Assessing domain match and feasibility of candidate instruments matching with OMERACT endorsed domains to measure flare in knee and hip osteoarthritis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the domain match (truth) and feasibility of candidate instruments assessing flare in knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA) according to the identified domains.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From a literature review (575 papers), instruments were selected and evaluated using the truth and feasibility elements of the OMERACT Filter 2.2. These were evaluated by 26 experts, including patients, in two Delphi survey rounds. The final selection was obtained by a vote.

RESULTS

44 instruments were identified. In Delphi Round 1, five instruments were selected. In Round 2, all instruments obtained at least 75 % in terms of content match with the endorsed domains and feasibility. In the final selection, the Flare-OA questionnaire obtained 100 % favorable votes.

CONCLUSION

Through consensus of the working group, the Flare-OA questionnaire was selected as the best candidate instrument to move into a full assessment of its measurement properties using the OMERACT Filter 2.2.

Methodical control of the difficult pediatric airway: two case reports

BACKGROUND

Management of children who present with a history of impossible mask ventilation or difficult tracheal intubation is fraught with challenges. Despite this, the "airway stress test" of an inhalational induction is frequently employed risking airway obstruction, breath holding, apnea, and laryngospasm.

CASE PRESENTATIONS

We present two cases of children with anticipated difficult airway management. The first child (14-year-old African American boy) had severe mucopolysaccharidosis with a history of failed anesthetic induction and failed airway management. The second child (3-year-old African American girl) had progressive lymphatic infiltration of the tongue, resulting in severe macroglossia. We describe a technique that forgoes inhalational induction, incorporates recent pediatric airway guidelines, and provides a greater margin of safety. The technique encompasses the use of drugs that facilitate sedation for intravenous access, without respiratory depression or airway obstruction, titrated use of medications to achieve anesthetic depth while preserving ventilatory drive and airway tone, and the continuous provision of directed oxygen flow during airway manipulation. Propofol and volatile gases were avoided to preserve airway tone and respiratory drive.

CONCLUSIONS

We emphasize that an intravenous induction technique utilizing medications that preserve airway tone and ventilatory drive, and the use of  continuous oxygen flow throughout airway manipulation, allows for successful management of children with a difficult airway. The common practice of volatile inhalational induction should be avoided in anticipated difficult pediatric airways.

The influence of anastomotic techniques on postoperative anastomotic complications: Results of the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit

BACKGROUND

The optimal anastomotic techniques in esophagectomy to minimize rates of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis are not known. The aim of this study was to assess whether the anastomotic technique was associated with anastomotic failure after esophagectomy in the international Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit cohort.

METHODS

This prospective observational multicenter cohort study included patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer over 9 months during 2018. The primary exposure was the anastomotic technique, classified as handsewn, linear stapled, or circular stapled. The primary outcome was anastomotic failure, namely a composite of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis, as defined by the Esophageal Complications Consensus Group. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to identify the association between anastomotic techniques and anastomotic failure, after adjustment for confounders.

RESULTS

Of the 2238 esophagectomies, the anastomosis was handsewn in 27.1%, linear stapled in 21.0%, and circular stapled in 51.9%. Anastomotic techniques differed significantly by the anastomosis sites (P < .001), with the majority of neck anastomoses being handsewn (69.9%), whereas most chest anastomoses were stapled (66.3% circular stapled and 19.3% linear stapled). Rates of anastomotic failure differed significantly among the anastomotic techniques (P < .001), from 19.3% in handsewn anastomoses, to 14.0% in linear stapled anastomoses, and 12.1% in circular stapled anastomoses. This effect remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors on multivariable analysis, with an odds ratio of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.46-0.86; P = .004) for circular stapled versus handsewn anastomosis. However, subgroup analysis by anastomosis site suggested that this effect was predominantly present in neck anastomoses, with anastomotic failure rates of 23.2% versus 14.6% versus 5.9% for handsewn versus linear stapled anastomoses versus circular stapled neck anastomoses, compared with 13.7% versus 13.8% versus 12.2% for chest anastomoses.

CONCLUSIONS

Handsewn anastomoses appear to be independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic failure compared with stapled anastomoses. However, this effect seems to be largely confined to neck anastomoses, with minimal differences between techniques observed for chest anastomoses. Further research into standardization of anastomotic approach and techniques may further improve outcomes.

POS0182 WHO ARE LIKELY TO BENEFIT FROM THE GOOD LIFE WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DENMARK (GLAD) EXERCISE AND EDUCATION PROGRAM? AN EFFECT MODIFIER ANALYSIS OF A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Background

EULAR clinical guidelines have identified moderators of knee osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes as an important research priority to optimize individualized treatment. In our recent trial the GLAD exercise and education program was proved equivalent to open-label placebo (OLP) in 206 people with knee OA, which calls for evaluation of factors that may predict differential treatment response to GLAD versus OLP.

Objectives

To identify contextual factors that might modify the treatment effect of the ‘Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark’ (GLAD) exercise and education programme on knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain compared to that of open-label placebo (OLP) in individuals with knee OA, i.e. explore who are likely to benefit from participating in exercise and education programs.

