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Pawlak MA, Knol MJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Adams HHH, Evans TE. Neural correlates of orbital telorism. Cortex 2021; 145:315-326. [PMID: 34781092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orbital telorism, the interocular distance, is clinically informative and in extremes is considered a minor physical anomaly. While its extremes, hypo- and hypertelorism, have been linked to disorders often related to cognitive ability, little is known about the neural correlates of normal variation of telorism within the general population. We derived measures of orbital telorism from cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by calculating the distance between the eyeball center of gravity in two population-based datasets (N = 5,653, N = 29,824; mean age 64.66, 63.75 years). This measure was found to be related to grey matter tissue density within numerous regions of the brain, including, but surprisingly not limited to, the frontal regions, in both positive and negative directions. Additionally, telorism was related to several cognitive functions, such as Purdue pegboard test (Beta, P-value (CI95%) -.02, 1.63 × 10-7 (-.03:-.01)) and fluid intelligence (.02, 4.75 × 10-6 (.01:0.02)), with some relationships driven by individuals with a smaller orbital telorism. This is reflective of the higher prevalence of hypotelorism in developmental disorders, specifically those that accompany lower cognitive lower functioning. This study suggests, despite previous links only made in clinical extremes, that orbital telorism holds some relation to structural brain development and cognitive function in the general population. This relationship is likely driven by shared developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disorders Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands
| | - T E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, CE, the Netherlands.
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2
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Bardóczi L, Evans TE. Experimental Observation of Magnetic Island Heteroclinic Bifurcation in Tokamaks. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:085003. [PMID: 33709731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.085003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report empirical observations of magnetic island heteroclinic bifurcation for the first time. This behavior is observed in interacting coupled 2/1 tearing modes in the core of a DIII-D tokamak plasma. Poincaré maps constrained by measured magnetic amplitudes and phasing show bifurcation from heteroclinic to homoclinic topology in the 2/1 island as the 4/2 relative amplitude (R_{4/2}) decreases. Initially, the local electron temperature peak in the 2/1 island splits, consistent with two O points. As R_{4/2} decreases a single peak forms, consistent with one O point. These call for developing tearing stability theory and control solutions for heteroclinic islands in tokamaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bardóczi
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
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3
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Evans TE, Wu W, Canal GP, Ferraro NM. Observations of heteroclinic bifurcations in resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbations. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:013209. [PMID: 33601549 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.013209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A class of topological magnetic island bifurcations that has not previously been observed in toroidal plasmas is described. Increasing an externally applied three-dimensional magnetic field in resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations results in the asymmetric elongation of resonant island flux surfaces followed by a sequence of heteroclinic bifurcations. These bifurcations produce new sets of hyperbolic-elliptic fixed points as predicted by the Poincaré-Birkoff fixed point theorem. Field line calculations verify that the new fixed points do not connect to those of the prebifurcated islands as required for heteroclinic bifurcations on a torus with winding numbers composed of common integer factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Evans
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - W Wu
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - G P Canal
- Department of Applied Physics, Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - N M Ferraro
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
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4
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Moyer RA, Bykov I, Orlov DM, Evans TE, Lee JS, Teklu AM, Fenstermacher ME, Makowski M, Lasnier CJ, Wang HQ, Watkins JG, Wu W. Imaging divertor strike point splitting in RMP ELM suppression experiments in the DIII-D tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10E106. [PMID: 30399795 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fast visible imaging of the lower divertor from above is used to study the structure and dynamics of lobes induced by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in Edge-Localized Mode (ELM) suppression experiments in DIII-D. The best compromise between the amount of light and sharp imaging was obtained using emission at 601 nm from Fulcher band molecular deuterium. Multiple spatially resolved peaks in the D2 emission, taken as a proxy for the particle flux, are readily resolved during RMPs, in contrast to the heat flux measured by infrared cameras, which shows little spatial structure in ITER-like conditions. The 25 mm objective lens provides high spatial resolution (2-4 mm/pixel) from the centerpost to the outer shelf over 40° toroidally that overlaps the field of view of the IRTV that measures the divertor heat flux, allowing direct comparison in non-axisymmetric discharges. The image is coupled to a Phantom 7.3 camera using a Schott wound fiber bundle, providing high temporal resolution that allows the lobe dynamics to be resolved between ELMs and across ELM suppression onset. These measurements are used to study the heat and particle flux in 3D magnetic fields and to validate models for the plasma response to RMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Moyer
