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Lew CTK, Sewani VK, Iwamoto N, Ohshima T, McCallum JC, Johnson BC. All-Electrical Readout of Coherently Controlled Spins in Silicon Carbide. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:146902. [PMID: 38640398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.146902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Spin defects in silicon carbide are promising candidates for quantum sensing applications as they exhibit long coherence times even at room temperature. However, spin readout methods that rely on fluorescence detection can be challenging due to poor photon collection efficiency. Here, we demonstrate coherent spin control and all-electrical readout of a small ensemble of spins in a SiC junction diode using pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance. A lock-in detection scheme based on a three stage modulation cycle is implemented, significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. This technique enabled observation of coherent spin dynamics, specifically Rabi spin nutation, spin dephasing, and spin decoherence. The use of these protocols for magnetometry applications is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T-K Lew
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - V K Sewani
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - N Iwamoto
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - T Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - J C McCallum
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - B C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia
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2
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Rieger M, Villafañe V, Todenhagen LM, Matthies S, Appel S, Brandt MS, Müller K, Finley JJ. Fast optoelectronic charge state conversion of silicon vacancies in diamond. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl4265. [PMID: 38381816 PMCID: PMC10881026 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Group IV vacancy color centers in diamond are promising spin-photon interfaces with strong potential for applications in photonic quantum technologies. Reliable methods for controlling and stabilizing their charge state are urgently needed for scaling to multiqubit devices. Here, we manipulate the charge state of silicon vacancy (SiV) ensembles by combining luminescence and photocurrent spectroscopy. We controllably convert the charge state between the optically active SiV- and dark SiV2- with megahertz rates and >90% contrast by judiciously choosing the local potential applied to in-plane surface electrodes and the laser excitation wavelength. We observe intense SiV- photoluminescence under hole capture, measure the intrinsic conversion time from the dark SiV2- to the bright SiV- to be 36.4(67) ms, and demonstrate how it can be enhanced by a factor of 105 via optical pumping. Moreover, we obtain previously unknown information on the defects that contribute to photoconductivity, indicating the presence of substitutional nitrogen and divacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rieger
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Natural Sciences and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viviana Villafañe
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Natural Sciences and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Computation, Information and Technology and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lina M. Todenhagen
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Natural Sciences and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Matthies
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Computation, Information and Technology and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Appel
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Computation, Information and Technology and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S. Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Natural Sciences and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kai Müller
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Computation, Information and Technology and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J. Finley
- Walter Schottky Institute, School of Natural Sciences and MCQST, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Wen H, Kordahl D, Kuschnerus IC, Reineck P, Macmillan A, Chang HC, Dwyer C, Chang SLY. Correlative Fluorescence and Transmission Electron Microscopy Assisted by 3D Machine Learning Reveals Thin Nanodiamonds Fluoresce Brighter. ACS Nano 2023; 17:16491-16500. [PMID: 37594320 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) draw widespread attention as quantum sensors due to their room-temperature luminescence, exceptional photo- and chemical stability, and biocompatibility. For bioscience applications, NV centers in FNDs offer high-spatial-resolution capabilities that are unparalleled by other solid-state nanoparticle emitters. On the other hand, pursuits to further improve the optical properties of FNDs have reached a bottleneck, with intense debate in the literature over which of the many factors are most pertinent. Here, we describe how substantial progress can be achieved using a correlative transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (TEMPL) method that we have developed. TEMPL enables a precise correlative analysis of the fluorescence brightness, size, and shape of individual FND particles. Augmented with machine learning, TEMPL can be used to analyze a large, statistically meaningful number of particles. Our results reveal that FND fluorescence is strongly dependent on particle shape, specifically, that thin, flake-shaped particles are up to several times brighter and that fluorescence increases with decreasing particle sphericity. Our theoretical analysis shows that these observations are attributable to the constructive interference of light waves within the FNDs. Our findings have significant implications for state-of-the-art sensing applications, and they offer potential avenues for improving the sensitivity and resolution of quantum sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Kordahl
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Centenary College of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana 71104, United States
| | - Inga C Kuschnerus
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Bio Photonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander Macmillan
- BMIF, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Electron Imaging and Spectroscopy Tools, PO Box 506, Sans Souci, NSW 2219, Australia
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Shery L Y Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Quan WK, Liu L, Luo QY, Liu XD, Wang JF. Fiber-coupled silicon carbide divacancy magnetometer and thermometer. Opt Express 2023; 31:15592-15598. [PMID: 37157657 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Divacancy in silicon carbide has become an important solid-state system for quantum metrologies. To make it more beneficial for practical applications, we realize a fiber-coupled divacancy-based magnetometer and thermometer simultaneously. First, we realize an efficient coupling between the divacancy in a silicon carbide slice with a multimode fiber. Then the optimization of the power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of divacancy is performed to obtain a higher sensing sensitivity of 3.9 μT/Hz1/2. We then use it to detect the strength of an external magnetic field. Finally, we use the Ramsey methods to realize a temperature sensing with a sensitivity of 163.2 mK/Hz1/2. The experiments demonstrate that the compact fiber-coupled divacancy quantum sensor can be used for multiple practical quantum sensing.