Methods

Secondary effect modifier analysis of a randomised controlled trial, in which 206 adults aged ≥ 50 years, with symptomatic and radiographic knee OA were randomised to either an 8-week exercise and education programme (GLAD; n=102) or OLP in the form of 4 intra-articular saline injections over 8 weeks (n=104). Primary outcome was change from baseline to week 9 in the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score questionnaire (KOOS) pain subscale (range 0 (worst) to 100 (best)). Subgroups were created based on baseline information: BMI, swollen study knee, bilateral radiographic knee OA, sports participation as a young adult, sex, median age, a priori treatment preference, regular use of analgesics (NSAIDs or paracetamol), radiographic disease severity, and presence of constant and intermittent pain using the Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain questionnaire. Analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle with simple conservative non-responder imputation of missing outcome data.

Results

Participants who at baseline reported use of analgesics at baseline seem to benefit from the GLAD programme over OLP (subgroup contrast: 10.3 KOOS pain points (95% CI 3.0 to 17.6)). Further, participants with constant pain at baseline also seem to benefit from GLAD over OLP (subgroup contrast: 10.0 KOOS pain points (95%CI 2.8 to 17.2; P=0.007)). Further, a priori preference for GLAD also seemed to predict treatment effect in favour of GLAD. Presence of intermittent pain predicted beneficial effects of OLP, albeit the precision of the estimate was low. See Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Forest plot showing the results of the subgroup analyses based on the intention-to-treat population with missing outcome data at week 9 replaced with the baseline observation (non-responder imputation). The outcome is change from baseline in KOOS pain at week 9 (after 8 weeks of intervention). GLAD: The Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark exercise and education programme. OLP: Open-label placebo consisting of 4 intra-articular saline injections. K-L: Kellgren-Lawrence grading of radiographic disease severity.

The full vertical line indicates the overall treatment effect, and the dashed line indicates zero effect. *24 GLAD and 26 OLP had no preference and are not included in the analyses, and 8 GLAD and 5 OLP had missing data; †For study knee.

Conclusion

These results imply that GLAD should not be considered as a one-size-fits-all intervention. For patients who take analgesics for their knee pain or report constant knee pain, GLAD seems to yield clinically relevant benefits when compared to an open-label placebo. The results support a stratified recommendation of GLAD as management of knee OA.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Textbook outcome following oesophagectomy for cancer: international cohort study

Background

Textbook outcome has been proposed as a tool for the assessment of oncological surgical care. However, an international assessment in patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer has not been reported. This study aimed to assess textbook outcome in an international setting.

Methods

Patients undergoing curative resection for oesophageal cancer were identified from the international Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA) from April 2018 to December 2018. Textbook outcome was defined as the percentage of patients who underwent a complete tumour resection with at least 15 lymph nodes in the resected specimen and an uneventful postoperative course, without hospital readmission. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors independently associated with textbook outcome, and results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent c.i.).

Results

Of 2159 patients with oesophageal cancer, 39.7 per cent achieved a textbook outcome. The outcome parameter ‘no major postoperative complication’ had the greatest negative impact on a textbook outcome for patients with oesophageal cancer, compared to other textbook outcome parameters. Multivariable analysis identified male gender and increasing Charlson comorbidity index with a significantly lower likelihood of textbook outcome. Presence of 24-hour on-call rota for oesophageal surgeons (OR 2.05, 95 per cent c.i. 1.30 to 3.22; P = 0.002) and radiology (OR 1.54, 95 per cent c.i. 1.05 to 2.24; P = 0.027), total minimally invasive oesophagectomies (OR 1.63, 95 per cent c.i. 1.27 to 2.08; P &lt; 0.001), and chest anastomosis above azygous (OR 2.17, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 2.98; P &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with a significantly increased likelihood of textbook outcome.

Conclusion

Textbook outcome is achieved in less than 40 per cent of patients having oesophagectomy for cancer. Improvements in centralization, hospital resources, access to minimal access surgery, and adoption of newer techniques for improving lymph node yield could improve textbook outcome.

Textbook outcome following oesophagectomy for cancer: international cohort study

BACKGROUND

Textbook outcome has been proposed as a tool for the assessment of oncological surgical care. However, an international assessment in patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer has not been reported. This study aimed to assess textbook outcome in an international setting.

METHODS

Patients undergoing curative resection for oesophageal cancer were identified from the international Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA) from April 2018 to December 2018. Textbook outcome was defined as the percentage of patients who underwent a complete tumour resection with at least 15 lymph nodes in the resected specimen and an uneventful postoperative course, without hospital readmission. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors independently associated with textbook outcome, and results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent c.i.).

RESULTS

Of 2159 patients with oesophageal cancer, 39.7 per cent achieved a textbook outcome. The outcome parameter 'no major postoperative complication' had the greatest negative impact on a textbook outcome for patients with oesophageal cancer, compared to other textbook outcome parameters. Multivariable analysis identified male gender and increasing Charlson comorbidity index with a significantly lower likelihood of textbook outcome. Presence of 24-hour on-call rota for oesophageal surgeons (OR 2.05, 95 per cent c.i. 1.30 to 3.22; P = 0.002) and radiology (OR 1.54, 95 per cent c.i. 1.05 to 2.24; P = 0.027), total minimally invasive oesophagectomies (OR 1.63, 95 per cent c.i. 1.27 to 2.08; P < 0.001), and chest anastomosis above azygous (OR 2.17, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 2.98; P < 0.001) were independently associated with a significantly increased likelihood of textbook outcome.

CONCLUSION

Textbook outcome is achieved in less than 40 per cent of patients having oesophagectomy for cancer. Improvements in centralization, hospital resources, access to minimal access surgery, and adoption of newer techniques for improving lymph node yield could improve textbook outcome.