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - I Bykov
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - D M Orlov
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J S Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A M Teklu
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - M E Fenstermacher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Makowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Lasnier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Q Wang
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J G Watkins
- Sandia National Laboratories, California, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA
| | - W Wu
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
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5
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Ida K, Kobayashi T, Ono M, Evans TE, McKee GR, Austin ME. Hysteresis Relation between Turbulence and Temperature Modulation during the Heat Pulse Propagation into a Magnetic Island in DIII-D. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:245001. [PMID: 29956950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.245001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hysteresis relation between turbulence and temperature modulation during the heat pulse propagation into a magnetic island is studied for the first time in toroidal plasmas. Lissajous curves of the density fluctuation (n[over ˜]/n) and the electron temperature (T_{e}) modulation show that the (n[over ˜]/n) propagation is faster than the heat pulse propagation near the O point of the magnetic island. This faster n[over ˜]/n propagation is experimental evidence of the turbulence spreading from the X point to the O point of the magnetic island.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ida
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - T Kobayashi
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - M Ono
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaragi 311-0193, Japan
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - G R McKee
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M E Austin
- University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Xiao WW, Evans TE, Tynan GR, Yoon SW, Jeon YM, Ko WH, Nam YU, Oh YK. Propagation Dynamics Associated with Resonant Magnetic Perturbation Fields in High-Confinement Mode Plasmas inside the KSTAR Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:205001. [PMID: 29219375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The propagation dynamics of resonant magnetic perturbation fields in KSTAR H-mode plasmas with injection of small edge perturbations produced by a supersonic molecular beam injection is reported for the first time. The results show that the perturbation field first excites a plasma response on the q=3 magnetic surface and then propagates inward to the q=2 surface with a radially averaged propagation velocity of resonant magnetic perturbations field equal to 32.5 m/ s. As a result, the perturbation field brakes the toroidal rotation on the q=3 surface first causing a momentum transport perturbation that propagates both inward and outward. A higher density fluctuation level is observed. The propagation velocity of the resonant magnetic perturbations field is larger than the radial propagation velocity of the perturbation in the toroidal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Xiao
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - G R Tynan
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - S W Yoon
- National Fusion Research Institute, Gwahango, 113, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y M Jeon
- National Fusion Research Institute, Gwahango, 113, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - W H Ko
- National Fusion Research Institute, Gwahango, 113, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y U Nam
- National Fusion Research Institute, Gwahango, 113, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Y K Oh
- National Fusion Research Institute, Gwahango, 113, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
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7
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Wurden GA, Weber TE, Turchi PJ, Parks PB, Evans TE, Cohen SA, Cassibry JT, Campbell EM. A New Vision for Fusion Energy Research: Fusion Rocket Engines for Planetary Defense. J Fusion Energ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10894-015-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We argue that it is essential for the fusion energy program to identify an imagination-capturing critical mission by developing a unique product which could command the marketplace. We lay out the logic that this product is a fusion rocket engine, to enable a rapid response capable of deflecting an incoming comet, to prevent its impact on the planet Earth, in defense of our population, infrastructure, and civilization. As a side benefit, deep space solar system exploration, with greater speed and orders-of-magnitude greater payload mass would also be possible.