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5
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Lozovoi A, Chen Y, Vizkelethy G, Bielejec E, Flick J, Doherty MW, Meriles CA. Detection and Modeling of Hole Capture by Single Point Defects under Variable Electric Fields. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4495-4501. [PMID: 37141536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding carrier trapping in solids has proven key to semiconductor technologies, but observations thus far have relied on ensembles of point defects, where the impact of neighboring traps or carrier screening is often important. Here, we investigate the capture of photogenerated holes by an individual negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond at room temperature. Using an externally gated potential to minimize space-charge effects, we find the capture probability under electric fields of variable sign and amplitude shows an asymmetric-bell-shaped response with maximum at zero voltage. To interpret these observations, we run semiclassical Monte Carlo simulations modeling carrier trapping through a cascade process of phonon emission and obtain electric-field-dependent capture probabilities in good agreement with experiment. Because the mechanisms at play are insensitive to the characteristics of the trap, we anticipate the capture cross sections we observe─largely exceeding those derived from ensemble measurements─may also be present in materials platforms other than diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Lozovoi
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - YunHeng Chen
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Vizkelethy
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Edward Bielejec
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Marcus W Doherty
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
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6
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Zhang ZH, Zuber JA, Rodgers LVH, Gui X, Stevenson P, Li M, Batzer M, Grimau Puigibert ML, Shields BJ, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Cava RJ, Maletinsky P, de Leon NP. Neutral Silicon Vacancy Centers in Undoped Diamond via Surface Control. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:166902. [PMID: 37154648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.166902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silicon vacancy centers (SiV^{0}) in diamond are promising candidates for quantum applications; however, stabilizing SiV^{0} requires high-purity, boron-doped diamond, which is not a readily available material. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach via chemical control of the diamond surface. We use low-damage chemical processing and annealing in a hydrogen environment to realize reversible and highly stable charge state tuning in undoped diamond. The resulting SiV^{0} centers display optically detected magnetic resonance and bulklike optical properties. Controlling the charge state tuning via surface termination offers a route for scalable technologies based on SiV^{0} centers, as well as charge state engineering of other defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Josh A Zuber
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lila V H Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Batzer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Li Grimau Puigibert
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brendan J Shields
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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7
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Gulka M, Wirtitsch D, Ivády V, Vodnik J, Hruby J, Magchiels G, Bourgeois E, Gali A, Trupke M, Nesladek M. Room-temperature control and electrical readout of individual nitrogen-vacancy nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4421. [PMID: 34285223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear spins in semiconductors are leading candidates for future quantum technologies, including quantum computation, communication, and sensing. Nuclear spins in diamond are particularly attractive due to their long coherence time. With the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, such nuclear qubits benefit from an auxiliary electronic qubit, which, at cryogenic temperatures, enables probabilistic entanglement mediated optically by photonic links. Here, we demonstrate a concept of a microelectronic quantum device at ambient conditions using diamond as wide bandgap semiconductor. The basic quantum processor unit – a single 14N nuclear spin coupled to the NV electron – is read photoelectrically and thus operates in a manner compatible with nanoscale electronics. The underlying theory provides the key ingredients for photoelectric quantum gate operations and readout of nuclear qubit registers. This demonstration is, therefore, a step towards diamond quantum devices with a readout area limited by inter-electrode distance rather than by the diffraction limit. Such scalability could enable the development of electronic quantum processors based on the dipolar interaction of spin-qubits placed at nanoscopic proximity. Nuclear spins in diamond are promising for applications in quantum technologies due to their long coherence times. Here, the authors demonstrate a scalable electrical readout of individual intrinsic 14N nuclear spins in diamond, mediated by hyperfine coupling to electron spin of the NV center, as a step towards room-temperature nanoscale diamond quantum devices.