Postoperative outcomes in oesophagectomy with trainee involvement

BACKGROUND

The complexity of oesophageal surgery and the significant risk of morbidity necessitates that oesophagectomy is predominantly performed by a consultant surgeon, or a senior trainee under their supervision. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of trainee involvement in oesophagectomy on postoperative outcomes in an international multicentre setting.

METHODS

Data from the multicentre Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group (OGAA) cohort study were analysed, which comprised prospectively collected data from patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April 2018 and December 2018. Procedures were grouped by the level of trainee involvement, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare patient outcomes across groups.

RESULTS

Of 2232 oesophagectomies from 137 centres in 41 countries, trainees were involved in 29.1 per cent of them (n = 650), performing only the abdominal phase in 230, only the chest and/or neck phases in 130, and all phases in 315 procedures. For procedures with a chest anastomosis, those with trainee involvement had similar 90-day mortality, complication and reoperation rates to consultant-performed oesophagectomies (P = 0.451, P = 0.318, and P = 0.382, respectively), while anastomotic leak rates were significantly lower in the trainee groups (P = 0.030). Procedures with a neck anastomosis had equivalent complication, anastomotic leak, and reoperation rates (P = 0.150, P = 0.430, and P = 0.632, respectively) in trainee-involved versus consultant-performed oesophagectomies, with significantly lower 90-day mortality in the trainee groups (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Trainee involvement was not found to be associated with significantly inferior postoperative outcomes for selected patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The results support continued supervised trainee involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery.

790 Upper Gastrointestinal (UGI) Mural Thickening on Computed Tomography (CT) and its Significance in The Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) Pathway

Aim

Patients are frequently referred to the UGI MDT based on CT reported thickening of either the oesophagus, stomach, or duodenum. We have sought to illustrate the efficacy of CT within the UGI cancer referral pathway.

Method

A retrospective analysis was carried out on patients referred to the UGI MDT at a University Teaching Hospital over a 22-month period. Patients referred with CT evidence of UGI tract thickening prior to endoscopy were included. CT findings were correlated with symptomatology, subsequent endoscopy, and histology findings.

Results

442 patients were referred to the UGI MDT between April 2014 and February 2016. 125 were referred for CT thickening alone (67 (53.2%) oesophageal, 49 (39.2%) gastric, 9 (7.2%) duodenal). 49 (39.2%) patients were subsequently diagnosed with UGI cancer, 57 (45.6%) had evidence of benign disease and 18 (14.4%) patients had no abnormality evident on endoscopy. CT thickening of 15mm and above was significantly more likely be malignant versus thickening less than 15mm [42/87 (48.3%) vs 7/38 (18.4%); p &lt; 0.05]. Patients with thickening in the presence of a hiatus hernia were significantly less likely to have an associated cancer vs those without [3/26 (13%) vs 20/42 (51.1%); p &lt; 0.05].

Conclusions

We conclude that patients should not be referred for MDT opinion on CT evidence of UGI thickening alone. All patients should have an endoscopy prior to referral, particularly those with a hiatal hernia on CT. A high index of suspicion for malignancy should be adopted in patients with thickening greater than 15mm on imaging.

788 Variation Between Observed and Perceived Volume of Antireflux Operations Completed by Upper-Gastrointestinal Surgeons at a University Teaching Hospital

Aim

Increased institutional volume and surgeon experience with antireflux surgery has been shown to improve patient outcomes. We have sought to illustrate the discrepancy between the perceived (self-reported) and observed annual volume of anti-reflux operations completed by each surgeon.

Method

A retrospective questionnaire was delivered to all upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) surgeons performing antireflux surgeries (ARS) at a University Teaching Hospital. Surgeons were asked to estimate the quantity of NHS antireflux cases completed annually. Objective, anonymised data was retrieved from the Surgical Workload Outcomes Audit Database (SWORD) from 2017 to 2020 for comparison.

Results

127 ARS were completed by 6 UGI consultants between January 2018 and December 2020. The average number of ARS completed per surgeon was 5.8 (2-10) in 2018, 8.7 (4-11) in 2019 and 6.7 (1-11) in 2020. Conversely, the average number of self-reported annual procedures per surgeon was 22.4 (12-35). On average, participants overestimated the number of NHS ARS completed by 14.5 (4-27) cases or a factor of 2.08. No surgeon correctly or underestimated the number of ARS performed.

Conclusions

We conclude that self-reported operation volume should not be relied upon for the purposes of assessment or audit. Estimations of annual ARS procedures could be up to triple that suggested by objective data. We recommend that all surgeons maintain a database of ARS for the purpose of self-assessment and audit.

POS1148 RISK FACTORS FOR POLYARTICULAR GOUT FLARES—ANALYSIS OF A LONGITUDINAL ONLINE GOUT FOLLOW-UP STUDY

Background:

There are known and established risk factors for gout flares; however, no study has examined the factors specifically associated with a polyarticular gout flare.

Objectives:

Evaluate risk factors of a polyarticular gout flare in a longitudinal study of individuals with gout.

Methods:

We used data from the Boston Online Gout Study, a longitudinal internet-based case-crossover study, where gout patients with at least one flare within the past year were enrolled across the US. Participants (N=903) were followed prospectively for 1 year via the internet to collect information on gout flares and related data including number and specific joints involved, medical comorbidities, diet, exercise and medications.

