Hursting SD, Hoadley KA, Vaziri C, Troester MA. Abstract PS19-03: Dna repair imbalance and immune response in breast cancer mortality disparities. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ps19-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Black breast cancer patients have p53 loss in 60% of their tumors, compared to 35% p53 loss in white breast cancer patients. The tumor suppressor p53 has pleiotropic effects on DNA repair, as it regulates both error prone and error-free DNA repair pathways. These effects on DNA repair represent molecular vulnerabilities that influence chemotherapy response, both directly and indirectly through the activation of immune responses. While studies have begun to elucidate DNA repair imbalance and immune response in human cancer, little is known about how these pathways differ by race. Methods: To study DNA repair and immune response in breast cancer, we performed gene expression analysis on FFPE samples from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), a large population-based study that oversampled black and younger women. We curated a list of DNA repair genes representing regulators of error prone and error free DNA repair. Pathways included Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), Fanconi Anemia (FA), Mismatch repair (MMR), Base Excision Repair (BER), Homologous Recombination (HR), Translesion Synthesis (TLS), Alternative End Joining (AEJ), Checkpoint, and APOBEC. In addition, we developed a 50-gene immune panel representing 12 individual immune cell types (B cells, T cells, Treg cells, T help cells, T follicular helper cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, M1 & M2 Macrophages) and both adaptive and innate arms of the immune system. A total of 1464 patients (53% black, 53% under 50) were included in the current analysis. We used consensus clustering to identify groups of patients based on DNA repair gene expression and used linear regression to estimate the relative frequency differences between these classes and demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: We found that breast cancers grouped into four clusters based on DNA repair gene expression. One cluster, ‘Repair High’, represented 32% of the tumors, and had high expression of NER, NHEJ, HR, and FA genes, suggesting a broad DNA repair response. Another group, ‘HR/FA High’ represented 23% of the tumors and was enriched for high expression of HR and FA genes. An “APOBEC High” group consisted of 32% of the tumors and was enriched for high expression of APOBEC family genes (APOBEC3D, APOBEC1, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3H, APOBEC3B). Finally, 13% of tumors, had a ‘Heterogeneous Repair’ pattern of high expression of HR, NHEJ, and FA genes, but lower expression of NER genes. The HR/FA and Heterogeneous Repair groups were enriched for TP53 mutant-like tumors (93% vs. 5% and 61% vs. 38% Mutant vs. Wildtype respectively). In addition, the Heterogeneous Repair group was enriched for Hormone Receptor positive samples ([RFD] 8.2% (0.613, 15.3), 77% vs. 23% in positive vs. negative respectively), while the HR/FA High group was significantly enriched for TNBC ([RFD] HR/FA: 51.2% (45.1, 57.1), 75% vs. 25% TNBC vs. non-TNBC respectively). The Repair High group was the only group enriched for non-black race ([RFD]: 10.4% (4.0, 16.7), 42% vs. 58% in blacks vs. non-blacks respectively). Finally, DNA repair classes were associated with immune scores, with the APOBEC High tumors having a significantly higher Eosinophil score (p = 0.021) and Neutrophil score (p = 0.007) compared to the other four groups. Conclusion: DNA repair expression is highly variable across breast tumors and may depend upon TP53 status, tumor subtype, and race. Differential immune marker expression by DNA repair group suggests some DNA repair groups may have differential response to immune-targeted therapies. DNA repair, immune response, and race are inter-related in breast cancer and unraveling and ultimately targeting breast cancer disparities may require coordinated evaluation of these pathways.
Citation Format: Andrea Walens, Alina M Hamilton, Markia A Smith, Xiaohua Gao, Erin L Kirk, Stephen D Hursting, Katherine A Hoadley, Cyrus Vaziri, Melissa A Troester. Dna repair imbalance and immune response in breast cancer mortality disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS19-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walens
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Markia A Smith
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Erin L Kirk
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Cyrus Vaziri
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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16
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Lou J, Yang Y, Gu Q, Price BA, Qiu Y, Fedoriw Y, Desai S, Mose LE, Chen B, Tateishi S, Parker JS, Vaziri C, Wu D. Rad18 mediates specific mutational signatures and shapes the genomic landscape of carcinogen-induced tumors in vivo. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcaa037. [PMID: 33447826 PMCID: PMC7787264 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 promotes a damage-tolerant and error-prone mode of DNA replication termed trans-lesion synthesis that is pathologically activated in cancer. However, the impact of vertebrate Rad18 on cancer genomes is not known. To determine how Rad18 affects mutagenesis in vivo, we have developed and implemented a novel computational pipeline to analyze genomes of carcinogen (7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, DMBA)-induced skin tumors from Rad18+/+ and Rad18- / - mice. We show that Rad18 mediates specific mutational signatures characterized by high levels of A(T)>T(A) single nucleotide variations (SNVs). In Rad18- /- tumors, an alternative mutation pattern arises, which is characterized by increased numbers of deletions >4 bp. Comparison with annotated human mutational signatures shows that COSMIC signature 22 predominates in Rad18+/+ tumors whereas Rad18- / - tumors are characterized by increased contribution of COSMIC signature 3 (a hallmark of BRCA-mutant tumors). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that RAD18 expression is strongly associated with high SNV burdens, suggesting RAD18 also promotes mutagenesis in human cancers. Taken together, our results show Rad18 promotes mutagenesis in vivo, modulates DNA repair pathway choice in neoplastic cells, and mediates specific mutational signatures that are present in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adam School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 385 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brandon A Price
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuheng Qiu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, 250 N. University St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siddhi Desai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisle E Mose