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8
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Wang JF, Yan FF, Li Q, Liu ZH, Cui JM, Liu ZD, Gali A, Xu JS, Li CF, Guo GC. Robust coherent control of solid-state spin qubits using anti-Stokes excitation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3223. [PMID: 34050146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically addressable solid-state color center spin qubits have become important platforms for quantum information processing, quantum networks and quantum sensing. The readout of color center spin states with optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) technology is traditionally based on Stokes excitation, where the energy of the exciting laser is higher than that of the emission photons. Here, we investigate an unconventional approach using anti-Stokes excitation to detect the ODMR signal of silicon vacancy defect spin in silicon carbide, where the exciting laser has lower energy than the emitted photons. Laser power, microwave power and temperature dependence of the anti-Stokes excited ODMR are systematically studied, in which the behavior of ODMR contrast and linewidth is shown to be similar to that of Stokes excitation. However, the ODMR contrast is several times that of the Stokes excitation. Coherent control of silicon vacancy spin under anti-Stokes excitation is then realized at room temperature. The spin coherence properties are the same as those of Stokes excitation, but with a signal contrast that is around three times greater. To illustrate the enhanced spin readout contrast under anti-Stokes excitation, we also provide a theoretical model. The experiments demonstrate that the current anti-Stokes excitation ODMR approach has promising applications in quantum information processing and quantum sensing. Optically detected magnetic resonance of defect spins typically relies on Stokes excitation, in which the excitation energy is larger than that of the emitted photon. Here, the authors use the opposite regime of anti-Stokes excitation to detect Si vacancy spins in SiC, with a threefold improvement in signal contrast.
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10
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Krečmarová M, Gulka M, Vandenryt T, Hrubý J, Fekete L, Hubík P, Taylor A, Mortet V, Thoelen R, Bourgeois E, Nesládek M. A Label-Free Diamond Microfluidic DNA Sensor Based on Active Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Charge State Control. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:18500-18510. [PMID: 33849273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a label-free biosensor concept based on the charge state manipulation of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum color centers in diamond, combined with an electrochemical microfluidic flow cell sensor, constructed on boron-doped diamond. This device can be set at a defined electrochemical potential, locking onto the particular chemical reaction, whilst the NV center provides the sensing function. The NV charge state occupation is initially prepared by applying a bias voltage on a gate electrode and then subsequently altered by exposure to detected charged molecules. We demonstrate the functionality of the device by performing label-free optical detection of DNA molecules. In this experiment, a monolayer of strongly cationic charged polymer polyethylenimine is used to shift the charge state of near surface NV centers from negatively charged NV- to neutral NV0 or dark positively charged NV+. Immobilization of negatively charged DNA molecules on the surface of the sensor restores the NV centers charge state back to the negatively charged NV-, which is detected using confocal photoluminescence microscopy. Biochemical reactions in the microfluidic channel are characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The use of the developed electrochemical device can also be extended to nuclear magnetic resonance spin sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Krečmarová
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Gulka
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
- Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics Division University of Hasselt, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
| | - Thijs Vandenryt
- Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics Division University of Hasselt, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC division of MEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jaroslav Hrubý
- Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics Division University of Hasselt, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ladislav Fekete
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hubík
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Taylor
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Mortet
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Thoelen
- Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics Division University of Hasselt, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC division of MEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Emilie Bourgeois
- Institute for Materials Research, Material Physics Division University of Hasselt, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC division of MEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Miloš Nesládek
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
- IMOMEC division of MEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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11
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Zhang Q, Guo Y, Ji W, Wang M, Yin J, Kong F, Lin Y, Yin C, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. High-fidelity single-shot readout of single electron spin in diamond with spin-to-charge conversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1529. [PMID: 33750779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High fidelity single-shot readout of qubits is a crucial component for fault-tolerant quantum computing and scalable quantum networks. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has risen as a leading platform for the above applications. The current single-shot readout of the NV electron spin relies on resonance fluorescence method at cryogenic temperature. However, the spin-flip process interrupts the optical cycling transition, therefore, limits the readout fidelity. Here, we introduce a spin-to-charge conversion method assisted by near-infrared (NIR) light to suppress the spin-flip error. This method leverages high spin-selectivity of cryogenic resonance excitation and flexibility of photoionization. We achieve an overall fidelity > 95% for the single-shot readout of an NV center electron spin in the presence of high strain and fast spin-flip process. With further improvements, this technique has the potential to achieve spin readout fidelity exceeding the fault-tolerant threshold, and may also find applications on integrated optoelectronic devices. The NV centre in diamond has been used extensively in quantum information processing; however fault-tolerant readout of its spin remains challenging. Here, Zhang et al demonstrate a robust scheme that achieves high-fidelity readout via spin to charge conversion.