A polyarticular gout flare was defined as having 3 or more joints involved during a patient-reported flare period. Individuals with at least one flare (to determine flare pattern) during follow-up were included in the analysis. Univariable associations were first assessed to determine factors were associated with polyarticular joint flares. was used to adjust for confounders. When assessing the association of each risk factor with prevalent polyarticular joint involvement, we used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting specific confounders guided by causal diagram.

Results:

There were 724 participants with at least one flare with a mean and median age of 55 years. The cohort was 78% male and 89% White with a mean gout disease duration of 8.1 years (median 5). 197 (27%) had a polyarticular gout flare. In univariable analysis (Table 1), female sex, osteoarthritis, obesity, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and gout related medication use were each associated with higher odds of polyarticular gout flare, whereas higher education, alcohol use at study enrollment and aspirin use were associated with lower odds. In multivariable analysis, obesity, osteoarthritis and heart failure remained associated with a higher odds of polyarticular gout flare, whereas education remained inversely associated.

Conclusion:

In this prospective cohort of gout patients, obesity, heart failure and osteoarthritis were independently associated with higher odds for polyarticular gout flares. Female sex was also positively associated, whereas higher education was protective. The positive association with gout-related medications likely reflects residual confounding by indication. If confirmed, these findings would help identify those at risk for polyarticular flares to help improve clinical care.

Table 1.

Associations with Polyarticular Gout Flare (≥ 3 joints)

Risk FactorUnivariable OR (95% CI)Age- and Sex-Adjusted OR (95% CI)Multivariable OR* (95% CI)Age ≥ 55 years (vs < 55)0.82 (0.59,1.14)0.77 (0.56,1.08)0.70 (0.49,1.01)Female Sex1.51 (1.04,2.22)1.55 (1.03,2.32)1.21 (0.78,1.88)White Race (vs Non-White)0.89 (0.54,1.48)0.93 (0.56,1.54)0.75 (0.44,1.28)Education (vs High School or Less)Some college0.63 (0.37,1.07)0.53 (0.37,1.07)0.68 (0.39,1.17)College0.45 (0.25,0.78)0.46 (0.26,0.81)0.49 (0.27,0.88)Post-graduate0.42 (0.25,0.72)0.44 (0.26,0.76)0.48 (0.28,0.84)Body Mass Index (kg/m2) at Enrollment (vs < 25)25-29.91.69 (0.85,3.33)1.77 (0.89,3.51)1.82 (0.90,3.65)≥ 302.38 (1.24,4.58)2.30 (1.19,4.43)2.19 (1.12,4.28)Alcohol Use at Enrollment (vs. Non-Use)0.60 (0.40,0.89)0.60 (0.40,0.91)**Gout Duration ≥ 5 years (vs < 5)0.85 (0.61,1.18)0.93 (0.66,1.31)0.95 (0.66,1.35)Presence of Comorbidities at Enrollment (vs Absence)Osteoarthritis2.35 (1.45,3.81)2.37 (1.43,3.95)2.39 (1.42,4.04)Heart Failure2.06 (1.11,3.81)2.21 (1.17,4.17)2.03 (1.06,3.91)Hypertension1.61 (1.08,2.40)1.69 (1.10,2.60)**Chronic Kidney Disease1.97 (1.03,3.78)2.11 (1.09,4.11)**Medication Use at Enrollment (vs No Use)Allopurinol1.58 (1.13,2.22)1.59 (1.13,2.23)**Diuretics1.53 (1.06,2.21)1.59 (1.06,2.38)**Oral Steroids2.21 (1.16,4.18)2.26 (1.19,4.31)**Aspirin0.68 (0.47,0.98)0.72 (0.49,1.07)**

*Mutually adjusted for the variables in this column

**Not included in model

Acknowledgements:

NIH P50AR060772.

Disclosure of Interests:

Jonathan Dau: None declared, Natalie McCormick: None declared, Sarah Stratton: None declared, Chio Yokose: None declared, Clara Chen: None declared, Tuhina Neogi Shareholder of: Lilly, EMD Merck Serono, Novartis, Regeneron, Pfizer/Lilly, David Hunter Shareholder of: Pfizer, Lilly, Merck Serono, Kenneth Saag Consultant of: Arthrosi, Horizon Therapeutics plc, Atom Bioscience, LG Pharma, Takeda, Mallinkrodt, SOBI, Grant/research support from: Horizon Therapeutics plc, Shanton, SOBI, Yuqing Zhang: None declared, Hyon Choi Consultant of: Ironwood, Selecta, Horizon, Takeda, Kowa, Vaxart, Grant/research support from: Ironwood, Horizon.

POS0269-HPR CONTENT VALIDITY OF A MULTIPLE LANGUAGES QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MEASURING FLARE IN KNEE AND HIP OA: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLARE-OA

Background:

Flare in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip (KHOA) is an important outcome for patients’ daily life and clinical research. A definition of a flare was set, and a core set of domains was recently endorsed by OMERACT/OARSI. No patient reported outcome (PRO) yet focusses on flare in OA specifically.

Objectives:

To develop a self-reporting instrument measuring flare in 5 languages, using qualitative methods and international Delphi consensus.

Methods:

We generated items using a dual-language (English and French) approach involving patients with OA from Australia, France and the United States and health care professionals (HCP) from international societies (OARSI, SFR, OMERACT). Item generation relied on semi-structured individual interviews conducted with OA patients and HCP and one focus group with patients. Content analysis allowed for identifying verbatim statements that were meaningful for patients and HCP. A Delphi consensus method was used to select the most relevant items, according to core domains set (OMERACT). A cross-cultural approach using current guidelines (1) was applied to produce Spanish (in Spain), Turkish and classical Arabic (in Morocco) versions using independent translation and expert committee to preserve its content validity.