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo Chuoku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Yan S, Vaziri C. An introduction for the special issue on environmental health and genome integrity. Environ Mol Mutagen 2020; 61:660-663. [PMID: 32683747 PMCID: PMC7442621 DOI: 10.1002/em.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures and genome maintenance mechanisms that respond to environmentally-induced genotoxicity have a profound impact on human health. Eight review articles in this Special Issue (SI) titled "Environmental Health and Genome Integrity" describe emerging new mechanisms by which distinct forms of environmentally-induced DNA damage are remediated, and explain how DNA repair pathway choices impact genome integrity and disease propensity. Here, we provide an introduction to reviews from this SI. Our expanding knowledge of how genotoxic exposures impact the genome will allow us to better predict, prevent and treat environmentally-induced human diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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Mustofa MK, Tanoue Y, Tateishi C, Vaziri C, Tateishi S. Roles of Chk2/CHEK2 in guarding against environmentally induced DNA damage and replication-stress. Environ Mol Mutagen 2020; 61:730-735. [PMID: 32578892 DOI: 10.1002/em.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (human CHEK2; murine Chk2) is a critical mediator of the DNA damage response and has established roles in DNA double strand break (DSB)-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. DSBs may be invoked directly by ionizing radiation but may also arise indirectly from environmental exposures such as solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The primary forms of DNA damage induced by UV are DNA photolesions (such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers CPD and 6-4 photoproducts) which interfere with DNA synthesis and lead to DNA replication fork stalling. Persistently stalled and unresolved DNA replication forks can "collapse" to generate DSBs that induce signaling via Chk2 and its upstream activator the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein kinase. This review focuses on recently defined roles of Chk2 in protecting against DNA replication-associated genotoxicity. Several DNA damage response factors such as Rad18, Nbs1 and Chk1 suppress stalling and collapse of DNA replication forks. Defects in the primary responders to DNA replication fork stalling lead to generation of DSB and reveal "back-up" roles for Chk2 in S-phase progression and genomic stability. In humans, there are numerous variants of the CHEK2 gene, including CHEK2*1100delC. Individuals with the CHEK2*1100delC germline alteration have an increased risk of developing breast cancer and malignant melanoma. DNA replication fork-stalling at estrogen-DNA adducts and UV-induced photolesions are implicated in the etiology of breast cancer and melanoma, respectively. It is likely therefore that the Chk2/CHEK2-deficiency is associated with elevated risk for tumorigenesis caused by replication-associated genotoxicities that are exacerbated by environmental genotoxins and intrinsic DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kawsar Mustofa
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanoue
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chie Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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19
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Wagner BL, Guo J, Gao Y, Vaziri C, Williams SE. Abstract B10: Manipulating translesion synthesis proteins MAGE-A4 and RAD18 in a murine model of oral cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.aacrahns19-b10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) account for 6% of cancers worldwide. Because of their link to carcinogens such as alcohol and tobacco, HNSCCs are characterized by a high mutational burden and genome instability. Cancer recurrence due to chemoresistance, or a tolerance of chemotherapy-induced mutations, is the major cause of mortality in HNSCCs. DNA damage response pathways, such as translesion synthesis (TLS), are activated in response to genotoxic stress, including from conventional chemotherapy. The TLS pathway facilitates repair of certain types of mutations and thus is important for DNA damage tolerance. However, TLS polymerases are error-prone and therefore, paradoxically, may promote genome instability. In this way, elevated or “pathologic” TLS in the context of a cancer cell may be a “double-edged sword,” conferring damage tolerance but at the expense of introducing additional mutations that could fuel tumor growth. We have previously shown that melanoma antigen A4 (MAGE-A4) recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 to stalled replication forks where it monoubiquitinates PCNA to recruit TLS polymerases to bypass the lesion. In HNSCC, MAGE-A4 overexpression correlates with both increased mutational burden and worse prognosis. We hypothesize that aberrant high MAGE-A4 expression tolerizes cancer cells to excessive mutations, making them invulnerable to the DNA-damaging effects of traditional chemotherapies. In order to gain a better understanding of the consequences of MAGE-A4 overexpression and TLS activation in oral tumors in vivo, we created a genetically engineered mouse model that expresses MAGE-A4 under the control of an epithelial-specific Cre driver. When treated with the potent mutagen 4NQO in their drinking water, both transgenic and control mice developed oral tumors. The collected squamous cell carcinomas were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing and immunofluorescence to examine whether MAGE-A4+ tumors gained more mutations and were more invasive than MAGE-A4- or RAD18 KO tumors. Together, these data provide a greater understanding of MAGE-A4 and RAD18 biology and TLS in oral cancers.
Citation Format: Bethany L. Wagner, Jason Guo, Yanzhe Gao, Cyrus Vaziri, Scott E. Williams. Manipulating translesion synthesis proteins MAGE-A4 and RAD18 in a murine model of oral cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr B10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Guo
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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20
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Lipner MB, Peng XL, Jin C, Xu Y, Gao Y, East MP, Rashid NU, Moffitt RA, Herrera Loeza SG, Morrison AB, Golitz BT, Vaziri C, Graves LM, Johnson GL, Yeh JJ. Irreversible JNK1-JUN inhibition by JNK-IN-8 sensitizes pancreatic cancer to 5-FU/FOLFOX chemotherapy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129905. [PMID: 32213714 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 55,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) yearly, and fewer than 20% of these patients survive a year beyond diagnosis. Chemotherapies are considered or used in nearly every PDAC case, but there is limited understanding of the complex signaling responses underlying resistance to these common treatments. Here, we take an unbiased approach to study protein kinase network changes following chemotherapies in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of PDAC to facilitate design of rational drug combinations. Proteomics profiling following chemotherapy regimens reveals that activation of JNK-JUN signaling occurs after 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin (5-FU + LEU) and FOLFOX (5-FU + LEU plus oxaliplatin [OX]), but not after OX alone or gemcitabine. Cell and tumor growth assays with the irreversible inhibitor JNK-IN-8 and genetic manipulations demonstrate that JNK and JUN each contribute to chemoresistance and cancer cell survival after FOLFOX. Active JNK1 and JUN are specifically implicated in these effects, and synergy with JNK-IN-8 is linked to FOLFOX-mediated JUN activation, cell cycle dysregulation, and DNA damage response. This study highlights the potential for JNK-IN-8 as a biological tool and potential combination therapy with FOLFOX in PDAC and reinforces the need to tailor treatment to functional characteristics of individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Lipner
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Chong Jin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Biostatistics
| | - Yi Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Naim U Rashid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Biostatistics
| | | | | | | | | | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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McDonald IM, Grant GD, East MP, Gilbert TSK, Wilkerson EM, Goldfarb D, Beri J, Herring LE, Vaziri C, Cook JG, Emanuele MJ, Graves LM. Mass spectrometry-based selectivity profiling identifies a highly selective inhibitor of the kinase MELK that delays mitotic entry in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2359-2374. [PMID: 31896573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) has been implicated in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation. RNAi-mediated MELK depletion impairs growth and causes G2/M arrest in numerous cancers, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. Furthermore, the MELK inhibitor OTSSP167 has recently been shown to have poor selectivity for MELK, complicating the use of this inhibitor as a tool compound to investigate MELK function. Here, using a cell-based proteomics technique called multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads/mass spectrometry (MIB/MS), we profiled the selectivity of two additional MELK inhibitors, NVS-MELK8a (8a) and HTH-01-091. Our results revealed that 8a is a highly selective MELK inhibitor, which we further used for functional studies. Resazurin and crystal violet assays indicated that 8a decreases triple-negative breast cancer cell viability, and immunoblotting revealed that impaired growth is due to perturbation of cell cycle progression rather than induction of apoptosis. Using double-thymidine synchronization and immunoblotting, we observed that MELK inhibition delays mitotic entry, which was associated with delayed activation of Aurora A, Aurora B, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Following this delay, cells entered and completed mitosis. Using live-cell microscopy of cells harboring fluorescent proliferating cell nuclear antigen, we confirmed that 8a significantly and dose-dependently lengthens G2 phase. Collectively, our results provide a rationale for using 8a as a tool compound for functional studies of MELK and indicate that MELK inhibition delays mitotic entry, likely via transient G2/M checkpoint activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gavin D Grant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas S K Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Emily M Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Joshua Beri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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22
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Gao Y, Kardos J, Yang Y, Tamir TY, Mutter-Rottmayer E, Weissman B, Major MB, Kim WY, Vaziri C. The Cancer/Testes (CT) Antigen HORMAD1 promotes Homologous Recombinational DNA Repair and Radioresistance in Lung adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15304. [PMID: 30333500 PMCID: PMC6192992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cancer/Testes (CT) Antigen HORMAD1 is germ cell-restricted and plays developmental roles in generation and processing of meiotic DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSB). Many tumors aberrantly overexpress HORMAD1 yet the potential impact of this CT antigen on cancer biology is unclear. We tested a potential role of HORMAD1 in genome maintenance in lung adenocarcinoma cells. We show that HORMAD1 re-distributes to nuclear foci and co-localizes with the DSB marker γH2AX in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapeutic agents. The HORMA domain and C-term disordered oligomerization motif are necessary for localization of HORMAD1 to IR-induced foci (IRIF). HORMAD1-depleted cells are sensitive to IR and camptothecin. In reporter assays, Homologous Recombination (HR)-mediated repair of targeted ISce1-induced DSBs is attenuated in HORMAD1-depleted cells. In Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) reporter assays, HORMAD1-depletion does not affect repair of ISce1-induced DSB. Early DSB signaling events (including ATM phosphorylation and formation of γH2AX, 53BP1 and NBS1 foci) are intact in HORMAD1-depleted cells. However, generation of RPA-ssDNA foci and redistribution of RAD51 to DSB are compromised in HORMAD1-depleted cells, suggesting that HORMAD1 promotes DSB resection. HORMAD1-mediated HR is a neomorphic activity that is independent of its meiotic partners (including HORMAD2 and CCDC36. Bioinformatic analysis of TCGA data show that similar to known HR pathway genes HORMAD1 is overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas. Overexpression of HR genes is associated with specific mutational profiles (including copy number variation). Taken together, we identify HORMAD1-dependent DSB repair as a new mechanism of radioresistance and a probable determinant of mutability in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jordan Kardos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bernard Weissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michael B Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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23
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Tanoue Y, Toyoda T, Sun J, Mustofa MK, Tateishi C, Endo S, Motoyama N, Araki K, Wu D, Okuno Y, Tsukamoto T, Takeya M, Ihn H, Vaziri C, Tateishi S. Differential Roles of Rad18 and Chk2 in Genome Maintenance and Skin Carcinogenesis Following UV Exposure. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2550-2557. [PMID: 29859927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA polymerase Eta (Polη) cause the sunlight-sensitivity and skin cancer-propensity disorder xeroderma pigmentosum variant. The extent to which Polη function depends on the upstream E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 is controversial and has not been investigated using mouse models. Therefore, we tested the role of Rad18 in UV-inducible skin tumorigenesis. Because Rad18 deficiency leads to compensatory DNA damage signaling by Chk2, we also investigated genetic interactions between Rad18 and Chk2 in vivo. Chk2-/-Rad18-/- mice were prone to spontaneous lymphomagenesis. Both Chk2-/- and Chk2-/-Rad18-/- mice were prone to UV-B irradiation-induced skin tumorigenesis when compared with wild-type (WT) animals, but unexpectedly Rad18-/- mice did not recapitulate the skin tumor propensity of Polη mutants. UV-irradiated Rad18-/- cells were more susceptible to G1/S arrest and apoptosis than WT cultures. Chk2 deficiency alleviated both UV-induced G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis of WT and Rad18-/- cells, but led to increased genomic instability. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the tumor-suppressive role of Polη in UV-treated skin is Rad18 independent. We also define a role for Chk2 in suppressing UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in vivo. This study identifies Chk2 dysfunction as a potential risk factor for sunlight-induced skin tumorigenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanoue
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National institute of Health Sciences Biological safety center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinghua Sun
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Md Kawsar Mustofa
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chie Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Endo
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Motoyama
- Department of Human Nutrition, Sugiyama Jogakuen University School of Life Studies, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yutaka Okuno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Department of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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24
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Abstract
Mutagenesis is a hallmark and enabling characteristic of cancer cells. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 and its downstream effectors, the ‘Y-family’ Trans-Lesion Synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, confer DNA damage tolerance at the expense of DNA replication fidelity. Thus, RAD18 and TLS polymerases are attractive candidate mediators of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The skin cancer-propensity disorder xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XPV) is caused by defects in the Y-family DNA polymerase Pol eta (Polη). However it is unknown whether TLS dysfunction contributes more generally to other human cancers. Recent analyses of cancer genomes suggest that TLS polymerases generate many of the mutational signatures present in diverse cancers. Moreover biochemical studies suggest that the TLS pathway is often reprogrammed in cancer cells and that TLS facilitates tolerance of oncogene-induced DNA damage. Here we review recent evidence supporting widespread participation of RAD18 and the Y-family DNA polymerases in the different phases of multi-step carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Anastasia Zlatanou
