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Coimbra-Costa D, Garzón F, Alva N, Pinto TCC, Aguado F, Torrella JR, Carbonell T, Rama R. Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxic Preconditioning Provides Neuroprotection by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Erythropoietin Expression and Preventing Apoptosis and Astrogliosis in the Brain of Adult Rats Exposed to Acute Severe Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105272. [PMID: 34067817 PMCID: PMC8156215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to intermittent hypoxia has been demonstrated to be an efficient tool for hypoxic preconditioning, preventing damage to cells and demonstrating therapeutic benefits. We aimed to evaluate the effects of respiratory intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) to avoid brain injury caused by exposure to acute severe hypoxia (ASH). Methods: biomarkers of oxidative damage, mitochondrial apoptosis, and transcriptional factors in response to hypoxia were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in brain tissue. Four groups of rats were used: (1) normoxic (NOR), (2) exposed to ASH (FiO2 7% for 6 h), (3) exposed to IHH for 3 h per day over 8 days at 460 mmHg, and (4) ASH preconditioned after IHH. Results: ASH animals underwent increased oxidative-stress-related parameters, an upregulation in apoptotic proteins and had astrocytes with phenotype forms compatible with severe diffuse reactive astrogliosis. These effects were attenuated and even prevented when the animals were preconditioned with IHH. These changes paralleled the inhibition of NF-κB expression and the increase of erythropoietin (EPO) levels in the brain. Conclusions: IHH exerted neuroprotection against ASH-induced oxidative injury by preventing oxidative stress and inhibiting the apoptotic cascade, which was associated with NF-κB downregulation and EPO upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Coimbra-Costa
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Fernando Garzón
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Norma Alva
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Tiago C. C. Pinto
- Department of Neurophychiatry and Behavioural Science, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, 186-298, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50740-600, PE, Brazil;
| | - Fernando Aguado
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-530; Fax: +34-934-110-358
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Ramón Rama
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (F.G.); (N.A.); (F.A.); (T.C.); (R.R.)
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