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8
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Nazikian R, Paz-Soldan C, Callen JD, deGrassie JS, Eldon D, Evans TE, Ferraro NM, Grierson BA, Groebner RJ, Haskey SR, Hegna CC, King JD, Logan NC, McKee GR, Moyer RA, Okabayashi M, Orlov DM, Osborne TH, Park JK, Rhodes TL, Shafer MW, Snyder PB, Solomon WM, Strait EJ, Wade MR. Pedestal bifurcation and resonant field penetration at the threshold of edge-localized mode suppression in the DIII-D Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:105002. [PMID: 25815938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid bifurcations in the plasma response to slowly varying n=2 magnetic fields are observed as the plasma transitions into and out of edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression. The rapid transition to ELM suppression is characterized by an increase in the toroidal rotation and a reduction in the electron pressure gradient at the top of the pedestal that reduces the perpendicular electron flow there to near zero. These events occur simultaneously with an increase in the inner-wall magnetic response. These observations are consistent with strong resonant field penetration of n=2 fields at the onset of ELM suppression, based on extended MHD simulations using measured plasma profiles. Spontaneous transitions into (and out of) ELM suppression with a static applied n=2 field indicate competing mechanisms of screening and penetration of resonant fields near threshold conditions. Magnetic measurements reveal evidence for the unlocking and rotation of tearinglike structures as the plasma transitions out of ELM suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nazikian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - C Paz-Soldan
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J D Callen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1609, USA
| | - J S deGrassie
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - D Eldon
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - N M Ferraro
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - B A Grierson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - R J Groebner
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - S R Haskey
- Plasma Research Laboratory, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - C C Hegna
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1609, USA
| | - J D King
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - N C Logan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - G R McKee
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1609, USA
| | - R A Moyer
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - M Okabayashi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - D M Orlov
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - T H Osborne
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J-K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - T L Rhodes
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M W Shafer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - P B Snyder
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - W M Solomon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - E J Strait
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M R Wade
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
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Wurden GA, Oertel JA, Evans TE. An in situ runaway electron diagnostic for DIII-D. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E111. [PMID: 25430290 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We are designing a new diagnostic based on laser inverse Compton scattering to study the dynamics of runaway electron formation during killer-pellet triggered disruptions in DIII-D, and their subsequent loss. We can improve the expected S/N ratio by using a high-intensity short-pulse laser combined with gated x-ray imagers. With 80 ps sampling, time-of-flight spatial resolution within the laser chord can be obtained. We will measure the time-resolved spatial profile and energy distribution of the runaway electrons while they are in the core of the tokamak plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Wurden
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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10
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Barker W, Evans TE, Williams KJ. Effect of Alloying Additions on the Microstructure, Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Nickel–Silicon Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/000705970798324757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Baylor LR, Commaux N, Jernigan TC, Brooks NH, Combs SK, Evans TE, Fenstermacher ME, Isler RC, Lasnier CJ, Meitner SJ, Moyer RA, Osborne TH, Parks PB, Snyder PB, Strait EJ, Unterberg EA, Loarte A. Reduction of edge-localized mode intensity using high-repetition-rate pellet injection in tokamak H-mode plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:245001. [PMID: 25165932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.245001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High repetition rate injection of deuterium pellets from the low-field side (LFS) of the DIII-D tokamak is shown to trigger high-frequency edge-localized modes (ELMs) at up to 12× the low natural ELM frequency in H-mode deuterium plasmas designed to match the ITER baseline configuration in shape, normalized beta, and input power just above the H-mode threshold. The pellet size, velocity, and injection location were chosen to limit penetration to the outer 10% of the plasma. The resulting perturbations to the plasma density and energy confinement time are thus minimal (<10%). The triggered ELMs occur at much lower normalized pedestal pressure than the natural ELMs, suggesting that the pellet injection excites a localized high-n instability. Triggered ELMs produce up to 12× lower energy and particle fluxes to the divertor, and result in a strong decrease in plasma core impurity density. These results show for the first time that shallow, LFS pellet injection can dramatically accelerate the ELM cycle and reduce ELM energy fluxes on plasma facing components, and is a viable technique for real-time control of ELMs in ITER.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Baylor
