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Oswald R, Nevsky A, Vogt V, Schiller S, Figueroa NL, Zhang K, Tretiak O, Antypas D, Budker D, Banerjee A, Perez G. Search for Dark-Matter-Induced Oscillations of Fundamental Constants Using Molecular Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:031302. [PMID: 35905348 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.031302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A possible implication of an ultralight dark matter field interacting with the standard model degrees of freedom is oscillations of fundamental constants. Here, we establish direct experimental bounds on the coupling of an oscillating ultralight dark matter field to the up, down, and strange quarks and to the gluons, for oscillation frequencies between 10 and 10^{8} Hz. We employ spectroscopic experiments that take advantage of the dependence of molecular transition frequencies on the nuclear masses. Our results apply to previously unexplored frequency bands and improve on existing bounds at frequencies >5 MHz. We also improve on the bounds for coupling to the electromagnetic field and the electron field, in particular spectral windows. We identify a sector of ultralight dark matter and standard model coupling space where the bounds from equivalence principle tests may be challenged by next-generation experiments of the present kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oswald
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Nevsky
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - V Vogt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Schiller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N L Figueroa
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Zhang
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Tretiak
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D Antypas
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Banerjee
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - G Perez
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
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2
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Figueroa NL, Berengut JC, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Budker D, Antypas D. Precision Determination of Isotope Shifts in Ytterbium and Implications for New Physics. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:073001. [PMID: 35244440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of isotope shifts for the five spinless Yb isotopes on the 6s^{2} ^{1}S_{0}→5d6s ^{1}D_{2} transition using Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy. We combine these data with existing measurements on two transitions in Yb^{+} [Counts et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 123002 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.123002], where deviation from King-plot linearity showed hints of a new bosonic force carrier at the 3σ level. The combined data strongly reduce the significance of the new-physics signal. We show that the observed nonlinearity in the joint Yb/Yb^{+} King-plot analysis can be accounted for by the deformation of the Yb nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Figueroa
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - J C Berengut
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - V A Dzuba
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - V V Flambaum
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - D Budker
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - D Antypas
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Eills J, Cavallari E, Kircher R, Di Matteo G, Carrera C, Dagys L, Levitt MH, Ivanov KL, Aime S, Reineri F, Münnemann K, Budker D, Buntkowsky G, Knecht S. Singlet-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Unlocking Hyperpolarization with Metabolism*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6791-6798. [PMID: 33340439 PMCID: PMC7986935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study biomolecular processes in the body, but typically requires nuclei such as 13 C, 15 N, or 129 Xe due to their long spin-polarization lifetimes and the absence of a proton-background signal from water and fat in the images. Here we present a novel type of 1 H imaging, in which hyperpolarized spin order is locked in a nonmagnetic long-lived correlated (singlet) state, and is only liberated for imaging by a specific biochemical reaction. In this work we produce hyperpolarized fumarate via chemical reaction of a precursor molecule with para-enriched hydrogen gas, and the proton singlet order in fumarate is released as antiphase NMR signals by enzymatic conversion to malate in D2 O. Using this model system we show two pulse sequences to rephase the NMR signals for imaging and suppress the background signals from water. The hyperpolarization-enhanced 1 H-imaging modality presented here can allow for hyperpolarized imaging without the need for low-abundance, low-sensitivity heteronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eills
- Helmholtz Institute MainzGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung64291DarmstadtGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg University55090MainzGermany
| | - E. Cavallari
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - R. Kircher
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - G. Di Matteo
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - C. Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and BioimagingNational Research Council of ItalyTorino10126Italy
| | - L. Dagys
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJVereinigtes Königreich
| | - M. H. Levitt
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJVereinigtes Königreich
| | - K. L. Ivanov
- International Tomography CenterSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk630090Russia
- Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk630090Russia
| | - S. Aime
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - F. Reineri
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - K. Münnemann
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - D. Budker
- Helmholtz Institute MainzGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung64291DarmstadtGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg University55090MainzGermany
| | - G. Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, ChemistryTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - S. Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, ChemistryTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
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4
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Eills J, Cavallari E, Kircher R, Di Matteo G, Carrera C, Dagys L, Levitt MH, Ivanov KL, Aime S, Reineri F, Münnemann K, Budker D, Buntkowsky G, Knecht S. Singulett‐Kontrast‐Magnetresonanztomographie: Freisetzung der Hyperpolarisation durch den Metabolismus**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Eills
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung 64291 Darmstadt Deutschland
- Johannes Gutenberg University 55090 Mainz Deutschland
| | - E. Cavallari
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - R. Kircher
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - G. Di Matteo
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - C. Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging National Research Council of Italy Torino 10126 Italien
| | - L. Dagys
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - M. H. Levitt
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - K. L. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russland
- Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk 630090 Russland
| | - S. Aime
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - F. Reineri
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - K. Münnemann
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - D. Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung 64291 Darmstadt Deutschland
- Johannes Gutenberg University 55090 Mainz Deutschland
| | - G. Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, Chemistry Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - S. Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, Chemistry Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
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5