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12
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Eisenach ER, Barry JF, O'Keeffe MF, Schloss JM, Steinecker MH, Englund DR, Braje DA. Cavity-enhanced microwave readout of a solid-state spin sensor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1357. [PMID: 33649326 PMCID: PMC7921108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming poor readout is an increasingly urgent challenge for devices based on solid-state spin defects, particularly given their rapid adoption in quantum sensing, quantum information, and tests of fundamental physics. However, in spite of experimental progress in specific systems, solid-state spin sensors still lack a universal, high-fidelity readout technique. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity, room-temperature readout of an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers via strong coupling to a dielectric microwave cavity, building on similar techniques commonly applied in cryogenic circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics. This strong collective interaction allows the spin ensemble’s microwave transition to be probed directly, thereby overcoming the optical photon shot noise limitations of conventional fluorescence readout. Applying this technique to magnetometry, we show magnetic sensitivity approaching the Johnson–Nyquist noise limit of the system. Our results pave a clear path to achieve unity readout fidelity of solid-state spin sensors through increased ensemble size, reduced spin-resonance linewidth, or improved cavity quality factor. Conventional optical readout limits the sensitivity of solid state spin sensors due to photon shot noise and poor contrast. Here, the authors demonstrate room-temperature microwave detection of an ensemble of NV centers embedded in a microwave cavity, which offers high-fidelity readout without time overhead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Eisenach
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk R Englund
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Jayakumar H, Lozovoi A, Daw D, Meriles CA. Long-Term Spin State Storage Using Ancilla Charge Memories. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:236601. [PMID: 33337195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.236601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We articulate confocal microscopy and electron spin resonance to implement spin-to-charge conversion in a small ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in bulk diamond and demonstrate charge conversion of neighboring defects conditional on the NV spin state. We build on this observation to show time-resolved NV spin manipulation and ancilla-charge-aided NV spin state detection via integrated measurements. Our results hint at intriguing opportunities in the development of novel measurement strategies in fundamental science and quantum spintronics as well as in the search for enhanced forms of color-center-based metrology down to the limit of individual point defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Damon Daw
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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14
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Radtke M, Slablab A, Van Vlierberghe S, Lin C, Lu Y, Shan C. Plasma Treatments and Light Extraction from Fluorinated CVD-Grown (400) Single Crystal Diamond Nanopillars. Mol Vis 2020; 6:37. [DOI: 10.3390/c6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the possibilities to realize light extraction from single crystal diamond (SCD) nanopillars. This was achieved by dedicated 519 nm laser-induced spin-state initiation of negatively charged nitrogen vacancies (NV−). We focus on the naturally-generated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of NV−. Applied diamond was neither implanted with 14N+, nor was the CVD synthesized SCD annealed. To investigate the possibility of light extraction by the utilization of NV−’s bright photoluminescence at room temperature and ambient conditions with the waveguiding effect, we have performed a top-down nanofabrication of SCD by electron beam lithography (EBL) and dry inductively-coupled plasma/reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) to generate light focusing nanopillars. In addition, we have fluorinated the diamond’s surface by dedicated 0 V SF6 ICP plasma. Light extraction and spin manipulations were performed with photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) at room temperature. We have observed a remarkable effect based on the selective 0 V SF6 plasma etching and surprisingly, in contrast to literature findings, deactivation of NV− centers. We discuss the possible deactivation mechanism in detail.