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - N Commaux
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - T C Jernigan
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - N H Brooks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - S K Combs
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - T E Evans
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M E Fenstermacher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R C Isler
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - C J Lasnier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S J Meitner
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - R A Moyer
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0319, USA
| | - T H Osborne
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - P B Parks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - P B Snyder
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - E J Strait
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - E A Unterberg
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8072, USA
| | - A Loarte
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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Shafer MW, Battaglia DJ, Unterberg EA, Evans TE, Hillis DL, Maingi R. 2D soft x-ray system on DIII-D for imaging the magnetic topology in the pedestal region. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E534. [PMID: 21034061 DOI: 10.1063/1.3481166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new tangential two-dimensional soft x-ray imaging system (SXRIS) is being designed to examine the edge island structure in the lower X-point region of DIII-D. Plasma shielding and/or amplification of the calculated vacuum islands may play a role in the suppression of edge-localized modes via resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). The SXRIS is intended to improve the understanding of three-dimensional (3D) phenomena associated with RMPs. This system utilizes a tangential view with a pinhole imaging system and spectral filtering with beryllium foils. SXR emission is chosen to avoid line radiation and allows suitable signal at the top of a H-mode pedestal where T(e)∼1-2 keV. A synthetic diagnostic calculation based on 3D SXR emissivity estimates is used to help assess signal levels and resolution of the design. A signal-to-noise ratio of 10 at 1 cm resolution is expected for the perturbed signals, which are sufficient to resolve most of the predicted vacuum island sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Shafer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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14
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Wingen A, Evans TE, Lasnier CJ, Spatschek KH. Numerical modeling of edge-localized-mode filaments on divertor plates based on thermoelectric currents. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:175001. [PMID: 20482113 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Edge localized modes (ELMs) are qualitatively and quantitatively modeled in tokamaks using current bursts which have been observed in the scrape-off-layer (SOL) during an ELM crash. During the initial phase of an ELM, a heat pulse causes thermoelectric currents. They first flow in short connection length flux tubes which are initially established by error fields or other nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbations. The currents change the magnetic field topology in such a way that larger areas of short connection length flux tubes emerge. Then currents predominantly flow in short SOL-like flux tubes and scale with the area of the flux tube assuming a constant current density. Quantitative predictions of flux tube patterns for a given current are in excellent agreement with measurements of the heat load and current flow at the DIII-D target plates during an ELM cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wingen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Canik JM, Maingi R, Evans TE, Bell RE, Gerhardt SP, Leblanc BP, Manickam J, Menard JE, Osborne TH, Park JK, Paul SF, Snyder PB, Sabbagh SA, Kugel HW, Unterberg EA. On demand triggering of edge localized instabilities using external nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbations in toroidal plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:045001. [PMID: 20366719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of nonaxisymmetric magnetic fields is shown to destabilize edge-localized modes (ELMs) during otherwise ELM-free periods of discharges in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Profile analysis shows the applied fields increased the temperature and pressure gradients, decreasing edge stability. This robust effect was exploited for a new form of ELM control: the triggering of ELMs at will in high performance H mode plasmas enabled by lithium conditioning, yielding high time-averaged energy confinement with reduced core impurity density and radiated power.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Canik