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Smorra C, Stadnik YV, Blessing PE, Bohman M, Borchert MJ, Devlin JA, Erlewein S, Harrington JA, Higuchi T, Mooser A, Schneider G, Wiesinger M, Wursten E, Blaum K, Matsuda Y, Ospelkaus C, Quint W, Walz J, Yamazaki Y, Budker D, Ulmer S. Direct limits on the interaction of antiprotons with axion-like dark matter. Nature 2019; 575:310-314. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Antypas D, Tretiak O, Garcon A, Ozeri R, Perez G, Budker D. Scalar Dark Matter in the Radio-Frequency Band: Atomic-Spectroscopy Search Results. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:141102. [PMID: 31702177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.141102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the prominent candidates for dark matter are bosonic fields with small scalar couplings to the standard-model particles. Several techniques are employed to search for such couplings, and the current best constraints are derived from tests of gravity or atomic probes. In experiments employing atoms, observables would arise from expected dark-matter-induced oscillations in the fundamental constants of nature. These studies are primarily sensitive to underlying particle masses below 10^{-14} eV. We present a method to search for fast oscillations of fundamental constants using atomic spectroscopy in cesium vapor. We demonstrate sensitivity to scalar interactions of dark matter associated with a particle mass in the range 8×10^{-11} to 4×10^{-7} eV. In this range our experiment yields constraints on such interactions, which within the framework of an astronomical-size dark matter structure are comparable with, or better than, those provided by experiments probing deviations from the law of gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Antypas
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - O Tretiak
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - A Garcon
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - R Ozeri
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - G Perez
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany and Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-300, USA
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7
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Antypas D, Tretiak O, Budker D, Akulshin A. Polychromatic, continuous-wave mirrorless lasing from monochromatic pumping of cesium vapor. Opt Lett 2019; 44:3657-3660. [PMID: 31368936 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the studies of simultaneous continuous-wave mirrorless lasing on multiple optical transitions, realized by pumping hot cesium (Cs) vapor with laser light resonant with the 6S1/2→8P3/2 transition. The multiplicity of the decay paths for the excited atoms to their ground state is responsible for the emergence of lasing in a number of transitions, observed here in at least seven wavelengths in the infrared and at two wavelengths in the blue. We study the properties of the fields generated in the Cs vapor such as optical power, directionality, and optical linewidth.
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8
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Włodarczyk P, Pustelny S, Budker D. System for control of polarization state of light and generation of light with continuously rotating linear polarization. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:013110. [PMID: 30709200 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique for generating light in an arbitrary polarization state. The technique is based on interference of two orthogonally polarized light beams, whose amplitudes and phases are controlled with a Mach-Zehnder inteferometer with acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) placed in each arm. We demonstrate that via control over amplitudes, phases, and frequencies of acoustic waves driving the AOMs, any polarization state can be synthesized. In particular, we demonstrate generation of linearly polarized light, whose polarization plane continuously rotates at a rate from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Such light finds applications in science (e.g., investigations of Bloch-Siegert effect) and technology (optically pumped magnetometers).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Włodarczyk
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - S Pustelny
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Mittiga T, Hsieh S, Zu C, Kobrin B, Machado F, Bhattacharyya P, Rui NZ, Jarmola A, Choi S, Budker D, Yao NY. Imaging the Local Charge Environment of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:246402. [PMID: 30608732 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.246402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the local internal environment surrounding solid-state spin defects is crucial to harnessing them as nanoscale sensors of external fields. This is especially germane to the case of defect ensembles which can exhibit a complex interplay between interactions, internal fields, and lattice strain. Working with the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, we demonstrate that local electric fields dominate the magnetic resonance behavior of NV ensembles at a low magnetic field. We introduce a simple microscopic model that quantitatively captures the observed spectra for samples with NV concentrations spanning more than two orders of magnitude. Motivated by this understanding, we propose and implement a novel method for the nanoscale localization of individual charges within the diamond lattice; our approach relies upon the fact that the charge induces a NV dark state which depends on the electric field orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mittiga
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Hsieh
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Zu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Kobrin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Machado
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Z Rui
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Helmholtz Institut, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Wilzewski A, Afach S, Blanchard JW, Budker D. A method for measurement of spin-spin couplings with sub-mHz precision using zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance. J Magn Reson 2017; 284:66-72. [PMID: 28961479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a method which allows for the extraction of physical quantities directly from zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) data. A numerical density matrix evolution is used to simulate ZULF NMR spectra of several molecules in order to fit experimental data. The method is utilized to determine the indirect spin-spin couplings (J-couplings) in these systems, which is achieved with precision of 10-2-10-4Hz. The simulated and measured spectra are compared to earlier research. Agreement and improved precision are achieved for most of the J-coupling estimates. The availability of fast, flexible fitting method for ZULF NMR enables a new generation of precision-measurement experiments for spin-dependent interactions and physics beyond the Standard Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilzewski
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Afach
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - D Budker
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States
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11
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Kehayias P, Jarmola A, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Benito FM, Laraoui A, Smits J, Bougas L, Budker D, Neumann A, Brueck SRJ, Acosta VM. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a nanostructured diamond chip. Nat Commun 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28775280 PMCID: PMC5543112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond are a promising tool for small-volume nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, but the limited sensitivity remains a challenge. Here we show nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in concentration sensitivity over previous nitrogen-vacancy and picoliter NMR studies. We demonstrate NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions using a nanostructured diamond chip with dense, high-aspect-ratio nanogratings, enhancing the surface area by 15 times. The nanograting sidewalls are doped with nitrogen-vacancies located a few nanometers from the diamond surface to detect the NMR spectrum of roughly 1 pl of fluid lying within adjacent nanograting grooves. We perform 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at room temperature in magnetic fields below 50 mT. Using a solution of CsF in glycerol, we determine that 4 ± 2 × 1012 19F spins in a 1 pl volume can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 in 1 s of integration. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond can be used for NMR spectroscopy, but increased sensitivity is needed to avoid long measurement times. Kehayias et al. present a nanostructured diamond grating with a high density of NV centres, enabling NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.,Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
| | - N Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - I Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - F M Benito
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - J Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - L Bougas
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Neumann
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - S R J Brueck
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - V M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA.