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15
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Fescenko I, Jarmola A, Savukov I, Kehayias P, Smits J, Damron J, Ristoff N, Mosavian N, Acosta VM. Diamond magnetometer enhanced by ferrite flux concentrators. Phys Rev Res 2020; 2:023394. [PMID: 33117992 PMCID: PMC7591154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevresearch.2.023394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetometers based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising room-temperature, solid-state sensors. However, their reported sensitivity to magnetic fields at low frequencies (≾1 kHz) is presently ≿10 pT s1/2, precluding potential applications in medical imaging, geoscience, and navigation. Here we show that high-permeability magnetic flux concentrators, which collect magnetic flux from a larger area and concentrate it into the diamond sensor, can be used to improve the sensitivity of diamond magnetometers. By inserting an NV-doped diamond membrane between two ferrite cones in a bowtie configuration, we realize a ~250-fold increase of the magnetic field amplitude within the diamond. We demonstrate a sensitivity of ~0.9 pT s1/2 to magnetic fields in the frequency range between 10 and 1000 Hz. This is accomplished using a dual-resonance modulation technique to suppress the effect of thermal shifts of the NV spin levels. The magnetometer uses 200 mW of laser power and 20 mW of microwave power. This work introduces a new degree of freedom for the design of diamond sensors by using structured magnetic materials to manipulate magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Andrey Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, California 94530, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Igor Savukov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
- Laser Center of the University of Latvia, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Joshua Damron
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ristoff
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Victor M. Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
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16
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Mikheev KG, Mogileva TN, Fateev AE, Nunn NA, Shenderova OA, Mikheev GM. Low-Power Laser Graphitization of High Pressure—High Temperature Nanodiamond Films. Applied Sciences 2020; 10:3329. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphitization of 100 nm monocrystals of diamond particles synthesized by high-pressure high-temperature (HP-HT) methods is not typically observed. The current study demonstrates the graphitization of 150 nm HP-HT nanodiamond particles in ca. 20-μm-thick thin films formed on a glass substrate when the intensity of a focused 633 nm He-Ne laser exceeds a threshold of ~ 33 kW/cm2. Graphitization is accompanied by green luminescence. The structure and morphology of the samples were investigated before and after laser excitation while using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These observations are explained by photoionization of [Ni-N]- and [N]-centers, leading to the excitation of electrons to the conduction band of the HP-HT nanodiamond films and an increase of the local temperature of the sample, causing the transformation of sp3 HP-HT nanodiamonds to sp2-carbon.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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18
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Morishita H, Kobayashi S, Fujiwara M, Kato H, Makino T, Yamasaki S, Mizuochi N. Room Temperature Electrically Detected Nuclear Spin Coherence of NV Centres in Diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:792. [PMID: 31964965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate electrical detection of the 14N nuclear spin coherence of NV centres at room temperature. Nuclear spins are candidates for quantum memories in quantum-information devices and quantum sensors, and hence the electrical detection of nuclear spin coherence is essential to develop and integrate such quantum devices. In the present study, we used a pulsed electrically detected electron-nuclear double resonance technique to measure the Rabi oscillations and coherence time (T2) of 14N nuclear spins in NV centres at room temperature. We observed T2 ≈ 0.9 ms at room temperature, however, this result should be taken as a lower limit due to limitations in the longitudinal relaxation time of the NV electron spins. Our results will pave the way for the development of novel electron- and nuclear-spin-based diamond quantum devices.
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19
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Niethammer M, Widmann M, Rendler T, Morioka N, Chen YC, Stöhr R, Hassan JU, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Lee SY, Mukherjee A, Isoya J, Son NT, Wrachtrup J. Coherent electrical readout of defect spins in silicon carbide by photo-ionization at ambient conditions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5569. [PMID: 31804489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum technology relies on proper hardware, enabling coherent quantum state control as well as efficient quantum state readout. In this regard, wide-bandgap semiconductors are an emerging material platform with scalable wafer fabrication methods, hosting several promising spin-active point defects. Conventional readout protocols for defect spins rely on fluorescence detection and are limited by a low photon collection efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a photo-electrical detection technique for electron spins of silicon vacancy ensembles in the 4H polytype of silicon carbide (SiC). Further, we show coherent spin state control, proving that this electrical readout technique enables detection of coherent spin motion. Our readout works at ambient conditions, while other electrical readout approaches are often limited to low temperatures or high magnetic fields. Considering the excellent maturity of SiC electronics with the outstanding coherence properties of SiC defects, the approach presented here holds promises for scalability of future SiC quantum devices. The efficiency of quantum state readout is one of the factors that determine the performance of point defects in semiconductors in practical applications. Here the authors demonstrate photo-electrical readout for silicon vacancies in silicon carbide, providing an alternative to optical detection.
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20
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Motojima M, Suzuki T, Shigekawa H, Kainuma Y, An T, Hase M. Giant nonlinear optical effects induced by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond crystals. Opt Express 2019; 27:32217-32227. [PMID: 31684438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single crystal diamond on nonlinear optical effects using 40 fs femtosecond laser pulses. The near-infrared femtosecond pulses allow us to study purely nonlinear optical effects, such as optical Kerr effect (OKE) and two-photon absorption (TPA), related to unique optical transitions by electronic structures with NV centers. It is found that both nonlinear optical effects are enhanced by the introduction of NV centers in the N + dose levels of 2.0×10 11 and 1.0×10 12 N +/cm 2. In particular, our data demonstrate that the OKE signal is strongly enhanced for the heavily implanted type-IIa diamond. We suggest that the strong enhancement of the OKE is possibly originated from cascading OKE, where the high-density NV centers effectively break the inversion symmetry near the surface region of diamond.