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Schmitz O, Evans TE, Fenstermacher ME, Unterberg EA, Austin ME, Bray BD, Brooks NH, Frerichs H, Groth M, Jakubowski MW, Lasnier CJ, Lehnen M, Leonard AW, Mordijck S, Moyer RA, Osborne TH, Reiter D, Samm U, Schaffer MJ, Unterberg B, West WP. Resonant pedestal pressure reduction induced by a thermal transport enhancement due to stochastic magnetic boundary layers in high temperature plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:165005. [PMID: 19905705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Good alignment of the magnetic field line pitch angle with the mode structure of an external resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field is shown to induce modulation of the pedestal electron pressure p(e) in high confinement high rotation plasmas at the DIII-D tokamak with a shape similar to ITER, the next step tokamak experiment. This is caused by an edge safety factor q95 resonant enhancement of the thermal transport, while in contrast, the RMP induced particle pump out does not show a significant resonance. The measured p(e) reduction correlates to an increase in the modeled stochastic layer width during pitch angle variations matching results from resistive low rotation plasmas at the TEXTOR tokamak. These findings suggest a field line pitch angle resonant formation of a stochastic magnetic edge layer as an explanation for the q95 resonant character of type-I edge localized mode suppression by RMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IEF4-Plasma Physics, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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17
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Tokar MZ, Evans TE, Gupta A, Singh R, Kaw P, Wolf RC. Mechanisms of edge-localized-mode mitigation by external-magnetic-field perturbations. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:095001. [PMID: 17359161 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Particle and energy transport in the tokamak edge transport barrier is analyzed in the presence of magnetic field perturbations from external resonant coils. In recent experiments such coils have been verified as an effective tool for mitigation of the edge-localized modes of type I. The observed reduction of the density in plasmas of low collisionality is explained by the generation of charged particle flows along perturbed field lines. The increase of the electron and ion temperatures in the barrier is interpreted by the reduction of perpendicular neoclassical transport with decreasing density and nonlocality of parallel heat transport. The found modification of the pressure gradient implies the stabilization of ballooning-peeling MHD modes responsible for type I ELMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Tokar
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Association FZJ-Euratom, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Evans TE, Roeder RKW, Carter JA, Rapoport BI, Fenstermacher ME, Lasnier CJ. Experimental signatures of homoclinic tangles in poloidally diverted tokamaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/7/1/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Evans TE, Moyer RA, Thomas PR, Watkins JG, Osborne TH, Boedo JA, Doyle EJ, Fenstermacher ME, Finken KH, Groebner RJ, Groth M, Harris JH, La Haye RJ, Lasnier CJ, Masuzaki S, Ohyabu N, Pretty DG, Rhodes TL, Reimerdes H, Rudakov DL, Schaffer MJ, Wang G, Zeng L. Suppression of large edge-localized modes in high-confinement DIII-D plasmas with a stochastic magnetic boundary. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:235003. [PMID: 15245164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A stochastic magnetic boundary, produced by an applied edge resonant magnetic perturbation, is used to suppress most large edge-localized modes (ELMs) in high confinement (H-mode) plasmas. The resulting H mode displays rapid, small oscillations with a bursty character modulated by a coherent 130 Hz envelope. The H mode transport barrier and core confinement are unaffected by the stochastic boundary, despite a threefold drop in the toroidal rotation. These results demonstrate that stochastic boundaries are compatible with H modes and may be attractive for ELM control in next-step fusion tokamaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Evans
- General Atomics, San Diego, California, USA
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Whyte DG, Jernigan TC, Humphreys DA, Hyatt AW, Lasnier CJ, Parks PB, Evans TE, Rosenbluth MN, Taylor PL, Kellman AG, Gray DS, Hollmann EM, Combs SK. Mitigation of tokamak disruptions using high-pressure gas injection. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:055001. [PMID: 12144446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure gas-jet injection of neon and argon is shown to be a simple and robust method to mitigate the deleterious effects of disruptions on the DIII-D tokamak. The gas jet penetrates to the central plasma at its sonic velocity. The deposited species dissipates >95% of the plasma by radiation and substantially reduces mechanical stresses on the vessel caused by poloidal halo currents. The gas-jet species-charge distribution can include >50% fraction neutral species which inhibits runaway electrons. The favorable scaling of this technique to burning fusion plasmas is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Whyte
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Abstract
The ability of the aminothiol WR-1065 [N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane] to protect L5178Y (LY) cells against the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of exposure to accelerated (56)Fe ions (1.08 GeV/nucleon) was determined. It was found that while WR-1065 reduced the mutagenicity in both cell lines when it was present during the irradiation, the addition of WR-1065 after the exposure had no effect on the mutagenicity of the radiation in either cell line. No marked protection against the cytotoxic effects of exposure to (56)Fe ions was provided by WR-1065 when added either during or after irradiation in either cell line. We reported previously that WR-1065 protected the LY-S1 and LY-SR1 cell lines against both the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of X radiation when present during exposure, but that its protection when administered after exposure was limited to the mutagenic effects in the radiation-hypersensitive cell line, LY-S1. The results indicate that the mechanisms involved differ in the protection against cytotoxic compared to mutagenic effects and in the protection against damage caused by accelerated (56)Fe ions compared to X radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Evans
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4942, USA.