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12
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Leefer N, Gerhardus A, Budker D, Flambaum VV, Stadnik YV. Search for the Effect of Massive Bodies on Atomic Spectra and Constraints on Yukawa-Type Interactions of Scalar Particles. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:271601. [PMID: 28084774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.271601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new method to search for hypothetical scalar particles that have feeble interactions with standard-model particles. In the presence of massive bodies, these interactions produce a nonzero Yukawa-type scalar-field magnitude. Using radio-frequency spectroscopy data of atomic dysprosium, as well as atomic clock spectroscopy data, we constrain the Yukawa-type interactions of a scalar field with the photon, electron, and nucleons for a range of scalar-particle masses corresponding to length scales >10 cm. In the limit as the scalar-particle mass m_{ϕ}→0, our derived limits on the Yukawa-type interaction parameters are Λ_{γ}≳8×10^{19} GeV, Λ_{e}≳1.3×10^{19} GeV, and Λ_{N}≳6×10^{20} GeV. Our measurements also constrain combinations of interaction parameters, which cannot otherwise be probed with traditional anomalous-force measurements. We suggest further measurements to improve on the current level of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leefer
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Gerhardus
- Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley 94720-7300, USA
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V V Flambaum
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Y V Stadnik
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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13
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Pustelny S, Schultze V, Scholtes T, Budker D. Dichroic atomic vapor laser lock with multi-gigahertz stabilization range. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:063107. [PMID: 27370426 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A dichroic atomic vapor laser lock (DAVLL) system exploiting buffer-gas-filled millimeter-scale vapor cells is presented. This system offers similar stability as achievable with conventional DAVLL system using bulk vapor cells, but has several important advantages. In addition to its compactness, it may provide continuous stabilization in a multi-gigahertz range around the optical transition. This range may be controlled either by changing the temperature of the vapor or by application of a buffer gas under an appropriate pressure. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate the ability of the system to lock the laser frequency between two hyperfine components of the (85)Rb ground state or as far as 16 GHz away from the closest optical transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pustelny
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - V Schultze
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - T Scholtes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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14
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Tretiak OY, Blanchard JW, Budker D, Olshin PK, Smirnov SN, Balabas MV. Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of alkali metal vapor interaction with alkene-based anti-relaxation coating. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:094707. [PMID: 26957176 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of anti-relaxation coatings in alkali vapor cells yields substantial performance improvements compared to a bare glass surface by reducing the probability of spin relaxation in wall collisions by several orders of magnitude. Some of the most effective anti-relaxation coating materials are alpha-olefins, which (as in the case of more traditional paraffin coatings) must undergo a curing period after cell manufacturing in order to achieve the desired behavior. Until now, however, it has been unclear what physicochemical processes occur during cell curing, and how they may affect relevant cell properties. We present the results of nondestructive Raman-spectroscopy and magnetic-resonance investigations of the influence of alkali metal vapor (Cs or K) on an alpha-olefin, 1-nonadecene coating the inner surface of a glass cell. It was found that during the curing process, the alkali metal catalyzes migration of the carbon-carbon double bond, yielding a mixture of cis- and trans-2-nonadecene.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Tretiak
- Physical faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - J W Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P K Olshin
- Resource Center "Optical and laser methods of material research," St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - S N Smirnov
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - M V Balabas
- Physical faculty, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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15
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Bourgeois E, Jarmola A, Siyushev P, Gulka M, Hruby J, Jelezko F, Budker D, Nesladek M. Photoelectric detection of electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8577. [PMID: 26486014 PMCID: PMC4639813 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The readout of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre electron spins is essential for applications in quantum computation, metrology and sensing. Conventional readout protocols are based on the detection of photons emitted from nitrogen-vacancy centres, a process limited by the efficiency of photon collection. We report on an alternative principle for detecting the magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centres, allowing the direct photoelectric readout of nitrogen-vacancy centres spin state in an all-diamond device. The photocurrent detection of magnetic resonance scheme is based on the detection of charge carriers promoted to the conduction band of diamond by two-photon ionization of nitrogen-vacancy centres. The optical and photoelectric detection of magnetic resonance are compared, by performing both types of measurements simultaneously. The minima detected in the measured photocurrent at resonant microwave frequencies are attributed to the spin-dependent ionization dynamics of nitrogen-vacancy, originating from spin-selective non-radiative transitions to the metastable singlet state. Nitrogen-vacancy colour centre defects in diamond are one possible host for qubits, but such an application requires a method for reading out the colour centre spin state. Here, the authors demonstrate a photoelectric readout technique of the magnetic resonances of these colour centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bourgeois
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - P Siyushev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Gulka
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - J Hruby
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - F Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz Institute, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55099, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - M Nesladek
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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16