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21
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Herbschleb ED, Kato H, Maruyama Y, Danjo T, Makino T, Yamasaki S, Ohki I, Hayashi K, Morishita H, Fujiwara M, Mizuochi N. Ultra-long coherence times amongst room-temperature solid-state spins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3766. [PMID: 31462631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state single spins are promising resources for quantum sensing, quantum-information processing and quantum networks, because they are compatible with scalable quantum-device engineering. However, the extension of their coherence times proves challenging. Although enrichment of the spin-zero 12C and 28Si isotopes drastically reduces spin-bath decoherence in diamond and silicon, the solid-state environment provides deleterious interactions between the electron spin and the remaining spins of its surrounding. Here we demonstrate, contrary to widespread belief, that an impurity-doped (phosphorus) n-type single-crystal diamond realises remarkably long spin-coherence times. Single electron spins show the longest inhomogeneous spin-dephasing time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_2^ \ast \approx 1.5$$\end{document}T2*≈1.5 ms) and Hahn-echo spin-coherence time (T2 ≈ 2.4 ms) ever observed in room-temperature solid-state systems, leading to the best sensitivities. The extension of coherence times in diamond semiconductor may allow for new applications in quantum technology. The coherence times of nitrogen-vacancy centres are key factors influencing their performance in quantum applications. Here the authors show that synthesising phosphorus-doped diamond yields nitrogen-vacancy centres with significantly improved \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_2^ \ast$$\end{document}T2* and T2.
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22
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Al-Baiaty Z, Cumming BP, Gan X, Gu M. Optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuits. Nanoscale Adv 2019; 1:3131-3138. [PMID: 36133616 PMCID: PMC9418874 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between solid-state quantum emitters and nanoplasmonic waveguides is essential for the realization of integrated circuits for various quantum information processing protocols, communication, and sensing. Such applications benefit from a feasible, scalable and low loss fabrication method as well as efficient coupling to nanoscale waveguides. Here, we demonstrate optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuitry for guiding, routing and processing the readout of electron spins of nitrogen vacancy centres. This optimized method for the realization of highly efficient and ultracompact plasmonic circuitry is based on enhancing the plasmon propagation length and improving the coupling efficiency. Our results show 5 times enhancement in the plasmon propagation length using (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 5.2 times improvement in the coupling efficiency by introducing a grating coupler, and these enable the design of more complicated nanoplasmonic circuitries for quantum information processing. The integration of efficient plasmonic circuitry with the excellent spin properties of nitrogen vacancy centres can potentially be utilized to extend the applications of nanodiamonds and yield a great platform for the realization of on-chip quantum information networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Baiaty
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Department of Laser and Opto-Electronic Engineering, University of Technology Baghdad 10011 Iraq
| | - Benjamin P Cumming
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
| | - Xiaosong Gan
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
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23
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Fedotov IV, Zheltikov AM. Background-free two-photon fluorescence readout via a three-photon charge-state modulation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Opt Lett 2019; 44:3737-3740. [PMID: 31368956 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a background-free readout of two-photon fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a strongly fluorescing environment can be accomplished by all-optical means via a multiphoton charge-state modulation of NV centers in a mixture of negatively charged and neutral NV centers. A 100 fs, 1060 nm output of an ytterbium fiber laser is ideally suited for this modality of multiphoton microscopy, providing, as our experiments show, an efficient two-photon excitation of both NV- and NV0 charge states, but keeping the nonlinearity of n-photon ionization needed for NV-/NV0 charge-state modulation to a minimum, n=3.