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- b Division of Cell Maintenance , Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG) , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- c Life Science Research Center , University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- d National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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25
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Yang Y, Gao Y, Mutter-Rottmayer L, Zlatanou A, Durando M, Ding W, Wyatt D, Ramsden D, Tanoue Y, Tateishi S, Vaziri C. DNA repair factor RAD18 and DNA polymerase Polκ confer tolerance of oncogenic DNA replication stress. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3097-3115. [PMID: 28835467 PMCID: PMC5626543 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated CDK2 activity of oncogene-expressing cells induces DNA replication stress. Yang et al. show that the DNA repair protein RAD18 facilitates damage-tolerant DNA synthesis via the DNA polymerase κ in cells with aberrantly high CDK2 activity, suggesting an important new role for RAD18 in sustaining neoplastic cell survival. The mechanisms by which neoplastic cells tolerate oncogene-induced DNA replication stress are poorly understood. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a major mediator of oncogenic DNA replication stress. In this study, we show that CDK2-inducing stimuli (including Cyclin E overexpression, oncogenic RAS, and WEE1 inhibition) activate the DNA repair protein RAD18. CDK2-induced RAD18 activation required initiation of DNA synthesis and was repressed by p53. RAD18 and its effector, DNA polymerase κ (Polκ), sustained ongoing DNA synthesis in cells harboring elevated CDK2 activity. RAD18-deficient cells aberrantly accumulated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) after CDK2 activation. In RAD18-depleted cells, the G2/M checkpoint was necessary to prevent mitotic entry with persistent ssDNA. Rad18−/− and Polκ−/− cells were highly sensitive to the WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 (which simultaneously activates CDK2 and abrogates the G2/M checkpoint). Collectively, our results show that the RAD18–Polκ signaling axis allows tolerance of CDK2-mediated oncogenic stress and may allow neoplastic cells to breach tumorigenic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Liz Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anastasia Zlatanou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Durando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Weimin Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Wyatt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dale Ramsden
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yuki Tanoue
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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26
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Li J, Liu J, Liang Z, He F, Yang L, Li P, Jiang Y, Wang B, Zhou C, Wang Y, Ren Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Luo Z, Vaziri C, Liu P. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin inhibit DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 and effectively suppress RB-deficient tumors growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2673. [PMID: 28300827 PMCID: PMC5386551 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB) is a common feature in various tumors, and contributes to cancer cell stemness and drug resistance to cancer therapy. However, the strategy to suppress or eliminate Rb-deficient tumor cells remains unclear. In the present study, we accidentally found that reduction of DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 induced more apoptosis in RB-deficient tumor cells than in control tumor cells. Moreover, after a drug screening and further studies, we demonstrated that statin drug Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were able to inhibit MCM7 and RB expressions. Further study showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin induced more chromosome breaks and gaps of Rb-deficient tumor cells than control tumor cells. In vivo results showed that Simvastatin and Atorvastatin significantly suppressed Rb-deficient tumor growth than control in xenograft mouse models. The present work demonstrates that ‘old' lipid-lowering drugs statins are novel weapons against RB-deficient tumors due to their effects on suppressing MCM7 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang He
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY 14263, USA
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Abstract
Accurate DNA replication is crucial for cell survival and the maintenance of genome stability. Cells have developed mechanisms to cope with the frequent genotoxic injuries that arise from both endogenous and environmental sources. Lesions encountered during DNA replication are often tolerated by post-replication repair mechanisms that prevent replication fork collapse and avert the formation of DNA double strand breaks. There are two predominant post-replication repair pathways, trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS). TLS is a DNA damage-tolerant and low-fidelity mode of DNA synthesis that utilizes specialized ‘Y-family’ DNA polymerases to replicate damaged templates. TS, however, is an error-free ‘DNA damage avoidance’ mode of DNA synthesis that uses a newly synthesized sister chromatid as a template in lieu of the damaged parent strand. Both TLS and TS pathways are tightly controlled signaling cascades that integrate DNA synthesis with the overall DNA damage response and are thus crucial for genome stability. This review will cover the current knowledge of the primary mediators of post-replication repair and how they are regulated in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.M.-R.); (A.Z.); (C.V.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.M.-R.); (A.Z.); (C.V.); (Y.Y.)
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anastasia Zlatanou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.M.-R.); (A.Z.); (C.V.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.M.-R.); (A.Z.); (C.V.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.M.-R.); (A.Z.); (C.V.); (Y.Y.)
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28
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Mutter-Rottmayer E, Gao Y, Vaziri C. Cancer cells activate damage-tolerant and error-prone DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 3:e1225547. [PMID: 28090576 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1225547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage-tolerant and error-prone mode of DNA replication. Recent work shows that many cancer cells coopt an aberrantly expressed germ cell protein, melanoma antigen-A4 (MAGE-A4), to activate TLS. MAGE-A4-induced "pathological TLS" provides a potential mechanism through which neoplastic cells can tolerate intrinsic and therapeutic genotoxicity while acquiring mutability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Mulvaney KM, Matson JP, Siesser PF, Tamir TY, Goldfarb D, Jacobs TM, Cloer EW, Harrison JS, Vaziri C, Cook JG, Major MB. Identification and Characterization of MCM3 as a Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) Substrate. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23719-23733. [PMID: 27621311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEAP1 is a substrate adaptor protein for a CUL3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitylation and degradation of the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2 is considered the primary function of KEAP1; however, few other KEAP1 substrates have been identified. Because KEAP1 is altered in a number of human pathologies and has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target therein, we sought to better understand KEAP1 through systematic identification of its substrates. Toward this goal, we combined parallel affinity capture proteomics and candidate-based approaches. Substrate-trapping proteomics yielded NRF2 and the related transcription factor NRF1 as KEAP1 substrates. Our targeted investigation of KEAP1-interacting proteins revealed MCM3, an essential subunit of the replicative DNA helicase, as a new substrate. We show that MCM3 is ubiquitylated by the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 complex in cells and in vitro Using ubiquitin remnant profiling, we identify the sites of KEAP1-dependent ubiquitylation in MCM3, and these sites are on predicted exposed surfaces of the MCM2-7 complex. Unexpectedly, we determined that KEAP1 does not regulate total MCM3 protein stability or subcellular localization. Our analysis of a KEAP1 targeting motif in MCM3 suggests that MCM3 is a point of direct contact between KEAP1 and the MCM hexamer. Moreover, KEAP1 associates with chromatin in a cell cycle-dependent fashion with kinetics similar to the MCM2-7 complex. KEAP1 is thus poised to affect MCM2-7 dynamics or function rather than MCM3 abundance. Together, these data establish new functions for KEAP1 within the nucleus and identify MCM3 as a novel substrate of the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mulvaney
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | | | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pharmacology
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Computer Science, and
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Erica W Cloer
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Joseph S Harrison
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pathology
| | - Jeanette G Cook
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and .,Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Michael B Major
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pharmacology.,Computer Science, and
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Gao
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- b Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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31
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Yang Y, Poe JC, Yang L, Fedoriw A, Desai S, Magnuson T, Li Z, Fedoriw Y, Araki K, Gao Y, Tateishi S, Sarantopoulos S, Vaziri C. Rad18 confers hematopoietic progenitor cell DNA damage tolerance independently of the Fanconi Anemia pathway in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4174-88. [PMID: 26883629 PMCID: PMC4872084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In cultured cancer cells the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 activates Trans-Lesion Synthesis (TLS) and the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway. However, physiological roles of Rad18 in DNA damage tolerance and carcinogenesis are unknown and were investigated here. Primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) co-expressed RAD18 and FANCD2 proteins, potentially consistent with a role for Rad18 in FA pathway function during hematopoiesis. However, hematopoietic defects typically associated with fanc-deficiency (decreased HSPC numbers, reduced engraftment potential of HSPC, and Mitomycin C (MMC) -sensitive hematopoiesis), were absent in Rad18−/− mice. Moreover, primary Rad18−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) retained robust Fancd2 mono-ubiquitination following MMC treatment. Therefore, Rad18 is dispensable for FA pathway activation in untransformed cells and the Rad18 and FA pathways are separable in hematopoietic cells. In contrast with responses to crosslinking agents, Rad18−/− HSPC were sensitive to in vivo treatment with the myelosuppressive agent 7,12 Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Rad18-deficient fibroblasts aberrantly accumulated DNA damage markers after DMBA treatment. Moreover, in vivo DMBA treatment led to increased incidence of B cell malignancy in Rad18−/− mice. These results identify novel hematopoietic functions for Rad18 and provide the first demonstration that Rad18 confers DNA damage tolerance and tumor-suppression in a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan C Poe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lisong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Fedoriw
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Siddhi Desai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis (IRDA) Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies & Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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32
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Song IY, Barkley LR, Day TA, Weiss RS, Vaziri C. A novel role for fanconi anemia (FA) pathway effector protein FANCD2 in cell cycle progression of untransformed primary human cells. Cell Cycle 2014; 9:2375-88. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.12.11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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33
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Bakkenist CJ, Vaziri C. Stoichiometry of ubiquitin-binding proteins directs DSB repair. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3716-7. [PMID: 24189535 PMCID: PMC3905061 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bakkenist
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Hillman Cancer Center; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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34
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Cheng Z, DiMichele LA, Rojas M, Vaziri C, Mack CP, Taylor JM. Focal adhesion kinase antagonizes doxorubicin cardiotoxicity via p21(Cip1.). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 67:1-11. [PMID: 24342076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical application of potent anthracycline anticancer drugs, especially doxorubicin (DOX), is limited by a toxic cardiac side effect that is not fully understood and preventive strategies are yet to be established. Studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a key role in regulating adaptive responses of the adult myocardium to pathological stimuli through activation of intracellular signaling cascades that facilitate cardiomyocyte growth and survival. The objective of this study was to determine if targeted myocardial FAK activation could protect the heart from DOX-induced de-compensation and to characterize the underlying mechanisms. To this end, mice with myocyte-restricted FAK knock-out (MFKO) or myocyte-specific expression of an active FAK variant (termed SuperFAK) were subjected to DOX treatment. FAK depletion enhanced susceptibility to DOX-induced myocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction, while elevated FAK activity provided remarkable cardioprotection. Our mec6hanistic studies reveal a heretofore unappreciated role for the protective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in the repression of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bim and the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and myocyte survival. DOX treatment induced proteasomal degradation of p21, which exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. FAK was both necessary and sufficient for maintaining p21 levels following DOX treatment and depletion of p21 compromised FAK-dependent protection from DOX. These findings identify p21 as a key determinant of DOX resistance downstream of FAK in cardiomyocytes and indicate that cardiac-restricted enhancement of the FAK/p21 signaling axis might be an effective strategy to preserve myocardial function in patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura A DiMichele