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Abstract
The effects of (56)Fe particles and (137)Cs gamma radiation were compared in TK6 and WTK1 human lymphoblasts, two related cell lines which differ in TP53 status and in the ability to rejoin DNA double-strand breaks. Both cell lines were more sensitive to the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of (56)Fe particles than to those of gamma rays. However, the mutagenicity of (56)Fe particles and gamma rays at the TK locus was the same per unit dose and was higher for gamma rays than for (56)Fe particles at isotoxic doses. The respective RBEs for TK6 and WTK1 cells were 1.5 and 1.9 for cytotoxicity and 2.5 and 1.9 for clastogenicity, but only 1 for mutagenicity. The results indicate that complex lesions induced by (56)Fe particles are repaired less efficiently than gamma-ray-induced lesions, leading to fewer colony-forming cells, a slightly higher proportion of aberrant cells at the first division, and a lower frequency of viable mutants at isotoxic doses. WTK1 cells (mutant TP53) were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of both gamma rays and (56)Fe particles, but showed greater cytogenetic and mutagenic damage than TK6 cells (TP53(+)). A deficiency in the number of damaged TK6 cells (a) reaching the first mitosis after exposure and (b) forming viable mutants can explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4942, USA.
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Jansen RW, Shen CY, Chubb SR, Cooper AL, Evans TE. Subsurface, surface, and radar modeling of a Gulf Stream current convergence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jc01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cuthbertson BH, Dellinger P, Dyar OJ, Evans TE, Higenbottam T, Latimer R, Payen D, Stott SA, Webster NR, Young JD. UK guidelines for the use of inhaled nitric oxide therapy in adult ICUs. American-European Consensus Conference on ALI/ARDS. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:1212-8. [PMID: 9470075 DOI: 10.1007/s001340050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although unlicensed, inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy is now widely used in the United Kingdom. Our aim was to produce guidelines for the clinical application of inhaled NO in adult intensive care practice, based upon the current level of published information. METHODS The published data regarding the use of inhaled NO in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and right-sided cardiac failure was presented, analysed and discussed. Recommendations based on these data as well as on current experience in the United Kingdom were formulated. DESIGN An expert group comprising intensive care specialists from within the United Kingdom, representatives from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine and individuals from the Departments of Health and Industry related to the field was assembled. RESULTS United Kingdom guidelines for the indications, contraindications, dose, delivery, monitoring and scavenging of inhaled NO therapy were produced. CONCLUSIONS The need for additional quality research to establish evidence of efficacy and safety was emphasized. The guidelines are designed to act within the context of current practice and knowledge and should be revised as further data emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Cuthbertson
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Moat NE, Evans TE, Quinlan GJ, Gutteridge JM. Chelatable iron and copper can be released from extracorporeally circulated blood during cardiopulmonary bypass. FEBS Lett 1993; 328:103-6. [PMID: 7688319 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During cardiopulmonary bypass surgery blood is extracorporeally oxygenated and circulated before returning to the systemic arterial circulation. Blood undergoing extracorporeal dilution and circulation is exposed to non-physiological surfaces, which cause the activation of several regulatory cascades. Cells are also subjected to damaging shear stresses. Under such conditions neutrophils can be 'activated' to release reactive oxygen intermediates such as O2- and H2O2, and other cells can release proteolytic enzymes and metalloproteins. Collectively, these events can result in the release of micromolar quantities of redox active iron and copper. Bleomycin-detectable iron and phenanthroline-detectable copper were found in two out of four mock bypass experiments. However, there was no correlation between the presence of chelatable iron and copper and the activation of neutrophils measured as elastase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Moat