Results:

From semi-structured interviews with 29 patients and 16 HCPs and one focus group with 10 patients, 180 statements in French (106) and English (77) were generated. Based on similarity or redundancy, 50 items with equivalent meaning in both languages were retained by an expert committee. After two Delphi rounds involving 50 patients and 116 HCPs from 17 countries on four continents, it was reduced to 33 items (response 0=not at all, to 10=absolutely) in five domains (pain, swelling, stiffness, consequences of symptoms and psychological aspects). This questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted into Spanish, Turkish and classical Arabic. The Spanish version uncovered one inappropriate item in the original questionnaire that was amended accordingly in all 5 languages.

Conclusion:

Flare is more than just an exacerbation of pain. The Flare-OA questionnaire includes all OMERACT recommended core domains. High content validity was seen in 2 original and 3 cross-culturally adapted languages. The Flare-OA should be considered as fit for purpose and evaluation of responsiveness in clinical studies in 5 languages.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Mortality from esophagectomy for esophageal cancer across low, middle, and high-income countries: An international cohort study

BACKGROUND

No evidence currently exists characterising global outcomes following major cancer surgery, including esophageal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise impact of high income countries (HIC) versus low and middle income countries (LMIC) on the outcomes following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

METHOD

This international multi-center prospective study across 137 hospitals in 41 countries included patients who underwent an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, with 90-day follow-up. The main explanatory variable was country income, defined according to the World Bank Data classification. The primary outcome was 90-day postoperative mortality, and secondary outcomes were composite leaks (anastomotic leak or conduit necrosis) and major complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade III - V). Multivariable generalized estimating equation models were used to produce adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%).

RESULTS

Between April 2018 to December 2018, 2247 patients were included. Patients from HIC were more significantly older, with higher ASA grade, and more advanced tumors. Patients from LMIC had almost three-fold increase in 90-day mortality, compared to HIC (9.4% vs 3.7%, p < 0.001). On adjusted analysis, LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day mortality (OR: 2.31, CI95%: 1.17-4.55, p = 0.015). However, LMIC were not independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic leaks (OR: 1.06, CI95%: 0.57-1.99, p = 0.9) or major complications (OR: 0.85, CI95%: 0.54-1.32, p = 0.5), compared to HIC.

CONCLUSION

Resections in LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day postoperative mortality, likely reflecting a failure to rescue of these patients following esophagectomy, despite similar composite anastomotic leaks and major complication rates to HIC. These findings warrant further research, to identify potential issues and solutions to improve global outcomes following esophagectomy for cancer.

POS0270-HPR FLARE-OA QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEASURE FLARES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE AND HIP: ASSESSMENT OF ITS PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Background:

Hip and knee OA is characterised by disease flares – understanding the determinants and consequences of OA flares has been hampered by lack of a standardized flare measure beyond the pain aspect. The patients point of view on the different aspect of their flares is essential.

Objectives:

The objective was to assess the psychometric properties of a new questionnaire for measuring the multidimensional aspect of flares in OA.

Methods:

Using a bilingual version of the questionnaire (33 items, response on a numeric scale, from 0 to 10), a multicentre survey (Australia, France and United States) was conducted on line with patients diagnosed with OA of the hip and/or the knee. Based on an international OMERACT/OARSI endorsed definition of the five core domains (pain, swelling, stiffness, consequences of symptoms and psychological aspects) composing a flare in OA [1], a confirmatory factorial analysis linked to the content analysis has been used to reduce the number of items and to determine the validity of the structure. The Flare-OA questionnaire (score from 0 to 100) has been tested in French and English for its internal consistency, its convergent validity with HOOS/KOOS and Mini-OAKHQOL questionnaires, and its discriminant validity.

Results:

Out of 398 patients (mean age 64 years old) who completed the questionnaire, 70.4% were female and 86.7% had knee OA. The confirmatory factorial analysis retained a model with 19 items (RMSEA =0.06; SRMR =0.04; CFI =0.96 and TLI = 0.94). The Cronbach Alpha was > 0.9 for the 5 domains and for the whole questionnaire. The correlations between the Flare-OA and the other instruments were in line with that hypothesis flare is related but different from other concepts usually measured. The discriminant validity was evidenced by a significant score difference (31.8; p<0,0001) between patients with and without flare, i.e. over twice the standard measurement error.

Conclusion:

The optimized Flare-OA questionnaire (19 items) is a reliable and valid instrument freely available from the authors for measuring the frequency and severity of flare in knee and hip OA in clinical research.

References:

[1]King LK, Epstein J, Cross M, et al. Establishing the Domains of Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis (OA) Flare: A Report from the OMERACT 2020 Inaugural Virtual Consensus Vote from the Flares in OA Working Group. (Submitted)

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Comparison of short-term outcomes from the International Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA), the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG), and the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit (DUCA)

BACKGROUND

The Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) and the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit (DUCA) have set standards in reporting outcomes after oesophagectomy. Reporting outcomes from selected high-volume centres or centralized national cancer programmes may not, however, be reflective of the true global prevalence of complications. This study aimed to compare complication rates after oesophagectomy from these existing sources with those of an unselected international cohort from the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA).

METHODS

The OGAA was a prospective multicentre cohort study coordinated by the West Midlands Research Collaborative, and included patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April and December 2018, with 90 days of follow-up.