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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35
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Durando M, Tateishi S, Vaziri C. A non-catalytic role of DNA polymerase η in recruiting Rad18 and promoting PCNA monoubiquitination at stalled replication forks. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3079-93. [PMID: 23345618 PMCID: PMC3597682 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-lesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage-tolerance mechanism that uses low-fidelity DNA polymerases to replicate damaged DNA. The inherited cancer-propensity syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) results from error-prone TLS of UV-damaged DNA. TLS is initiated when the Rad6/Rad18 complex monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), but the basis for recruitment of Rad18 to PCNA is not completely understood. Here, we show that Rad18 is targeted to PCNA by DNA polymerase eta (Polη), the XPV gene product that is mutated in XPV patients. The C-terminal domain of Polη binds to both Rad18 and PCNA and promotes PCNA monoubiquitination, a function unique to Polη among Y-family TLS polymerases and dissociable from its catalytic activity. Importantly, XPV cells expressing full-length catalytically-inactive Polη exhibit increased recruitment of other error-prone TLS polymerases (Polκ and Polι) after UV irradiation. These results define a novel non-catalytic role for Polη in promoting PCNA monoubiquitination and provide a new potential mechanism for mutagenesis and genome instability in XPV individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Durando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Yang Y, Durando M, Smith-Roe SL, Sproul C, Greenwalt AM, Kaufmann W, Oh S, Hendrickson EA, Vaziri C. Cell cycle stage-specific roles of Rad18 in tolerance and repair of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2296-312. [PMID: 23295675 PMCID: PMC3575850 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 mediates tolerance of replication fork-stalling bulky DNA lesions, but whether Rad18 mediates tolerance of bulky DNA lesions acquired outside S-phase is unclear. Using synchronized cultures of primary human cells, we defined cell cycle stage-specific contributions of Rad18 to genome maintenance in response to ultraviolet C (UVC) and H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. UVC and H(2)O(2) treatments both induced Rad18-mediated proliferating cell nuclear antigen mono-ubiquitination during G(0), G(1) and S-phase. Rad18 was important for repressing H(2)O(2)-induced (but not ultraviolet-induced) double strand break (DSB) accumulation and ATM S1981 phosphorylation only during G(1), indicating a specific role for Rad18 in processing of oxidative DNA lesions outside S-phase. However, H(2)O(2)-induced DSB formation in Rad18-depleted G1 cells was not associated with increased genotoxin sensitivity, indicating that back-up DSB repair mechanisms compensate for Rad18 deficiency. Indeed, in DNA LigIV-deficient cells Rad18-depletion conferred H(2)O(2)-sensitivity, demonstrating functional redundancy between Rad18 and non-homologous end joining for tolerance of oxidative DNA damage acquired during G(1). In contrast with G(1)-synchronized cultures, S-phase cells were H(2)O(2)-sensitive following Rad18-depletion. We conclude that although Rad18 pathway activation by oxidative lesions is not restricted to S-phase, Rad18-mediated trans-lesion synthesis by Polη is dispensable for damage-tolerance in G(1) (because of back-up non-homologous end joining-mediated DSB repair), yet Rad18 is necessary for damage tolerance during S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Barkley LR, Palle K, Durando M, Day TA, Gurkar A, Kakusho N, Li J, Masai H, Vaziri C. c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated Rad18 phosphorylation facilitates Polη recruitment to stalled replication forks. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1943-54. [PMID: 22456510 PMCID: PMC3350557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-10-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 chaperones DNA polymerase η (Polη) to sites of UV-induced DNA damage and monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), facilitating engagement of Polη with stalled replication forks and promoting translesion synthesis (TLS). It is unclear how Rad18 activities are coordinated with other elements of the DNA damage response. We show here that Ser-409 residing in the Polη-binding motif of Rad18 is phosphorylated in a checkpoint kinase 1-dependent manner in genotoxin-treated cells. Recombinant Rad18 was phosphorylated specifically at S409 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in vitro. In UV-treated cells, Rad18 S409 phosphorylation was inhibited by a pharmacological JNK inhibitor. Conversely, ectopic expression of JNK and its upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 led to DNA damage-independent Rad18 S409 phosphorylation. These results identify Rad18 as a novel JNK substrate. A Rad18 mutant harboring a Ser → Ala substitution at S409 was compromised for Polη association and did not redistribute Polη to nuclear foci or promote Polη-PCNA interaction efficiently relative to wild-type Rad18. Rad18 S409A also failed to fully complement the UV sensitivity of Rad18-depleted cells. Taken together, these results show that Rad18 phosphorylation by JNK represents a novel mechanism for promoting TLS and DNA damage tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Barkley
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Palle K, Vaziri C. Rad18 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity mediates Fanconi anemia pathway activation and cell survival following DNA Topoisomerase 1 inhibition. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1625-38. [PMID: 21478670 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.10.15617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) and related chemotherapeutic drugs induce formation of DNA Topoisomerase I (Top1) covalent or cleavage complexes (Top1ccs) that block leading-strand DNA synthesis and elicit DNA Double Stranded Breaks (DSB) during S phase. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is implicated in tolerance of CPT-induced DNA damage yet the mechanism of FA pathway activation by Top1 poisons has not been studied. We show here that the FA core complex protein FANCA and monoubiquitinated FANCD2 (an effector of the FA pathway) are rapidly mobilized to chromatin in response to CPT treatment in several human cancer cell lines and untransformed primary human dermal fibroblasts. FANCD2 depletion using siRNA leads to impaired recovery from CPT-induced inhibition or DNA synthesis, persistence of γH2AX (a DSB marker) and reduced cell survival following CPT treatment. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 is necessary for CPT-induced recruitment of FANCA and FANCD2 to chromatin. Moreover, Rad18-depletion recapitulates the DNA synthesis and survival defects of FANCD2-deficiency in CPT-treated cells. It is well-established that Rad18 promotes FA pathway activation and DNA damage tolerance in response to bulky DNA lesions via a mechanism involving PCNA monoubiquitination. In contrast, PCNA monoubiquitination is not involved in Rad18-mediated FA pathway activation or cell survival following acquisition of CPT-induced DSB. Moreover, while Rad18 is implicated in recombinational repair of DSB via an E3 ligase-independent mechanism, we demonstrate that Rad18 E3 ligase activity is essential for appropriate FA pathway activation and DNA damage tolerance after CPT treatment. Taken together, our results define a novel pathway of Rad18-dependent DSB repair that is dissociable from known Rad18-mediated DNA repair mechanisms based on its independence from PCNA ubiquitination and requirement for E3 ligase activity.