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24
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Siyushev P, Nesladek M, Bourgeois E, Gulka M, Hruby J, Yamamoto T, Trupke M, Teraji T, Isoya J, Jelezko F. Photoelectrical imaging and coherent spin-state readout of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Science 2019; 363:728-731. [PMID: 30765564 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have become an important instrument for quantum sensing and quantum information science. However, the readout of NV spin state requires bulky optical setups, limiting fabrication of miniaturized compact devices for practical use. Here we realized photoelectrical detection of magnetic resonance as well as Rabi oscillations on a single-defect level. Furthermore, photoelectrical imaging of individual NV centers at room temperature was demonstrated, surpassing conventional optical readout methods by providing high imaging contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. These results pave the way toward fully integrated quantum diamond devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Siyushev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. .,Corporate Research and Technology, Carl Zeiss AG, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Milos Nesladek
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Emilie Bourgeois
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Gulka
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hruby
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michael Trupke
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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25
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Mittiga T, Hsieh S, Zu C, Kobrin B, Machado F, Bhattacharyya P, Rui NZ, Jarmola A, Choi S, Budker D, Yao NY. Imaging the Local Charge Environment of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:246402. [PMID: 30608732 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.246402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the local internal environment surrounding solid-state spin defects is crucial to harnessing them as nanoscale sensors of external fields. This is especially germane to the case of defect ensembles which can exhibit a complex interplay between interactions, internal fields, and lattice strain. Working with the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, we demonstrate that local electric fields dominate the magnetic resonance behavior of NV ensembles at a low magnetic field. We introduce a simple microscopic model that quantitatively captures the observed spectra for samples with NV concentrations spanning more than two orders of magnitude. Motivated by this understanding, we propose and implement a novel method for the nanoscale localization of individual charges within the diamond lattice; our approach relies upon the fact that the charge induces a NV dark state which depends on the electric field orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mittiga
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Hsieh
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Zu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Kobrin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Machado
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Z Rui
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Helmholtz Institut, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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26
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Hopper DA, Shulevitz HJ, Bassett LC. Spin Readout Techniques of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9090437. [PMID: 30424370 PMCID: PMC6187496 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a leading platform for quantum information science due to its optical addressability and room-temperature spin coherence. However, measurements of the NV center’s spin state typically require averaging over many cycles to overcome noise. Here, we review several approaches to improve the readout performance and highlight future avenues of research that could enable single-shot electron-spin readout at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hopper
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Henry J Shulevitz
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lee C Bassett
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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27
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Dhomkar S, Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Meriles CA. On-Demand Generation of Neutral and Negatively Charged Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:117401. [PMID: 29601766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Point defects in wide-band-gap semiconductors are emerging as versatile resources for nanoscale sensing and quantum information science, but our understanding of the photoionization dynamics is presently incomplete. Here, we use two-color confocal microscopy to investigate the dynamics of charge in type 1b diamond hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) and silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers. By examining the nonlocal fluorescence patterns emerging from local laser excitation, we show that, in the simultaneous presence of photogenerated electrons and holes, SiV (NV) centers selectively transform into the negative (neutral) charge state. Unlike NVs, 532 nm illumination ionizes SiV^{-} via a single-photon process, thus hinting at a comparatively shallower ground state. In particular, slower ionization rates at longer wavelengths suggest the latter lies approximately ∼1.9 eV below the conduction band minimum. Building on the above observations, we demonstrate on-demand SiV and NV charge initialization over large areas via green laser illumination of variable intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Schlipf L, Oeckinghaus T, Xu K, Dasari DBR, Zappe A, de Oliveira FF, Kern B, Azarkh M, Drescher M, Ternes M, Kern K, Wrachtrup J, Finkler A. A molecular quantum spin network controlled by a single qubit. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1701116. [PMID: 28819646 PMCID: PMC5553819 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Scalable quantum technologies require an unprecedented combination of precision and complexity for designing stable structures of well-controllable quantum systems on the nanoscale. It is a challenging task to find a suitable elementary building block, of which a quantum network can be comprised in a scalable way. We present the working principle of such a basic unit, engineered using molecular chemistry, whose collective control and readout are executed using a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. The basic unit we investigate is a synthetic polyproline with electron spins localized on attached molecular side groups separated by a few nanometers. We demonstrate the collective readout and coherent manipulation of very few (≤ 6) of these S = 1/2 electronic spin systems and access their direct dipolar coupling tensor. Our results show that it is feasible to use spin-labeled peptides as a resource for a molecular qubit-based network, while at the same time providing simple optical readout of single quantum states through NV magnetometry. This work lays the foundation for building arbitrary quantum networks using well-established chemistry methods, which has many applications ranging from mapping distances in single molecules to quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schlipf
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeckinghaus
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kebiao Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Zappe
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mykhailo Azarkh
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Markus Ternes
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bernardi E, Nelz R, Sonusen S, Neu E. Nanoscale Sensing Using Point Defects in Single-Crystal Diamond: Recent Progress on Nitrogen Vacancy Center-Based Sensors. Crystals 2017; 7:124. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual, luminescent point defects in solids, so-called color centers, are atomic-sized quantum systems enabling sensing and imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this overview, we introduce nanoscale sensing based on individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We discuss two central challenges of the field: first, the creation of highly-coherent, shallow NV centers less than 10 nm below the surface of a single-crystal diamond; second, the fabrication of tip-like photonic nanostructures that enable efficient fluorescence collection and can be used for scanning probe imaging based on color centers with nanoscale resolution.