- Oxygen Chemistry Laboratory, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Evans TE. Being black in America is hazardous to your health. J Natl Med Assoc 1988; 80:253-5. [PMID: 3351966 PMCID: PMC2625633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Evans TE. Societal hypocrisy helps to promote teenage pregnancy. J Natl Med Assoc 1986; 78:361-2, 364. [PMID: 3712475 PMCID: PMC2571360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Evans HH, Wilkins L, Horng MF, Santoro C, Evans TE, Glazier KG. Mutagenesis and transformation of C3H 10T 1/2 cells treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutat Res 1981; 84:203-19. [PMID: 7329434 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(81)90063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Survival, mutagenesis and transformation were measured in mouse embryo C3H 10T 1/2 cells following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Ouabain-resistant cells and transformed cells were isolated, and reconstruction experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the measurement of mutation and transformation frequencies. Survival was measured by plating efficiency; mutagenesis was measured in terms of the induction of cells able to form colonies in the presence of ouabain; and transformation was measured by the induction of cells forming either morphologically altered colonies on a monolayer of contact-inhibited cells or of cells capable of forming colonies in semi-solid media. When confluent monolayers were incubated for 4 h after treatment with EMS, to allow excision repair before the resumption of DNA synthesis, survival as well as the frequencies of both mutation and transformation increased. When this repair (or holding) period was extended to 24 h, the frequencies of mutation and transformation both decreased as compared to the 4-h holding period. Thus, the holding periods affect the frequencies of EMS-induced mutagenesis and transformation similarly.
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Abstract
In the presence of cycloheximide, wild-type plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum exhibit an immediate decrease in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, a reduction in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into thymidine triphosphate, and an increase in the level of thymidine triphosphate, as well as a decrease in protein synthesis. In this study, we have utilized a cycloheximide-resistant (Cycr) amoebic strain selected from a population of cells mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine. Segregation data indicate that the resistance is due to a single mutation. We have used this Cycr mutant to construct Cycr plasmodial strains. Ribosomes isolated from such Cycr plasmodia showed resistance to cycloheximide in vitro, in contrast to ribosomes isolated from wild-type plasmodia. The Cycr plasmodia showed none of the cycloheximide-induced biochemical effects. Plasmodia heterozygous for the resistance marker were sensitive to cycloheximide with regard to growth but showed an intermediate response in the biochemical parameters. Heterokaryons formed by fusion of various proportions of the sensitive and resistant plasmodia showed a resistance with regard to both growth and biochemical parameters which was directly related to the fraction of Cycr plasmodia present in the heterokaryons. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of cycloheximide on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and nucleoside metabolism are secondary to the effect of the drug on protein synthesis in this organism.
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Evans HH, Littman SR, Evans TE. Effect of ionizing radiation on nucleoside metabolism in Physarum polycephalum. Radiat Res 1978; 76:596-609. [PMID: 734057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Evans TE. The Bakke case and 'reverse discrimination'. Hosp Pract (1995) 1977; 12:13,16. [PMID: 924423 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1977.11707234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Evans TE. Unemployment and health. JAMA 1977; 237:1965. [PMID: 576713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Evans TE. On nutrition, medicine, and Madison Avenue. Hosp Pract (1995) 1977; 12:19,25. [PMID: 863443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Evans TE. Training black physicians: the current status. Hosp Pract (1995) 1976; 11:13, 16-7. [PMID: 1017837 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1976.11706987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Evans HH, Littman SR, Evans TE, Brewer EN. Effects of cycloheximide on thymidine metabolism and on DNA strand elongation in physarum polycephalum. J Mol Biol 1976; 104:169-84. [PMID: 986475 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Muldoon JJ, Evans TE, Nygaard OF, Evans HH. Control of DNA replication by protein synthesis at defined times during the S period in Physarum polycephalum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 247:310-21. [PMID: 5166648 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Evans HH, Evans TE. Methylation of the deoxyribonucleic acid of Physarum polycephalum at various periods during the mitotic cycle. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:6436-41. [PMID: 5530731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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