RESULTS

The OGAA study included 2247 oesophagectomies across 137 hospitals in 41 countries. Comparisons with the ECCG and DUCA found differences in baseline demographics between the three cohorts, including age, ASA grade, and rates of chronic pulmonary disease. The OGAA had the lowest rates of neoadjuvant treatment (OGAA 75.1 per cent, ECCG 78.9 per cent, DUCA 93.5 per cent; P < 0.001). DUCA exhibited the highest rates of minimally invasive surgery (OGAA 57.2 per cent, ECCG 47.9 per cent, DUCA 85.8 per cent; P < 0.001). Overall complication rates were similar in the three cohorts (OGAA 63.6 per cent, ECCG 59.0 per cent, DUCA 62.2 per cent), with no statistically significant difference in Clavien-Dindo grades (P = 0.752). However, a significant difference in 30-day mortality was observed, with DUCA reporting the lowest rate (OGAA 3.2 per cent, ECCG 2.4 per cent, DUCA 1.7 per cent; P = 0.013).

CONCLUSION

Despite differences in rates of co-morbidities, oncological treatment strategies, and access to minimal-access surgery, overall complication rates were similar in the three cohorts.

Including public health considerations in trade and investment agreements

There is widespread recognition that trade and investment agreements (TIAs) can affect health services, access to medicines, NCD prevention (particularly related to tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy food) and health systems structures. In addition, these binding international economic agreements can constrain the policy space available for innovative, evidence-based health policymaking. Although TIAs can have positive outcomes for employment and economic growth, these benefits are only likely to accrue when governments are pro-active in implementing complementary policies to mitigate impacts on other sectors and to address potential inequalities arising.

The aim of this panel session is to examine the ways in which TIAs can be designed to achieve economic goals while also protecting public health, and identify complementary policy measures that may be needed as well as strategies for strategic policy engagement. This panel will be hosted by the UK-PRP PETRA Network (Prevention of noncommunicable disease using trade agreements). The UK will be negotiating a range of new TIAs over the coming years, representing a window of opportunity for strategic engagement with policymakers regarding how public health can be protected and promoted within these agreements. There is an emerging global body of evidence regarding how consideration of health can be integrated into TIAs, both textually and through strategic engagement with policymakers before and during the negotiation phase. Experience to date indicates common global challenges and opportunities for health and trade, as well as significant potential for cross country learning regarding trade and health. The panel discussion will use the UK experience as a springboard to address these global issues.

Proposed study designs for approval based on a surrogate endpoint and a post-marketing confirmatory study under FDA's accelerated approval regulations for disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs

In 1992, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) instituted the accelerated approval regulations that allow drugs or biologics for serious conditions that fill an unmet medical need to be approved on the basis of a surrogate endpoint or an intermediate clinical endpoint. The current definition of a serious condition includes chronic disabling conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), and thereby provides expanded opportunities for the use of biomarkers for regulatory approval of drugs for OA. The use of surrogates or intermediate clinical endpoints for initial regulatory approval of a drug or biologic requires confirmation in a post-marketing study of a drug effect on a clinically relevant outcome, such as on how a patient feels, functions or survives. Current FDA guidance requires that the post-marketing approval (PMA) study be ongoing during the time of initial drug approval. This white paper arose out of the need to brainstorm trial designs that might be suitable for PMA of drugs initially approved, on the basis of a surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoint, for treatment of OA to alter disease progression, abnormal function or pathological changes in the morphology of the joint. In this white paper we define the concept and regulations regarding accelerated approval and propose two major study design scenarios for PMA trials in OA. The long-term goal is to discuss and refine these designs in consultation with regulatory agencies in order to facilitate development of drugs to fill the large unmet need in OA.

Percutaneous gastric tube placement: Comparison of trans-abdominal and trans-oral approach in patients with chronic ascites

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare the trans-abdominal (TA) and trans-oral (TO) approaches for fluoroscopic-guided gastrostomy tube placement in patients with chronic ascites.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A 10-year review of clinical imaging and medical records at a single institution identified 29 patients with chronic recurrent ascites who underwent gastrostomy (GT) or gastro-jejunostomy tube (GJT) placement. In 22 patients (18 women, 4 men) aged from 22 to 76 years of age (mean age, 57.7±13.1 years), a GT or GJT was placed with the TO approach, and in 7 (7 women) from 31 to 86 years of age (mean age, 63±16.8 years) with the TA approach.

RESULTS

Technical success was 100% in both groups with one (1/22; 5%) immediate complication in the TO group. Fluoroscopy time was significantly greater in the TO group (P=0.002). Leakage of ascites was significantly more frequent in the TA group (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in bleeding or inflammation (P=0.14 and P=0.43, respectively). The cumulative tract related complication rate was significantly greater in the TA group (P=0.03).

CONCLUSION

Fluoroscopy times and the overall incidence of tract-related complications, in particular leakage of ascites from the stoma, are more frequent in patients in chronic ascites who underwent TA gastrostomy tube placement compared to those who underwent TO placement.

Perceptions of risk from workers in high risk industries with work related musculoskeletal disorders

BACKGROUND

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) remain a major occupational health problem, despite decades of research, outreach, and intervention.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to promote early identification and prevention of WMSDs by developing education and outreach materials grounded in interview data collected from workers that have recently filed for workers compensation (WC) for WMSDs.

PROCEDURES

We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with WC claimants (n=66) from high risk industries identified through the use of a Prevention Index (PI) in Washington state with WMSDs of the back, shoulder, hand/wrist, or knee.