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Shimizu Y, Blanchard JW, Pustelny S, Saielli G, Bagno A, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Pines A. Zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of viscous liquids. J Magn Reson 2015; 250:1-6. [PMID: 25459881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report zero-field NMR measurements of a viscous organic liquid, ethylene glycol. Zero-field spectra were taken showing resolved scalar spin-spin coupling (J-coupling) for ethylene glycol at different temperatures and water contents. Molecular dynamics strongly affects the resonance linewidth, which closely follows viscosity. Quantum chemical calculations have been used to obtain the relative stability and coupling constants of all ethylene glycol conformers. The results show the potential of zero-field NMR as a probe of molecular structure and dynamics in a wide range of environments, including viscous fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimizu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - J W Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - S Pustelny
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States
| | - G Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Padova Unit, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Bagno
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States; Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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17
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Roberts BM, Stadnik YV, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Leefer N, Budker D. Limiting P-odd interactions of cosmic fields with electrons, protons, and neutrons. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:081601. [PMID: 25192086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose methods for extracting limits on the strength of P-odd interactions of pseudoscalar and pseudovector cosmic fields with electrons, protons, and neutrons, by exploiting the static and dynamic parity-nonconserving amplitudes and electric dipole moments they induce in atoms. Candidates for such fields are dark matter (including axions) and dark energy, as well as several more exotic sources described by Lorentz-violating standard model extensions. Atomic calculations are performed for H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba(+), Tl, Dy, Fr, and Ra(+). From these calculations and existing measurements in Dy, Cs, and Tl, we constrain the interaction strengths of the parity-violating static pseudovector cosmic field to be 7 × 10(-15) GeV with an electron, and 3 × 10(-8) GeV with a proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Roberts
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Y V Stadnik
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - V A Dzuba
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - V V Flambaum
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia and New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - N Leefer
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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18
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Abstract
We demonstrate an all-optical magnetometer capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field using nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in cesium vapor. Vector capability is added by effective modulation of the field along orthogonal axes and subsequent demodulation of the magnetic-resonance frequency. This modulation is provided by the ac Stark shift induced by circularly polarized laser beams. The sensor exhibits a demonstrated rms noise floor of ∼65 fT/√[Hz] in measurement of the field magnitude and 0.5 mrad/√[Hz] in the field direction; elimination of technical noise would improve these sensitivities to 12 fT/√[Hz] and 10 μrad/√[Hz], respectively. Applications for this all-optical vector magnetometer would include magnetically sensitive fundamental physics experiments, such as the search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Zhivun
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - D C Hovde
- Southwest Sciences Ohio Operations, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244, USA
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Helmholtz Institute, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Jensen K, Leefer N, Jarmola A, Dumeige Y, Acosta VM, Kehayias P, Patton B, Budker D. Cavity-enhanced room-temperature magnetometry using absorption by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:160802. [PMID: 24815631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.160802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a cavity-enhanced room-temperature magnetic field sensor based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Magnetic resonance is detected using absorption of light resonant with the 1042 nm spin-singlet transition. The diamond is placed in an external optical cavity to enhance the absorption, and significant absorption is observed even at room temperature. We demonstrate a magnetic field sensitivity of 2.5 nT/Hz, and project a photon shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 70 pT/Hz for a few mW of infrared light, and a quantum projection-noise-limited sensitivity of 250 fT/Hz for the sensing volume of ∼90 μm×90 μm×200 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jensen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - N Leefer
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - Y Dumeige
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6082 FOTON, Enssat, 6 rue de Kerampont, CS 80518, 22305 Lannion cedex, France
| | - V M Acosta
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - B Patton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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20
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Emondts M, Ledbetter MP, Pustelny S, Theis T, Patton B, Blanchard JW, Butler MC, Budker D, Pines A. Long-lived heteronuclear spin-singlet states in liquids at a zero magnetic field. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:077601. [PMID: 24579636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.077601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an observation of long-lived spin-singlet states in a 13C-1H spin pair in a zero magnetic field. In 13C-labeled formic acid, we observe spin-singlet lifetimes as long as 37 s, about a factor of 3 longer than the T1 lifetime of dipole polarization in the triplet state. In contrast to common high-field experiments, the observed coherence is a singlet-triplet coherence with a lifetime T2 longer than the T1 lifetime of dipole polarization in the triplet manifold. Moreover, we demonstrate that heteronuclear singlet states formed between a 1H and a 13C nucleus can exhibit longer lifetimes than the respective triplet states even in the presence of additional spins that couple to the spin pair of interest. Although long-lived homonuclear spin-singlet states have been extensively studied, this is the first experimental observation of analogous singlet states in heteronuclear spin pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Emondts
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and AOSense, 767 North Mary Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA
| | - S Pustelny
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Center for Magneto-Optical Research, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - T Theis
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Patton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Blanchard
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M C Butler
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Pines
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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21
