1
|
Howson ELA, Armson B, Lyons NA, Chepkwony E, Kasanga CJ, Kandusi S, Ndusilo N, Yamazaki W, Gizaw D, Cleaveland S, Lembo T, Rauh R, Nelson WM, Wood BA, Mioulet V, King DP, Fowler VL. Direct detection and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in East Africa using a field-ready real-time PCR platform. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:221-231. [PMID: 28758346 PMCID: PMC5811823 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective control and monitoring of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) relies upon rapid and accurate disease confirmation. Currently, clinical samples are usually tested in reference laboratories using standardized assays recommended by The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). However, the requirements for prompt and serotype-specific diagnosis during FMD outbreaks, and the need to establish robust laboratory testing capacity in FMD-endemic countries have motivated the development of simple diagnostic platforms to support local decision-making. Using a portable thermocycler, the T-COR™ 8, this study describes the laboratory and field evaluation of a commercially available, lyophilized pan-serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay and a newly available FMD virus (FMDV) typing assay (East Africa-specific for serotypes: O, A, Southern African Territories [SAT] 1 and 2). Analytical sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the pan-serotype-specific lyophilized assay were comparable to that of an OIE-recommended laboratory-based rRT-PCR (determined using a panel of 57 FMDV-positive samples and six non-FMDV vesicular disease samples for differential diagnosis). The FMDV-typing assay was able to correctly identify the serotype of 33/36 FMDV-positive samples (no cross-reactivity between serotypes was evident). Furthermore, the assays were able to accurately detect and type FMDV RNA in multiple sample types, including epithelial tissue suspensions, serum, oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid and oral swabs, both with and without the use of nucleic acid extraction. When deployed in laboratory and field settings in Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia, both assays reliably detected and serotyped FMDV RNA in samples (n = 144) collected from pre-clinical, clinical and clinically recovered cattle. These data support the use of field-ready rRT-PCR platforms in endemic settings for simple, highly sensitive and rapid detection and/or characterization of FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. A. Howson
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - B. Armson
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - N. A. Lyons
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Animal Production and Health DivisionFAORomeItaly
| | - E. Chepkwony
- Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Laboratory, EmbakasiMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Blue EconomyNairobiKenya
| | - C. J. Kasanga
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - S. Kandusi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - N. Ndusilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - W. Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - D. Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic & Investigation CentreSebetaOromiaEthiopia
| | - S. Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - T. Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - B. A. Wood
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
| | - V. Mioulet
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
| | - D. P. King
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tesfaw L, Li Y, Oguma K, Sentsui H, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Detection of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in Ethiopian Equids with and without Respiratory Problems and Genetic Characterization of EHV-2 and EHV-5 Strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1970-1978. [PMID: 28102009 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections with equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. Whereas both EHV-1 and EHV-4 produce well-documented respiratory syndromes in equids, the contribution of EHV-2 and EHV-5 to disease of the respiratory tract is still enigmatic. This study describes the detection and genetic characterization of EHVs from equids with and without clinical respiratory disease. Virus-specific PCRs were used to detect EHV-1, -2, -4 and -5. From the total of 160 equids with respiratory disease, EHV-5 was detected at the highest prevalence (23.1%), followed by EHV-2 (20.0%), EHV-4 (8.1%) and EHV-1 (7.5%). Concurrent infections with EHV-2 and EHV-5 were recorded from nine (5.2%) diseased horses. Of the total of 111 clinically healthy equids, EHV-1 and EHV-4 were never detected whereas EHV-2 and EHV-5 were found in 8 (7.2%) and 18 (16.2%) horses, respectively. A significantly higher proportion of EHV-2-infected equids was observed in the respiratory disease group (32/160, 20.0%; P = 0.005) compared to those without disease (8/111; 7.2%). EHV-2-positive equids were three times more likely to display clinical signs of respiratory disease than EHV-2-negative equids (OR 3.22, 95% CI: 1.42-7.28). For EHV-5, the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.166). The phylogenetic analysis of the gB gene revealed that the Ethiopian EHV-2 and EHV-5 strains had a remarkable genetic diversity, with a nucleotide sequence identity among each other that ranged from 94.0 to 99.4% and 95.1 to 100%, respectively. Moreover, the nucleotide sequence identity of EHV-2 and EHV-5 with isolates from other countries acquired from GenBank ranged from 92.9 to 99.1% and 95.1 to 99.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that besides EHV-1 and EHV-4, EHV-2 is likely to be an important contributor either to induce or predispose equids to respiratory disease. However, more work is needed to better understand the contribution of EHV-2 in the establishment of respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Negussie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - D Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - L Tesfaw