RESULTS

Perceptions regarding the degree of exposure to WMSD risk factors, the social construction of pain, and the potential to implement injury-prevention measures varied widely. Many workers dismissed their injuries as the result of "fluke" or "freak" occurrences and framed their exposure to risk factors for WMSDs as either inevitable or "just part of the job."

CONCLUSIONS

Workers in high-risk industries for WMSDs described their work conditions in ways that suggested: (1) a lack of awareness of the potential for developing a WMSD, (2) a view of work-related pain as normal, and/or (3) a pattern of self-blame for WMSD onset. A paradigm that either asserts the inevitability of WMSDs or dismisses potential control measures presents both a significant barrier to injury prevention efforts as well as a major opportunity for future occupational health research.

A comparison of radiographic anatomic axis knee alignment measurements and cross-sectional associations with knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

Malalignment is associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), however, the optimal anatomic axis (AA) knee alignment measurement on a standard limb radiograph (SLR) is unknown. This study compares one-point (1P) and two-point (2P) AA methods using three knee joint centre locations and examines cross-sectional associations with symptomatic radiographic knee osteoarthritis (SRKOA), radiographic knee osteoarthritis (RKOA) and knee pain.

METHODS

AA alignment was measured six different ways using the KneeMorf software on 1058 SLRs from 584 women in the Chingford Study. Cross-sectional associations with principal outcome SRKOA combined with greatest reproducibility determined the optimal 1P and 2P AA method. Appropriate varus/neutral/valgus alignment categories were established using logistic regression with generalised estimating equation models fitted with restricted cubic spline function.

RESULTS

The tibial plateau centre displayed greatest reproducibility and associations with SRKOA. As mean 1P and 2P values differed by >2°, new alignment categories were generated for 1P: varus <178°, neutral 178-182°, valgus >182° and for 2P methods: varus <180°, neutral 180-185°, valgus >185°. Varus vs neutral alignment was associated with a near 2-fold increase in SRKOA and RKOA, and valgus vs neutral for RKOA using 2P method. Nonsignificant associations were seen for 1P method for SRKOA, RKOA and knee pain.

CONCLUSIONS

AA alignment was associated with SRKOA and the tibial plateau centre had the strongest association. Differences in AA alignment when 1P vs 2P methods were compared indicated bespoke alignment categories were necessary. Further replication and validation with mechanical axis alignment comparison is required.

Patella bone density is lower in knee osteoarthritis patients experiencing moderate-to-severe pain at rest

OBJECTIVE

To determine differences in patellar subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) between knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients with differing levels of pain at rest.

METHODS

The preoperative knee of 41 total knee replacement (TKR) patients was scanned using QCT and scored for pain using Western Ontario McMasters Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). 'Pain at rest' was defined as average pain while lying//sitting and nocturnal pain. Participants were divided into groups: 'mild-to-no pain at rest' and 'moderate-to-severe pain at rest'. We used a depth-specific CT-based mapping technique to measure patellar subchondral BMD at depths of 0-2.5 mm, 2.5-5 mm, and 5-7.5 mm from the subchondral surface. Mean lateral and medial facet BMD were compared between groups using MANCOVA.

RESULTS

Mean adjusted BMD was lower in participants with 'moderate-to-severe pain at rest' over the total lateral facet at depths of 0-2.5 mm (10% lower, p=0.041), 2.5-5 mm (20% lower, p=0.017), and 5-7.5 mm (25% lower, p=0.004), and over the total medial facet at 2.5-5 mm (22% lower, p=0.033) and 5-7.5 mm (28% lower, p=0.016).

CONCLUSIONS

In OA patients with 'moderate-to-severe pain at rest', depth-specific density measures demonstrated up to 28% lower lateral and medial subchondral BMD. Patients with high levels of pain at rest may have reduced amounts of native bone prior to TKR.

7th International Workshop on Osteoarthritis Imaging report: "imaging in OA--now is the time to move ahead"

The 7th Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) International Workshop on Osteoarthritis Imaging was held in Reykjavik, Iceland, from July 9-12, 2014; attracting attendees from academia, pharmaceutical and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) industries, as well as a large number of young investigators. The Workshop program consisted of six modules, including imaging in osteoarthritis (OA), imaging and pain in OA, new techniques in imaging, risk factors and structural outcomes, anti-nerve growth factor (a-NGF) therapy, and joint replacement. A wealth of data was presented from OA researchers from all over the world and participants gained insightful knowledge on up-to-date research work focusing on imaging of OA. This paper presents a summary of the salient points from the workshop.

CONCLUSIONS

Identifying the appropriate imaging modality and parameters will be critical for ensuring responsive, reproducible and reliable outcomes for clinical trials. Continued efforts from the OA research community are needed to establish the most effective use of imaging in OA clinical trials, including anti-NGF therapy and joint replacement trials, and to validate newer imaging techniques such as compositional MRI for use in the future clinical trials.

Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic joint disorder with a multifactorial etiology including genetic and environmental factors. Metabolic triggered inflammation, induced by nutrient overload and metabolic surplus, consists of components such as obesity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, abnormal metabolites, acute phase proteins, vitamin D deficiency, and deregulated microRNAs that may play a role in OA pathophysiology. Obesity-related metabolic factors, especially adipokines, contribute to OA development by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes, leading to cartilage matrix impairment and subchondral bone remodeling. Ectopic metabolite deposition and low-grade systemic inflammation can contribute to a toxic internal environment that exacerbates OA. Complement components highly expressed in osteoarthritic joints have also been proposed as causative factors. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with obesity and is implicated to be associated with cartilage loss in OA. Metabolic microRNAs may explain the inflammatory link between obesity and OA. Therapies targeting metabolic-triggered inflammation and its components are anticipated to have potential for the treatment of OA.