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Leefer N, Weber CTM, Cingöz A, Torgerson JR, Budker D. New limits on variation of the fine-structure constant using atomic dysprosium. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:060801. [PMID: 23971546 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the spectroscopy of radio-frequency transitions between nearly degenerate, opposite-parity excited states in atomic dysprosium (Dy). Theoretical calculations predict that these states are very sensitive to variation of the fine-structure constant α owing to large relativistic corrections of opposite sign for the opposite-parity levels. The near degeneracy reduces the relative precision necessary to place constraints on variation of α, competitive with results obtained from the best atomic clocks in the world. Additionally, the existence of several abundant isotopes of Dy allows isotopic comparisons that suppress common-mode systematic errors. The frequencies of the 754-MHz transition in 164Dy and 235-MHz transition in 162Dy are measured over the span of two years. The linear variation of α is α·/α=(-5.8±6.9([1σ]))×10(-17) yr(-1), consistent with zero. The same data are used to constrain the dimensionless parameter kα characterizing a possible coupling of α to a changing gravitational potential. We find that kα=(-5.5±5.2([1σ]))×10(-7), essentially consistent with zero and the best constraint to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leefer
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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22
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Hohensee MA, Leefer N, Budker D, Harabati C, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. Limits on violations of Lorentz symmetry and the Einstein equivalence principle using radio-frequency spectroscopy of atomic dysprosium. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:050401. [PMID: 23952369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint test of local Lorentz invariance and the Einstein equivalence principle for electrons, using long-term measurements of the transition frequency between two nearly degenerate states of atomic dysprosium. We present many-body calculations which demonstrate that the energy splitting of these states is particularly sensitive to violations of both special and general relativity. We limit Lorentz violation for electrons at the level of 10(-17), matching or improving the best laboratory and astrophysical limits by up to a factor of 10, and improve bounds on gravitational redshift anomalies for electrons by 2 orders of magnitude, to 10(-8). With some enhancements, our experiment may be sensitive to Lorentz violation at the level of 9 × 10(-20).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hohensee
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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23
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Acosta VM, Jensen K, Santori C, Budker D, Beausoleil RG. Electromagnetically induced transparency in a diamond spin ensemble enables all-optical electromagnetic field sensing. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:213605. [PMID: 23745875 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.213605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We use electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to probe the narrow electron-spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Working with a multipass diamond chip at temperatures 6-30 K, the zero-phonon absorption line (637 nm) exhibits an optical depth of 6 and inhomogeneous linewidth of ~30 GHz FWHM. Simultaneous optical excitation at two frequencies separated by the ground-state zero-field splitting (2.88 GHz) reveals EIT resonances with a contrast exceeding 6% and FWHM down to 0.4 MHz. The resonances provide an all-optical probe of external electric and magnetic fields with a projected photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 0.2 V/cm/√[Hz] and 0.1 nT/√[Hz], respectively. Operation of a prototype diamond-EIT magnetometer measures a noise floor of ~/<1 nT/√[Hz] for frequencies above 10 Hz and Allan deviation of 1.3±1.1 nT for 100 s intervals. The results demonstrate the potential of diamond-EIT devices for applications ranging from quantum-optical memory to precision measurement and tests of fundamental physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Acosta
- Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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24
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Pospelov M, Pustelny S, Ledbetter MP, Jackson Kimball DF, Gawlik W, Budker D. Detecting domain walls of axionlike models using terrestrial experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:021803. [PMID: 23383890 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.021803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable topological defects of light (pseudo)scalar fields can contribute to the Universe's dark energy and dark matter. Currently, the combination of gravitational and cosmological constraints provides the best limits on such a possibility. We take an example of domain walls generated by an axionlike field with a coupling to the spins of standard-model particles and show that, if the galactic environment contains a network of such walls, terrestrial experiments aimed at the detection of wall-crossing events are realistic. In particular, a geographically separated but time-synchronized network of sensitive atomic magnetometers can detect a wall crossing and probe a range of model parameters currently unconstrained by astrophysical observations and gravitational experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pospelov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 1A1, Canada
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25
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Huxter M, Oliver TAA, Budker D, Fleming GR. Vibrational and electronic ultrafast relaxation of the nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Ledbetter MP, Pustelny S, Budker D, Romalis MV, Blanchard JW, Pines A. Liquid-state nuclear spin comagnetometers. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:243001. [PMID: 23004267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.243001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss nuclear spin comagnetometers based on ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance in mixtures of miscible solvents, each rich in a different nuclear spin. In one version thereof, Larmor precession of protons and 19F nuclei in a mixture of thermally polarized pentane and hexafluorobenzene is monitored via a sensitive alkali-vapor magnetometer. We realize transverse relaxation times in excess of 20 s and suppression of magnetic field fluctuations by a factor of 3400. We estimate it should be possible to achieve single-shot sensitivity of about 5×10(-9) Hz, or about 5×10(-11) Hz in ≈1 day of integration. In a second version, spin precession of protons and 129Xe nuclei in a mixture of pentane and hyperpolarized liquid xenon is monitored using superconducting quantum interference devices. Application to spin-gravity experiments, electric dipole moment experiments, and sensitive gyroscopes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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27