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Y Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Oguma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Sentsui
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Achenbach JE, Gallardo C, Nieto-Pelegrín E, Rivera-Arroyo B, Degefa-Negi T, Arias M, Jenberie S, Mulisa DD, Gizaw D, Gelaye E, Chibssa TR, Belaye A, Loitsch A, Forsa M, Yami M, Diallo A, Soler A, Lamien CE, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Identification of a New Genotype of African Swine Fever Virus in Domestic Pigs from Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1393-1404. [PMID: 27211823 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an important emerging transboundary animal disease (TAD), which currently has an impact on many countries in Africa, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Russian Federation. The current situation in Europe shows the ability of the virus to rapidly spread, which stands to threaten the global swine industry. At present, there is no viable vaccine to minimize spread of the disease and stamping out is the main source of control. In February 2011, Ethiopia had reported its first suspected outbreaks of ASF. Genomic analyses of the collected ASF virus (ASFV) strains were undertaken using 23 tissue samples collected from domestic swine in Ethiopia from 2011 to 2014. The analysis of Ethiopian ASFVs partial p72 gene sequence showed the identification of a new genotype, genotype XXIII, that shares a common ancestor with genotypes IX and X, which comprise isolates circulating in Eastern African countries and the Republic of Congo. Analysis of the p54 gene also followed the p72 pattern and the deduced amino acid sequence of the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene showed novel tetramer repeats not previously characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Nieto-Pelegrín
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF: VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Rivera-Arroyo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF: VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Jenberie
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - D D Mulisa
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - D Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - E Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.,National Veterinary Institute, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - T R Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - A Belaye
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - A Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | - M Forsa
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - M Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - A Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - C E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF: VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, an Emerging Threat of Working Equids in Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:389-397. [PMID: 26010868 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a sporadic and relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), it has the potential for causing devastating outbreaks in horses. Up till now, there were no reported EHM outbreaks in donkeys and mules. This study describes the isolation and molecular characterization of EHV-1 from clinically EHM-affected horses (n = 6), mules (n = 3) and donkeys (n = 82) in Ethiopia during outbreaks from May 2011 to December 2013. The incidence of EHM cases was higher from April to mid-June. EHM in donkeys was more severe and death without clinical signs of paralysis, and recumbency was frequently observed. The main age of affected equines ranged from 7 to 10 years (n = 51; 56.0%), and females (n = 58; 63.7%) were more affected than males. The incidence of neuropathogenic (D752 ) and non-neuropathogenic (N752 ) variants of EHV-1 from EHM-affected equines in Ethiopia was assessed by sequencing the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) of the EHV-1 isolates. The results indicated that from the total of 91 clinically affected equines, 90 (98.9%) of them had an ORF30 D752 genotype. An ORF30 N752 variant was only found in one donkey. Analysis of ORF68 as grouping marker for geographical differences showed that the Ethiopian EHV-1 isolates belong to geographical group 4. Due to the fatal nature of EHV-1 in donkeys, it would be interesting to examine the pathogenesis of EHM in this species. At present, there is no vaccine available in Ethiopia, and therefore, outbreaks of EHV-1 should be controlled by proper management adaptations. In addition, it is important to test the efficacy of the commercial vaccines not only in horses, but also in donkeys and mules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Negussie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - D Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|