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Ehlers S, Blow R, Szczerbowski D, Jiggins C, Schulz S. Variation of Clasper Scent Gland Composition of Heliconius Butterflies from a Biodiversity Hotspot. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300537. [PMID: 37650217 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Male Heliconius butterflies possess two pheromone emitting structures, wing androconia and abdominal clasper scent glands. The composition of the clasper scent gland of males of 17 Heliconius and Eueides species from an overlapping area in Ecuador, comprising three mimicry groups, was investigated by GC/MS. The chemical signal serves as an anti-aphrodisiac signal that is transferred from males to females during mating, indicating the mating status of the female to prevent them from harassment by other males. In addition, the odour may also serve in predator defence. There is potential for convergence driven by mimicry, although, such convergence might be detrimental for species recognition of the butterflies within the mimicry ring, making mating more difficult. More than 500 compounds were detected, consisting of volatile, semi-volatile or non-volatile compounds, including terpenes, fatty acid esters or aromatic compounds. Several novel esters were identified by GC/MS and GC/IR data, microderivatisation and synthesis, including butyl (Z)-3-dodecenoate and other (Z)-3-alkenoates, 3-oxohexyl citronellate and 5-methylhexa-3,5-dienyl (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate. The secretions were found to be species specific, potentially allowing for species differentiation. Statistical analysis of the compounds showed differentiation by phylogenetic clade and species, but not by mimicry group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rachel Blow
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Cama B, Ehlers S, Szczerbowski D, Thomas-Oates J, Jiggins CD, Schulz S, McMillan WO, Dasmahapatra KK. Exploitation of an ancestral pheromone biosynthetic pathway contributes to diversification in Heliconius butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220474. [PMID: 35892212 PMCID: PMC9326301 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During courtship, male butterflies of many species produce androconial secretions containing male sex pheromones (MSPs) that communicate species identity and affect female choice. MSPs are thus likely candidates as reproductive barriers, yet their role in speciation remains poorly studied. Although Heliconius butterflies are a model system in speciation, their MSPs have not been investigated from a macroevolutionary perspective. We use GC/MS to characterize male androconial secretions in 33 of the 69 species in the Heliconiini tribe. We found these blends to be species-specific, consistent with a role in reproductive isolation. We detected a burst in blend diversification rate at the most speciose genus, Heliconius; a consequence of Heliconius and Eueides species using a fatty acid (FA) metabolic pathway to unlock more complex blends than basal Heliconiini species, whose secretions are dominated by plant-like metabolites. A comparison of 10 sister species pairs demonstrates a striking positive correlation between blend dissimilarity and range overlap, consistent with character displacement or reinforcement in sympatry. These results demonstrate for the first time that MSP diversification can promote reproductive isolation across this group of butterflies, showcasing how implementation of an ancestral trait, the co-option of the FA metabolic pathway for pheromone production, can facilitate rapid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cama
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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3
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Szczerbowski D, Ehlers S, Darragh K, Jiggins C, Schulz S. Head and Tail Oxidized Terpenoid Esters from Androconia of Heliconius erato Butterflies. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:1428-1435. [PMID: 35587731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heliconius erato is a neotropical butterfly species that is part of a complex mimicry ring, with colorful wing patterns. For intraspecific communication, males use pheromones that are released from two different scent-emitting structures. Scent glands located near the abdominal claspers of males, containing antiaphrodisiac pheromones, release a highly complex mixture of compounds that is transferred to females during mating, rendering them unattractive to other males. On the other hand, androconia, scent-emitting scale areas on the wings of male butterflies, release a structurally more restricted set of compounds that likely serves an aphrodisiac role. We report here on two structurally related compounds that are the major androconial constituents, produced in high amounts and are not volatile due to their high molecular mass. Their structures were established by extensive analysis of mass, infrared, and NMR spectra, as well as microderivatization reactions of the natural extract. After establishing synthetic access, the compounds were unequivocally identified as two unusual head and tail oxidized terpenoids, (4E,8E,12E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-16-oxoheptadeca-4,8,12-trien-1-yl oleate (1) and stearate (2). Although behavioral assays are necessary to fully comprehend their role in the chemical communication of the species, hypotheses for their use by the butterflies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kathy Darragh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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4