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Jarmola A, Acosta VM, Jensen K, Chemerisov S, Budker D. Temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent longitudinal spin relaxation in nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:197601. [PMID: 23003089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.197601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of the longitudinal electron-spin relaxation time (T1) of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles in diamond. T1 was studied as a function of temperature from 5 to 475 K and magnetic field from 0 to 630 G for several samples with various NV and nitrogen concentrations. Our studies reveal three processes responsible for T1 relaxation. Above room temperature, a two-phonon Raman process dominates; below room temperature, we observe an Orbach-type process with an activation energy of 73(4) meV, which closely matches the local vibrational modes of the NV center. At yet lower temperatures, sample dependent cross-relaxation processes dominate, resulting in temperature independent values of T1 from milliseconds to minutes. The value of T1 in this limit depends sensitively on the magnetic field and can be tuned by more than 1 order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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28
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Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Blanchard JW, Ring H, Ganssle P, Appelt S, Blümich B, Pines A, Budker D. Near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:107601. [PMID: 21981529 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in near zero field, where the Zeeman interaction can be treated as a perturbation to the electron mediated scalar interaction (J coupling). This is in stark contrast to the high-field case, where heteronuclear J couplings are normally treated as a small perturbation. We show that the presence of very small magnetic fields results in splitting of the zero-field NMR lines, imparting considerable additional information to the pure zero-field spectra. Experimental results are in good agreement with first-order perturbation theory and with full numerical simulation when perturbation theory breaks down. We present simple rules for understanding the splitting patterns in near-zero-field NMR, which can be applied to molecules with nontrivial spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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Maser D, Pandey S, Ring H, Ledbetter MP, Knappe S, Kitching J, Budker D. Note: Detection of a single cobalt microparticle with a microfabricated atomic magnetometer. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:086112. [PMID: 21895290 DOI: 10.1063/1.3626505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present magnetic detection of a single, 2 μm diameter cobalt microparticle using an atomic magnetometer based on a microfabricated vapor cell. These results represent an improvement by a factor of 10(5) in terms of the detected magnetic moment over previous work using atomic magnetometers to detect magnetic microparticles. The improved sensitivity is due largely to the use of small vapor cells. In an optimized setup, we predict detection limits of 0.17 μm(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maser
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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30
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Lee C, Iwata GZ, Corsini E, Higbie JM, Knappe S, Ledbetter MP, Budker D. Small-sized dichroic atomic vapor laser lock. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:043107. [PMID: 21528995 DOI: 10.1063/1.3568824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two, lightweight diode laser frequency stabilization systems designed for experiments in the field are described. A significant reduction in size and weight in both models supports the further miniaturization of measurement devices in the field. Similar to a previous design, magnetic field lines are contained within a magnetic shield enclosing permanent magnets and a Rb cell, so that these dichroic atomic vapor laser lock (DAVLL) systems may be used for magnetically sensitive instruments. The mini-DAVLL system (49 mm long) uses a vapor cell (20 mm long) and does not require cell heaters. An even smaller micro-DAVLL system (9 mm long) uses a microfabricated cell (3 mm square) and requires heaters. These new systems show no degradation in performance with regard to previous designs while considerably reducing dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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31
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Zigdon T, Wilson-Gordon AD, Guttikonda S, Bahr EJ, Neitzke O, Rochester SM, Budker D. Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in the presence of a radio-frequency field. Opt Express 2010; 18:25494-508. [PMID: 21164896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.025494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) for the D2 line of 87Rb atoms in an antirelaxation-coated vapor cell in the presence of a radio-frequency (rf) field. The experimental NMOR signals as a function of rf field frequency for various rf field powers are compared to a theoretical model based on the density-matrix formalism. The comparison between experiment and theory enables understanding of the ground-state atomic spin polarization dynamics, illustrated using plots of the probability distribution of the atomic angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zigdon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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32
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Seltzer SJ, Michalak DJ, Donaldson MH, Balabas MV, Barber SK, Bernasek SL, Bouchiat MA, Hexemer A, Hibberd AM, Kimball DFJ, Jaye C, Karaulanov T, Narducci FA, Rangwala SA, Robinson HG, Shmakov AK, Voronov DL, Yashchuk VV, Pines A, Budker D. Investigation of antirelaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:144703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3489922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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33
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Balabas MV, Karaulanov T, Ledbetter MP, Budker D. Polarized alkali-metal vapor with minute-long transverse spin-relaxation time. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:070801. [PMID: 20868027 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate lifetimes of Zeeman populations and coherences in excess of 60 sec in alkali-metal vapor cells with inner walls coated with an alkene material. This represents 2 orders of magnitude improvement over the best paraffin coatings. We explore the temperature dependence of cells coated with this material and investigate spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometry in a room-temperature environment, a regime previously inaccessible with conventional coating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Balabas
- S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
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34
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English D, Yashchuk VV, Budker D. Spectroscopic test of bose-einstein statistics for photons. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:253604. [PMID: 20867378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.253604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using Bose-Einstein-statistics-forbidden two-photon excitation in atomic barium, we have limited the rate of statistics-violating transitions, as a fraction ν of an equivalent statistics-allowed transition rate, to ν<4.0×10{-11} at the 90% confidence level. This is an improvement of more than 3 orders of magnitude over the best previous result. Additionally, hyperfine-interaction enabling of the forbidden transition has been observed, to our knowledge, for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D English
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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35