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Barson MSJ, Peddibhotla P, Ovartchaiyapong P, Ganesan K, Taylor RL, Gebert M, Mielens Z, Koslowski B, Simpson DA, McGuinness LP, McCallum J, Prawer S, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Jelezko F, Manson NB, Doherty MW. Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1496-1503. [PMID: 28146361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical sensors and quantum nanosensors are two rapidly developing technologies that have diverse interdisciplinary applications in biological and chemical analysis and microscopy. For example, nanomechanical sensors based upon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have demonstrated chip-scale mass spectrometry capable of detecting single macromolecules, such as proteins. Quantum nanosensors based upon electron spins of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have demonstrated diverse modes of nanometrology, including single molecule magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, we report the first step toward combining these two complementary technologies in the form of diamond nanomechanical structures containing NV centers. We establish the principles for nanomechanical sensing using such nanospin-mechanical sensors (NSMS) and assess their potential for mass spectrometry and force microscopy. We predict that NSMS are able to provide unprecedented AC force images of cellular biomechanics and to not only detect the mass of a single macromolecule but also image its distribution. When combined with the other nanometrology modes of the NV center, NSMS potentially offer unparalleled analytical power at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S J Barson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | - Preeti Ovartchaiyapong
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kumaravelu Ganesan
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard L Taylor
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Matthew Gebert
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Zoe Mielens
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Berndt Koslowski
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Ulm , D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liam P McGuinness
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm , D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey McCallum
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) , 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) , 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm , D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Neil B Manson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Marcus W Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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31
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Iwasaki T, Naruki W, Tahara K, Makino T, Kato H, Ogura M, Takeuchi D, Yamasaki S, Hatano M. Direct Nanoscale Sensing of the Internal Electric Field in Operating Semiconductor Devices Using Single Electron Spins. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1238-1245. [PMID: 28112891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electric field inside semiconductor devices is a key physical parameter that determines the properties of the devices. However, techniques based on scanning probe microscopy are limited to sensing at the surface only. Here, we demonstrate the direct sensing of the internal electric field in diamond power devices using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The NV center embedded inside the device acts as a nanoscale electric field sensor. We fabricated vertical diamond p-i-n diodes containing the single NV centers. By performing optically detected magnetic resonance measurements under reverse-biased conditions with an applied voltage of up to 150 V, we found a large splitting in the magnetic resonance frequencies. This indicated that the NV center senses the transverse electric field in the space-charge region formed in the i-layer. The experimentally obtained electric field values are in good agreement with those calculated by a device simulator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the sensing of the electric field in different directions by utilizing NV centers with different N-V axes. This direct and quantitative sensing method using an electron spin in a wide-band-gap material provides a way to monitor the electric field in operating semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Wataru Naruki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tahara
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Makino
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kato
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ogura
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeuchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hatano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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32
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Hrubesch FM, Braunbeck G, Stutzmann M, Reinhard F, Brandt MS. Efficient Electrical Spin Readout of NV^{-} Centers in Diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:037601. [PMID: 28157351 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.037601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using pulsed photoionization the coherent spin manipulation and echo formation of ensembles of NV^{-} centers in diamond are detected electrically, realizing contrasts of up to 17%. The underlying spin-dependent ionization dynamics are investigated experimentally and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. This allows the identification of the conditions optimizing contrast and sensitivity, which compare favorably with respect to optical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Hrubesch
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Georg Braunbeck
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Friedemann Reinhard
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin S Brandt
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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33
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Jensen K, Kehayias P, Budker D. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Anisimov AN, Simin D, Soltamov VA, Lebedev SP, Baranov PG, Astakhov GV, Dyakonov V. Optical thermometry based on level anticrossing in silicon carbide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33301. [PMID: 27624819 PMCID: PMC5022017 DOI: 10.1038/srep33301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a giant thermal shift of 2.1 MHz/K related to the excited-state zero-field splitting in the silicon vacancy centers in 4H silicon carbide. It is obtained from the indirect observation of the optically detected magnetic resonance in the excited state using the ground state as an ancilla. Alternatively, relative variations of the zero-field splitting for small temperature differences can be detected without application of radiofrequency fields, by simply monitoring the photoluminescence intensity in the vicinity of the level anticrossing. This effect results in an all-optical thermometry technique with temperature sensitivity of 100 mK/Hz1/2 for a detection volume of approximately 10−6 mm3. In contrast, the zero-field splitting in the ground state does not reveal detectable temperature shift. Using these properties, an integrated magnetic field and temperature sensor can be implemented on the same center.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Anisimov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D Simin
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - V A Soltamov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S P Lebedev
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - P G Baranov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G V Astakhov
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - V Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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