Magnetic resonance imaging of fixed post mortem brains reliably reflects subcortical vascular pathology of frontal, parietal and occipital white matter

AIMS

Subcortical vascular pathology of the white and deep grey matter (WM and DGM) is associated with cognitive impairment. Routine neuropathological assessment of subcortical vascular pathology is based on semiquantitative scoring of characteristic lesions in a limited number of histological slides from selected WM and DGM areas. Clinically, WM and DGM lesions are visualized as hyper-intensities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of MRI on fixed post mortem brain hemispheres to complement routine neuropathological assessment of subcortical vascular pathology.

METHODS

We assessed subcortical vascular pathology in 40 post mortem brain hemispheres from demented (n = 26) and nondemented (n = 14) individuals (mean age 83.2 ± 14.8 years; 62.5% female) using (i) routine histological assessment; (ii) extensive histological assessment of the entire hemisphere at 7-mm intervals; and (iii) full T2-weighted MRI performed on fixed post mortem brain hemispheres.

RESULTS

In both WM and DGM routine histological scores for subcortical vascular pathology were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the corresponding scores obtained by extensive histological assessment. In contrast, no significant differences were seen between scores obtained by MRI and extensive histological assessment in frontal, parietal and occipital lobes while MRI scores were significantly lower in the temporal WM and DGM (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study indicate that routine histological assessment underrates subcortical vascular pathology and we conclude that MRI could be used in addition to complement neuropathological post mortem assessment of subcortical vascular pathology of the WM.

Determining complete clinical response of radiologically disappearing colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy and how they should be managed

The 2013 Alpine Liver and Pancreatic Surgery meeting was held in Madonna di Campiglio, Italy. The meeting was organised by the Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. The following abstracts were selected for presentation at the meeting.

Using national surveys for mental health surveillance of individuals with intellectual disabilities in Canada

Introduction

Individuals with intellectual disabilities have a higher prevalence of health problems, including psychiatric and behavioural conditions, than the general population. However, there is little population-based information in Canada about individuals with a dual diagnosis of psychiatric disorder and intellectual impairment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) could be used to estimate the prevalence of dual diagnosis in Canada.

Methods

We undertook a secondary analysis of two population-based surveys to determine if these could be used to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric or behavioural conditions among adults with intellectual disabilities in Canada.

Results

The surveys reflect prevalence estimates of intellectual disabilities (CCHS: 0.2% and PALS: 0.5%) that are considerably lower than those published in the literature. While it was possible to calculate the proportion of individuals with a dual diagnosis (CCHS: 30.6% and PALS: 44.3%), the surveys were of limited use for detailed analyses. The estimates of prevalence derived from the surveys, especially from the CCHS, were of unacceptable quality due to high sampling variability and selection bias.

Conclusion

The estimates should be interpreted with caution due to concerns regarding the representativeness of the sample with intellectual disabilities in the national surveys.

Using national surveys for mental health surveillance of individuals with intellectual disabilities in Canada

INTRODUCTION

Individuals with intellectual disabilities have a higher prevalence of health problems, including psychiatric and behavioural conditions, than the general population. However, there is little population-based information in Canada about individuals with a dual diagnosis of psychiatric disorder and intellectual impairment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) could be used to estimate the prevalence of dual diagnosis in Canada.

METHODS

We undertook a secondary analysis of two population-based surveys to determine if these could be used to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric or behavioural conditions among adults with intellectual disabilities in Canada.

RESULTS

The surveys reflect prevalence estimates of intellectual disabilities (CCHS: 0.2% and PALS: 0.5%) that are considerably lower than those published in the literature. While it was possible to calculate the proportion of individuals with a dual diagnosis (CCHS: 30.6% and PALS: 44.3%), the surveys were of limited use for detailed analyses. The estimates of prevalence derived from the surveys, especially from the CCHS, were of unacceptable quality due to high sampling variability and selection bias.

CONCLUSION

The estimates should be interpreted with caution due to concerns regarding the representativeness of the sample with intellectual disabilities in the national surveys.

Stimulus-induced dissociation of neuronal firing rates and local field potential gamma power and its relationship to the resonance blood oxygen level-dependent signal in macaque primary visual cortex

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal is regularly used to assign neuronal activity to cognitive function. Recent analyses have shown that the local field potential (LFP) gamma power is a better predictor of the fMRI BOLD signal than spiking activity. However, LFP gamma power and spiking activity are usually correlated, clouding the analysis of the neural basis of the BOLD signal. We show that changes in LFP gamma power and spiking activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of the awake primate can be dissociated by using grating and plaid pattern stimuli, which differentially engage surround suppression and cross-orientation inhibition/facilitation within and between cortical columns. Grating presentation yielded substantial V1 LFP gamma frequency oscillations and significant multi-unit activity. Plaid pattern presentation significantly reduced the LFP gamma power while increasing population multi-unit activity. The fMRI BOLD activity followed the LFP gamma power changes, not the multi-unit activity. Inference of neuronal activity from the fMRI BOLD signal thus requires detailed a priori knowledge of how different stimuli or tasks activate the cortical network.