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Acosta VM, Bauch E, Ledbetter MP, Waxman A, Bouchard LS, Budker D. Temperature dependence of the nitrogen-vacancy magnetic resonance in diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:070801. [PMID: 20366868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the magnetic-resonance spectra of nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) ensembles in the range of 280-330 K was studied. Four samples prepared under different conditions were analyzed with NV- concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 15 ppm. For all samples, the axial zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter D was found to vary significantly with temperature, T, as dD/dT=-74.2(7) kHz/K. The transverse ZFS parameter E was nonzero (between 4 and 11 MHz) in all samples, and exhibited a temperature dependence of dE/(EdT)=-1.4(3)x10{-4} K-1. The results might be accounted for by considering local thermal expansion. The temperature dependence of the ZFS parameters presents a significant challenge for diamond magnetometers and may ultimately limit their bandwidth and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Acosta
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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36
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Tsigutkin K, Dounas-Frazer D, Family A, Stalnaker JE, Yashchuk VV, Budker D. Observation of a large atomic parity violation effect in ytterbium. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:071601. [PMID: 19792630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomic parity violation has been observed in the 6s(2 1)S(0)-->5d6s(3)D(1) 408-nm forbidden transition of ytterbium. The parity-violating amplitude is found to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than in cesium, where the most precise experiments to date have been performed. This is in accordance with theoretical predictions and constitutes the largest atomic parity-violating amplitude yet observed. This also opens the way to future measurements of neutron distributions and anapole moments by comparing parity-violating amplitudes for various isotopes and hyperfine components of the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsigutkin
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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37
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Ledbetter MP, Crawford CW, Pines A, Wemmer DE, Knappe S, Kitching J, Budker D. Optical detection of NMR J-spectra at zero magnetic field. J Magn Reson 2009; 199:25-29. [PMID: 19406678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scalar couplings of the form JI(1) x I(2) between nuclei impart valuable information about molecular structure to nuclear magnetic-resonance spectra. Here we demonstrate direct detection of J-spectra due to both heteronuclear and homonuclear J-coupling in a zero-field environment where the Zeeman interaction is completely absent. We show that characteristic functional groups exhibit distinct spectra with straightforward interpretation for chemical identification. Detection is performed with a microfabricated optical atomic magnetometer, providing high sensitivity to samples of microliter volumes. We obtain 0.1 Hz linewidths and measure scalar-coupling parameters with 4-mHz statistical uncertainty. We anticipate that the technique described here will provide a new modality for high-precision "J spectroscopy" using small samples on microchip devices for multiplexed screening, assaying, and sample identification in chemistry and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA.
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38
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Acosta VM, Auzinsh M, Gawlik W, Grisins P, Higbie JM, Jackson Kimball DF, Krzemien L, Ledbetter MP, Pustelny S, Rochester SM, Yashchuk VV, Budker D. Production and detection of atomic hexadecapole at Earth's magnetic field. Opt Express 2008; 16:11423-11430. [PMID: 18648462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.011423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical magnetometers measure magnetic fields with extremely high precision and without cryogenics. However, at geomagnetic fields, important for applications from landmine removal to archaeology, they suffer from nonlinear Zeeman splitting, leading to systematic dependence on sensor orientation. We present experimental results on a method of eliminating this systematic error, using the hexadecapole atomic polarization moment. In particular, we demonstrate selective production of the atomic hexadecapole moment at Earth's magnetic field and verify its immunity to nonlinear Zeeman splitting. This technique promises to eliminate directional errors in all-optical atomic magnetometers, potentially improving their measurement accuracy by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Acosta
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
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39
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Park BK, Sushkov AO, Budker D. Precision polarimetry with real-time mitigation of optical-window birefringence. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:013108. [PMID: 18248023 DOI: 10.1063/1.2835902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical-window birefringence is frequently a major obstacle in experiments measuring changes in the polarization state of light traversing a sample under investigation. It can contribute a signal indistinguishable from that due to the sample and complicate the analysis. Here, we explore a method to measure and compensate for the birefringence of an optical window using the reflection from the last optical surface before the sample. We demonstrate that this arrangement can cancel out false signals due to the optical-window birefringence-induced ellipticity drift to about 1%, for the values of total ellipticity less than 0.25 rad.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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40
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Cingöz A, Lapierre A, Nguyen AT, Leefer N, Budker D, Lamoreaux SK, Torgerson JR. Limit on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant using atomic dysprosium. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:040801. [PMID: 17358752 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over 8 months, we monitored transition frequencies between nearly degenerate, opposite-parity levels in two isotopes of atomic dysprosium (Dy). These frequencies are sensitive to variation of the fine-structure constant (alpha) due to relativistic corrections of opposite sign for the opposite-parity levels. In this unique system, in contrast to atomic-clock comparisons, the difference of the electronic energies of the opposite-parity levels can be monitored directly utilizing a rf electric-dipole transition between them. Our measurements show that the frequency variation of the 3.1-MHz transition in (163)Dy and the 235-MHz transition in (162)Dy are 9.0+/-6.7 Hz/yr and -0.6+/-6.5 Hz/yr, respectively. These results provide a rate of fractional variation of alpha of (-2.7+/-2.6) x 10(-15) yr(-1) (1 sigma) without assumptions on constancy of other fundamental constants, indicating absence of significant variation at the present level of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cingöz
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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41