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Day TA, Sproul C, Cordeiro-Stone M, Vaziri C. Analyzing DNA replication dynamics of genotoxin-treated cells using velocity sedimentation. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 782:159-70. [PMID: 21870290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-273-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Following acquisition of DNA damage S-phase progression may potentially be affected via multiple mechanisms. For example DNA damage-activated signal transduction pathways negatively regulate the initiation of DNA synthesis at unfired origins of replication, a process termed the 'S-phase checkpoint' or the 'intra-S-phase checkpoint'. Additionally, many DNA lesions pose physical barriers to replication forks and therefore inhibit DNA synthesis directly by blocking the elongation of active replicons. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage is commonly assayed by measuring incorporation of radiolabeled or halogenated nucleotides into bulk genomic DNA. However, these techniques do not distinguish between effects of DNA damage on initiation and elongation phases of DNA synthesis. The velocity sedimentation protocol described here allows investigators to determine the effects of DNA damage on initiation and elongation events. This technique involves labeling replicating DNA with (3)H-thymidine, then analyzing the size distribution of labeled ssDNAs based on their differential density sedimentation profiles after centrifugation through alkaline sucrose gradients. Determining the relative abundance and growth rates of small nascent ssDNAs provides an index of initiation and elongation events, respectively. Therefore, analysis of replication dynamics using velocity sedimentation provides a potentially valuable tool for assaying S-phase checkpoints as well as other aspects of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah A Day
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
It has long been appreciated that Cdc7 is an essential protein kinase that phosphorylates Mcm2-7 helicase subunits to promote initiation of DNA replication. In addition to its well-elucidated role in DNA replication, recent studies suggest that DDK is active in genotoxin-treated cells and may mediate aspects of the DNA damage response. However, specific role(s) of DDK and its effector targets in DNA damage signaling have not been defined. A recent study from our laboratories has identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 as novel substrate of DDK in vitro and in human cells. Rad18 plays a central role in a post-replication DNA repair pathway termed 'Trans-Lesion Synthesis' (TLS) by promoting recruitment of DNA Polymerase eta (Polη) and other TLS polymerases to stalled replication forks. DDK-mediated Rad18 phosphorylation promotes Rad18-Polη complex formation and facilitates Rad18-dependent recruitment of Polη to stalled replication forks. The mechanisms that regulate Rad18-dependent TLS are incompletely understood. Our study provides the first demonstration of Rad18 regulation by direct phosphorylation and defines a novel mechanism for Rad18-dependent recruitment of TLS polymerases to stalled forks. This study also demonstrates a molecular basis for integration of TLS with S-phase progression via the essential Cdc7 kinase. These findings reveal unexpected mechanistic insights to the regulation of the TLS pathway and Polη recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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41
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Day TA, Palle K, Barkley LR, Kakusho N, Zou Y, Tateishi S, Verreault A, Masai H, Vaziri C. Phosphorylated Rad18 directs DNA polymerase η to sites of stalled replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:953-66. [PMID: 21098111 PMCID: PMC2995173 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201006043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cdc7 phosphorylates Rad18 to integrate S phase progression with postreplication DNA repair, ensuring genome stability. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 guides DNA Polymerase eta (Polη) to sites of replication fork stalling and mono-ubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to facilitate binding of Y family trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases during TLS. However, it is unclear exactly how Rad18 is regulated in response to DNA damage and how Rad18 activity is coordinated with progression through different phases of the cell cycle. Here we identify Rad18 as a novel substrate of the essential protein kinase Cdc7 (also termed Dbf4/Drf1-dependent Cdc7 kinase [DDK]). A serine cluster in the Polη-binding motif of Rad18 is phosphorylated by DDK. Efficient association of Rad18 with Polη is dependent on DDK and is necessary for redistribution of Polη to sites of replication fork stalling. This is the first demonstration of Rad18 regulation by direct phosphorylation and provides a novel mechanism for integration of S phase progression with postreplication DNA repair to maintain genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah A Day
- Department of Genetics and Genomics and 2 Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Wong PG, Glozak MA, Cao TV, Vaziri C, Seto E, Alexandrow M. Chromatin unfolding by Cdt1 regulates MCM loading via opposing functions of HBO1 and HDAC11-geminin. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4351-63. [PMID: 20980834 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.21.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of metazoan origins of DNA replication is known to be enhanced by histone acetylation near origins. Although this correlates with increased MCM recruitment, the mechanism by which such acetylation regulates MCM loading is unknown. We show here that Cdt1 induces large-scale chromatin decondensation that is required for MCM recruitment. This process occurs in G₁, is suppressed by Geminin, and requires HBO1 HAT activity and histone H4 modifications. HDAC11, which binds Cdt1 and replication origins during S-phase, potently inhibits Cdt1-induced chromatin unfolding and re-replication, suppresses MCM loading and binds Cdt1 more efficiently in the presence of Geminin. We also demonstrate that chromatin at endogenous origins is more accessible in G₁ relative to S-phase. These results provide evidence that histone acetylation promotes MCM loading via enhanced chromatin accessibility. This process is regulated positively by Cdt1 and HBO1 in G₁ and repressed by Geminin-HDAC11 association with Cdt1 in S-phase, and represents a novel form of replication licensing control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Wong
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Song IY, Palle K, Gurkar A, Tateishi S, Kupfer GM, Vaziri C. Rad18-mediated translesion synthesis of bulky DNA adducts is coupled to activation of the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31525-36. [PMID: 20675655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome characterized by sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. The FA proteins (FANCs) are implicated in DNA repair, although the precise mechanisms by which FANCs process DNA lesions are not fully understood. An epistatic relationship between the FA pathway and translesion synthesis (TLS, a post-replication DNA repair mechanism) has been suggested, but the basis for cross-talk between the FA and TLS pathways is poorly understood. We show here that ectopic overexpression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 (a central regulator of TLS) induces DNA damage-independent mono-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (a known Rad18 substrate) and FANCD2. Conversely, DNA damage-induced mono-ubiquitination of both PCNA and FANCD2 is attenuated in Rad18-deficient cells, demonstrating that Rad18 contributes to activation of the FA pathway. WT Rad18 but not an E3 ubiquitin ligase-deficient Rad18 C28F mutant fully complements both PCNA ubiquitination and FANCD2 activation in Rad18-depleted cells. Rad18-induced mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2 is not observed in FA core complex-deficient cells, demonstrating that Rad18 E3 ligase activity alone is insufficient for FANCD2 ubiquitylation. Instead, Rad18 promotes FA core complex-dependent FANCD2 ubiquitination in a manner that is secondary to PCNA mono-ubiquitination. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel Rad18-dependent mechanism that couples activation of the FA pathway with TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Young Song
