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Wang L, Wang HQ, Ding S, Garofalo AM, Gong XZ, Eldon D, Guo HY, Leonard AW, Hyatt AW, Qian JP, Weisberg DB, McClenaghan J, Fenstermacher ME, Lasnier CJ, Watkins JG, Shafer MW, Xu GS, Huang J, Ren QL, Buttery RJ, Humphreys DA, Thomas DM, Zhang B, Liu JB. Integration of full divertor detachment with improved core confinement for tokamak fusion plasmas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1365. [PMID: 33649306 PMCID: PMC7921092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Divertor detachment offers a promising solution to the challenge of plasma-wall interactions for steady-state operation of fusion reactors. Here, we demonstrate the excellent compatibility of actively controlled full divertor detachment with a high-performance (βN ~ 3, H98 ~ 1.5) core plasma, using high-βp (poloidal beta, βp > 2) scenario characterized by a sustained core internal transport barrier (ITB) and a modest edge transport barrier (ETB) in DIII-D tokamak. The high-βp high-confinement scenario facilitates divertor detachment which, in turn, promotes the development of an even stronger ITB at large radius with a weaker ETB. This self-organized synergy between ITB and ETB, leads to a net gain in energy confinement, in contrast to the net confinement loss caused by divertor detachment in standard H-modes. These results show the potential of integrating excellent core plasma performance with an efficient divertor solution, an essential step towards steady-state operation of reactor-grade plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - H Q Wang
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - S Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - X Z Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - D Eldon
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - H Y Guo
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - J P Qian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | - C J Lasnier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J G Watkins
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M W Shafer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - G S Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - J Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Q L Ren
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | - B Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - J B Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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Deranian RD, Ferron JR, Humphreys DA, Johnson RD, Leuer JA, Penaflor BG, Walker ML, Welander AS, Wan B, Gribov Y, Kwon M, Jhang H, Khayrutdinov RR. Integrated Plasma Control in Next-Generation Devices Using DIII-D Modeling and Simulation Approaches. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Deranian
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. R. Ferron
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Johnson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - B. G. Penaflor
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. S. Welander
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - B. Wan
- Academia Sinica, IPP, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031, Anhui Province China
| | - Y. Gribov
- ITER Naka, 801-1 Mukouyama, Naka-machi, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 31-0193
| | - M. Kwon
- Korea Basic Sciences Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - H. Jhang
- Korea Basic Sciences Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Stambaugh RD, Chan VS, Garofalo AM, Sawan M, Humphreys DA, Lao LL, Leuer JA, Petrie TW, Prater R, Snyder PB, Smith JP, Wong CPC. Fusion Nuclear Science Facility Candidates. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst59-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Stambaugh
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - V. S. Chan
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. M. Garofalo
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. Sawan
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - L. L. Lao
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - T. W. Petrie
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. Prater
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - P. B. Snyder
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. P. Smith
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - C. P. C. Wong
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
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Humphreys DA, Deranian RD, Ferron JR, Hyatt AW, Johnson RD, Khayrutdinov RR, La Haye RJ, Leuer JA, Penaflor BG, Scoville JT, Walker ML, Welander AS. Integrated Plasma Control in DIII-D. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Deranian
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. R. Ferron
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. W. Hyatt
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Johnson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | | | - R. J. La Haye
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - B. G. Penaflor
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. T. Scoville
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. S. Welander
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
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5
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics DIII-D National Fusion Facility, San Diego, California
| | - A. G. Kellman
- General Atomics DIII-D National Fusion Facility, San Diego, California
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Chan VS, Stambaugh RD, Garofalo AM, Chu MS, Fisher RK, Greenfield CM, Humphreys DA, Lao LL, Leuer JA, Petrie TW, Prater R, Staebler GM, Snyder PB, John HES, Turnbull AD, Wong CPC, Van Zeeland MA. Physics Basis of a Fusion Development Facility Utilizing the Tokamak Approach. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-a9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Chan
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Stambaugh
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. M. Garofalo
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. S. Chu
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. K. Fisher
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - C. M. Greenfield
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - L. L. Lao
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - T. W. Petrie
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. Prater
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - G. M. Staebler
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - P. B. Snyder
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - H. E. St. John
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. D. Turnbull
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - C. P. C. Wong
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
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Welander AS, Deranian RD, Humphreys DA, Leuer JA, Walker ML. Nonrigid, Linear Plasma Response Model Based on Perturbed Equilibria for Axisymmetric Tokamak Control Design. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Welander
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Deranian
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
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Leuer JA, Xiao BJ, Humphreys DA, Walker ML, Hyatt AW, Jackson GL, Mueller D, Penaflor BG, Piglowski DA, Johnson RD, Welander AS, Yuan QP, Wang HZ, Luo JR. Tokamak Start-Up Modeling and Design for EAST First Plasma Campaign. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-a9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - B. J. Xiao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. W. Hyatt
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - G. L. Jackson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - D. Mueller
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - B. G. Penaflor
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - D. A. Piglowski
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Johnson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - A. S. Welander
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - Q. P. Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - H. Z. Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - J. R. Luo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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Walker ML, Humphreys DA. Valid Coordinate Systems for Linearized Plasma Shape Response Models in Tokamaks. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst06-a1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Jackson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
| | - A. W. Hyatt
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
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11
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Humphreys DA. High-Reliability Operation and Disruption Control in Tokamaks. Fusion Science and Technology 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a11703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92816-5608
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12
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Walker ML, Humphreys DA, Johnson RD, Leuer JA. Nonlinear Methods for Current Limit Constraint Satisfaction in Tokamak Plasma Shape Control. Fusion Science and Technology 2005. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Walker
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - D. A. Humphreys
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - R. D. Johnson
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
| | - J. A. Leuer
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego California 92186-5608
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Whyte DG, Jernigan TC, Humphreys DA, Hyatt AW, Lasnier CJ, Parks PB, Evans TE, Rosenbluth MN, Taylor PL, Kellman AG, Gray DS, Hollmann EM, Combs SK. Mitigation of tokamak disruptions using high-pressure gas injection. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:055001. [PMID: 12144446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure gas-jet injection of neon and argon is shown to be a simple and robust method to mitigate the deleterious effects of disruptions on the DIII-D tokamak. The gas jet penetrates to the central plasma at its sonic velocity. The deposited species dissipates >95% of the plasma by radiation and substantially reduces mechanical stresses on the vessel caused by poloidal halo currents. The gas-jet species-charge distribution can include >50% fraction neutral species which inhibits runaway electrons. The favorable scaling of this technique to burning fusion plasmas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Whyte
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Taylor PL, Kellman AG, Rice BW, Humphreys DA. Experimental measurements of the current, temperature, and density profile changes during a disruption in the DIII-D tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:916-919. [PMID: 10061584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dean PAW, Gillespie RJ, Hulme R, Humphreys DA. Hydrogen fluoride solvent system. Part III. Solutions of the acids SbF5, AsF5, and PF5. Evidence for the As2F11 ? ion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j19710000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lewin S, Humphreys DA. Reactions of nucleic acids and their components. Part VI. The reactions of formaldehyde with cytosine, cytidine, and deoxycytidine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1039/j29670000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lewin S, Humphreys DA. Reactions of nucleic acids and their components. Part VI. Thermodynamic constants of the ionisations of cytosine and cytidine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1039/j29660000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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