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Auzinsh M, Budker D, Kimball DF, Rochester SM, Stalnaker JE, Sushkov AO, Yashchuk VV. Can a quantum nondemolition measurement improve the sensitivity of an atomic magnetometer? Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:173002. [PMID: 15525071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.173002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We consider the limitations due to noise (e.g., quantum projection noise and photon shot-noise) on the sensitivity of an idealized atomic magnetometer that utilizes spin squeezing induced by a continuous quantum nondemolition measurement. Such a magnetometer measures spin precession of N atomic spins by detecting optical rotation of far-detuned light. We show that for very short measurement times, the optimal sensitivity scales as N(-3/4); if strongly squeezed probe light is used, the Heisenberg limit of N-1 scaling can be achieved. However, if the measurement time exceeds tau(rel)/N(1/2) in the former case, or tau(rel)/N in the latter, where tau(rel) is the spin relaxation time, the scaling becomes N(-1/2), as for a standard shot-noise-limited magnetometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Auzinsh
- Department of Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Rainis blvd, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
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42
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Yashchuk VV, Granwehr J, Kimball DF, Rochester SM, Trabesinger AH, Urban JT, Budker D, Pines A. Hyperpolarized xenon nuclear spins detected by optical atomic magnetometry. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:160801. [PMID: 15524968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.160801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of an atomic magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light to detect nuclear magnetization of xenon gas. The magnetization of a spin-exchange-polarized xenon sample (1.7 c m(3) at a pressure of 5 bars, natural isotopic abundance, polarization 1% ), prepared remotely to the detection apparatus, is measured with an atomic sensor. An average magnetic field of approximately 10 nG induced by the xenon sample on the 10 cm diameter atomic sensor is detected with signal-to-noise ratio approximately 10 , limited by residual noise in the magnetic environment. The possibility of using modern atomic magnetometers as detectors of nuclear magnetic resonance and in magnetic resonance imaging is discussed. Atomic magnetometers appear to be ideally suited for emerging low-field and remote-detection magnetic resonance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Yashchuk
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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43
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Sushkov AO, Williams E, Yashchuk VV, Budker D, Lamoreaux SK. Kerr effect in liquid helium at temperatures below the superfluid transition. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:153003. [PMID: 15524873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.153003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The electro-optical Kerr effect induced by a slowly varying electric field in liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point is investigated. The Kerr constant of liquid helium is measured to be (1.43+/-0.02(stat)+/-0.04(sys)) x 10(-20) (cm/V)(2) at T=1.5 K. Within experimental uncertainty, the Kerr constant is independent of temperature in the range T=1.5 K to 2.17 K, which implies that the Kerr constant of the superfluid component of liquid helium is the same as that of normal liquid helium. Pair and higher correlations of He atoms in the liquid phase account for about 23% of the measured Kerr constant. Liquid nitrogen was used to test the experimental setup; the result for the liquid nitrogen Kerr constant is (4.38+/-0.15) x 10(-18) (cm/V)(2). Kerr effect can be used as a noncontact technique for measuring the magnitude and mapping out the distribution of electric fields inside these cryogenic insulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Sushkov
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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Abstract
The authors suggest that atomic experiments measuring the interference between magnetic-dipole and electric-field-induced electric-dipole transition amplitudes provide a valuable system to study magnetoelectric Jones effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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45
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Yashchuk VV, Budker D, Gawlik W, Kimball DF, Malakyan YP, Rochester SM. Selective addressing of high-rank atomic polarization moments. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:253001. [PMID: 12857128 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.253001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method of selective generation and study of polarization moments of up to the highest-rank kappa=2F possible for a quantum state with total angular momentum F. The technique is based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light. Various polarization moments are distinguished by the periodicity of light-polarization rotation induced by the atoms during Larmor precession and exhibit distinct light-intensity and frequency dependences. We apply the method to study polarization moments of 87Rb atoms contained in a vapor cell with antirelaxation coating. Distinct ultranarrow (1-Hz wide) resonances, corresponding to different multipoles, appear in the magnetic-field dependence of the optical rotation. The use of the highest-multipole resonances supported by a given system has important applications in quantum and nonlinear optics and in magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Yashchuk
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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47
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Budker D, Kimball DF, Rochester SM, Yashchuk VV. Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation via alignment-to-orientation conversion. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:2088-2091. [PMID: 10970469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation is investigated at high light powers where the rotation is significantly modified by ac Stark shifts. These shifts are shown to change the overall sign of rotation for closed F-->F+1 transitions compared to the low light power limit. The effect is demonstrated by measurements in rubidium and density matrix calculations. The results are important for applications of nonlinear optical rotation such as sensitive magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300 and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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48
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Bowers CJ, Budker D, Commins ED, DeMille D, Freedman SJ, Nguyen A, Shang S, Zolotorev M. Experimental investigation of excited-state lifetimes in atomic ytterbium. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:3103-3109. [PMID: 9913249 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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49
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DeMille D, Budker D, Commins ED. Measurement of the Stark-induced amplitudes of the 6P1/2-->7P1/2 transition in atomic thallium. Phys Rev A 1994; 50:4657-4670. [PMID: 9911464 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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50
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Budker D, DeMille D, Commins ED, Zolotorev MS. Experimental investigation of excited states in atomic dysprosium. Phys Rev A 1994; 50:132-143. [PMID: 9910877 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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