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Wu J, Qian J, Li C, Kwok L, Cheng F, Liu P, Perdomo C, Kotton D, Vaziri C, Anderlind C, Spira A, Cardoso WV, Lü J. miR-129 regulates cell proliferation by downregulating Cdk6 expression. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1809-18. [PMID: 20404570 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.9.11535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of miR-129 has been reported in multiple tumor cell lines and in primary tumors including medulloblastoma, undifferentiated gastric cancers, lung adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer and colorectal carcinoma. There is also recent evidence of an anti-proliferative activity of miR-129 in tumor cell lines. Still, little is known about how miR-129 regulates cell proliferation. Here we found that lentiviral-mediated overexpression of miR-129 in mouse lung epithelial cells (E10 cells) results in significant G(1) phase arrest that eventually leads to cell death. miR-129 induce G(1) phase arrest in multiple human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, suggesting miR-129 targeting of G(1)/S phase-specific regulators. Interestingly, we show that Cdk6, a kinase involved in G(1)-S transition, is a direct target of miR-129. We also found the downregulation of three other cell cycle-related novel targets of miR-129, including Erk1, Erk2 and protein kinase C epsilon (Prkce). We further show that among these targets, only Cdk6 is functionally relevant. Restoring expression of Cdk6, but not Prkce partially rescues the cell growth arrest and cell death phenotype that results from miR-129 overexpression. Together, our data indicate that miR-129 plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation by downregulation of Cdk6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wu
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Barkley LR, Song IY, Zou Y, Vaziri C. Reduced expression of GINS complex members induces hallmarks of pre-malignancy in primary untransformed human cells. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:1577-88. [PMID: 19377277 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.10.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells ablation of the GINS complex member Psf2 elicits chromosome mis-segregation yet the precise role of Psf2 in mitosis is unknown. We investigated the putative mitotic role of the GINS complex using synchronized cultures of untransformed Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF). Metaphase spreads from Psf1/Psf2-depleted HDF were normal and mitotic exit of Psf1/Psf2-depleted cells was only slightly delayed, suggesting no direct role for the GINS complex in mitosis of untransformed cells. Because the GINS complex is required for initiation and elongation events during DNA replication we hypothesized that the mitotic delay of Psf1/Psf2-deficient cells resulted indirectly from defective DNA synthesis during a prior S-phase. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Psf1/Psf2-depletion on DNA replication. Recruitment of Mcm7 to chromatin during G(1) was unaffected by Psf1/Psf2-ablation, indicating that replication licensing does not require GINS. However, chromatin-binding of Cdc45 and PCNA, onset of DNA synthesis and accumulation of G(2)/M markers were delayed in Psf1/Psf2-ablated cells. The cell cycle delay of Psf1/Psf2-depleted HDF was associated with several hallmarks of pre-malignancy including gammaH2AX, Thr 68-phosphorylated Chk2, and increased numbers of aberrant fragmented nuclei. Ectopic expression of catalytically-inactive Chk2 promoted S-phase and G(2)/M progression in Psf1/Psf2-depleted cells, as evidenced by modestly-increased rates of DNA synthesis and increased dephosphorylation of Cdc2. Therefore, S-phase progression of untransformed cells containing sub-optimal levels of Psf1/2 is associated with replication stress and acquisition of DNA damage. The ensuing Chk2-mediated DNA damage signaling likely contributes to maintenance of chromosomal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Barkley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Ohashi E, Hanafusa T, Kamei K, Song I, Tomida J, Hashimoto H, Vaziri C, Ohmori H. Identification of a novel REV1-interacting motif necessary for DNA polymerase kappa function. Genes Cells 2009; 14:101-11. [PMID: 19170759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
When a replicative DNA polymerase (Pol) is stalled by damaged DNA, a "polymerase switch" recruits specialized translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase(s) to sites of damage. Mammalian cells have several TLS DNA polymerases, including the four Y-family enzymes (Poleta, Poliota, Polkappa and REV1) that share multiple primary sequence motifs, but show preferential bypass of different DNA lesions. REV1 interacts with Poleta, Poliota, and Polkappa and therefore appears to play a central role during TLS in vivo. Here we have investigated the molecular basis for interactions between REV1 and Polkappa. We have identified novel REV1-interacting regions (RIRs) present in Polkappa, Poliota and Poleta. Within the RIRs, the presence of two consecutive phenylalanines (FF) is essential for REV1-binding. The consensus sequence for REV1-binding is denoted by x-x-x-F-F-y-y-y-y (x, no specific residue and y, no specific residue but not proline). Our results identify structural requirements that are necessary for FF-flanking residues to confer interactions with REV1. A Polkappa mutant lacking REV1-binding activity did not complement the genotoxin-sensitivity of Polk-null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, thereby demonstrating that the REV1-interaction is essential for Polkappa function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ohashi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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Liu P, Slater DM, Lenburg M, Nevis K, Cook JG, Vaziri C. Replication licensing promotes cyclin D1 expression and G1 progression in untransformed human cells. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:125-36. [PMID: 19106611 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.1.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA replication are implicated as early and causal events in malignancy. However, the immediate effects of impaired DNA replication licensing on cell cycle progression of non-malignant human cells are unknown. Therefore, we have investigated the acute effects of Mcm7 ablation using synchronized cultures of untransformed Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF). Mcm7 ablation elicited a G(1) delay associated with impaired activation of CDK4 and CDK2 and reduced Rb phosphorylation. The cell cycle delay of Mcm7-ablated cells was not associated with a DNA damage response. However, levels of cyclin D1 mRNA were specifically reduced and binding of RNA Polymerase II to the CYCD1 promoter was decreased in Mcm7-depleted cells. Similar to Mcm7-deficiency, Mcm2- or Cdc6-depletion led to impaired cyclin D expression. Ectopic overexpression of Cdc6 in quiescent cells promoted cyclin D1 expression, CDK4 activation and G(1) progression. Therefore timely and efficient expression of cyclin D1 during G(1) phase requires replication licensing. Reconstitution of cyclin D1 expression was insufficient to correct the G(1) delay of Mcm7-depleted cells, indicating that additional cell cycle events during G(1) are dependent on replication licensing. However, ectopic expression of the HPV-E7 oncoprotein, and the resulting bypass of the requirement for cyclin D1-Rb signaling enabled Mcm7-depleted cells to enter S-phase. HPV-E7-induced S-phase entry of Mcm7-depleted cells led to a DNA damage response, a hallmark of pre-malignancy. Taken together, our results suggest the existence of a 'replication licensing restriction point' that couples pre-RC assembly with G(1) progression in normal cells to minimize replication stress, DNA damage and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Liu P, Pazin DE, Merson RR, Albrecht KH, Vaziri C. The developmentally-regulated Smoc2 gene is repressed by Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling. Gene 2008; 433:72-80. [PMID: 19146932 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SPARC-Related Modular Calcium Binding Protein-2 (Smoc-2) is a broadly-expressed matricellular protein which contributes to mitogenesis via activation of Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK). Here we show that expression of Smoc2 is repressed in cultured cells following treatment with Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) ligands including the ubiquitous environmental pollutants Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The Smoc2 promoter contains two consensus putative Ahr-binding sites and Smoc2 promoter-driven reporter genes are repressed in response to B[a]P in an Ahr-dependent manner in cultured cells. Using organ culture experiments we show that TCDD also represses Smoc2 mRNA expression in testes from Ahr(+/+) but not Ahr(-/-) mice. Therefore, exposure to Ahr ligands is likely to affect Smoc2 expression in vivo. Taken together our results indicate that Smoc2 is a novel transcriptional target of activated Ahr. Perturbation of Smoc2 expression may mediate the adverse developmental effects of environmental aryl-hydrocarbon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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