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Melo DJ, Borges EO, Szczerbowski D, Vidal DM, Schulz S, Zarbin PHG. Identification and Synthesis of a Macrolide as an Anti-aphrodisiac Pheromone from Males of Heliconius erato phyllis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3772-3775. [PMID: 35609879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the contents of the scent glands of the heliconiine butterfly Heliconius erato phyllis via gas chromatography/electroantennography revealed an unprecedented active compound. The males transfer this compound to females during mating. The structure of (2R,6E,10R)-2,6-dimethyl-6-undecen-10-olide, a derivative of geranylacetone, was proposed on the basis of infrared and mass spectrometry spectra and microderivatization and confirmed by racemic and stereoselective syntheses. Bioassays with the synthetic macrolide showed the repellency of this compound, termed phyllisolide, when applied to scent glands of females, identifying it as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Melo
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Química, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eliane O Borges
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Zoologia, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Química, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil.,Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diogo M Vidal
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paulo H G Zarbin
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Química, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
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5
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Camargo KC, de Aguilar MG, Moraes ARA, de Castro RG, Szczerbowski D, Miguel ELM, Oliveira LR, Sousa GF, Vidal DM, Duarte LP. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Isolated from Celastraceae: A Focus in the 13C-NMR Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030959. [PMID: 35164224 PMCID: PMC8838773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Celastraceae family comprises about 96 genera and more than 1.350 species, occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The species of this family stand out as important plant sources of triterpenes, both in terms of abundance and structural diversity. Triterpenoids found in Celastraceae species display mainly lupane, ursane, oleanane, and friedelane skeletons, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic against various tumor cell lines. This review aimed to document all triterpenes isolated from different botanical parts of species of the Celastraceae family covering 2001 to 2021. Furthermore, a compilation of their 13C-NMR data was carried out to help characterize compounds in future investigations. A total of 504 pentacyclic triterpenes were compiled and distinguished as 29 aromatic, 50 dimers, 103 friedelanes, 89 lupanes, 102 oleananes, 22 quinonemethides, 88 ursanes and 21 classified as others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Grasiely Faria Sousa
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
| | - Diogo Montes Vidal
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
| | - Lucienir Pains Duarte
- Correspondence: (G.F.S.); (D.M.V.); (L.P.D.);Tel.: +55-31-3409-5728 (G.F.S.); +55-31-3409-5750 (D.M.V.); +55-31-3409-5722 (L.P.D.)
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6
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Ehlers S, Szczerbowski D, Harig T, Stell M, Hötling S, Darragh K, Jiggins CD, Schulz S. Identification and Composition of Clasper Scent Gland Components of the Butterfly Heliconius erato and Its Relation to Mimicry. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3300-3313. [PMID: 34547164 PMCID: PMC9293309 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The butterfly Heliconius erato occurs in various mimetic morphs. The male clasper scent gland releases an anti‐aphrodisiac pheromone and additionally contains a complex mixture of up to 350 components, varying between individuals. In 114 samples of five different mimicry groups and their hybrids 750 different compounds were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Many unknown components occurred, which were identified using their mass spectra, gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy (GC/IR)‐analyses, derivatization, and synthesis. Key compounds proved to be various esters of 3‐oxohexan‐1‐ol and (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol with (S)‐2,3‐dihydrofarnesoic acid, accompanied by a large variety of other esters with longer terpene acids, fatty acids, and various alcohols. In addition, linear terpenes with up to seven uniformly connected isoprene units occur, e. g. farnesylfarnesol. A large number of the compounds have not been reported before from nature. Discriminant analyses of principal components of the gland contents showed that the iridescent mimicry group differs strongly from the other, mostly also separated, mimicry groups. Comparison with data from other species indicated that Heliconius recruits different biosynthetic pathways in a species‐specific manner for semiochemical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Harig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthew Stell
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susan Hötling
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathy Darragh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Storer Hall University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Szczerbowski D, Schulz S, Zarbin PHG. Total synthesis of four stereoisomers of methyl 4,8,12-trimethylpentadecanoate, a major component of the sex pheromone of the stink bug Edessa meditabunda. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:5034-5044. [PMID: 32573631 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The male-produced sex pheromone of the stink bug Edessa meditabunda was previously identified as a mixture of the esters methyl 4,8,12-trimethylpentadecanoate (1) and methyl 4,8,12-trimethyltetradecanoate (2), produced in a ratio of 92 : 8, respectively. Bioassays showed that the synthetic major compound alone is sufficient to elicit a response from females, and that it is as attractive as the natural extract. Here we present a stereoselective synthesis of four stereoisomers of methyl 4,8,12-trimethylpentadecanoate. The synthetic route was based on the connection of three chiral building blocks. High stereoisomeric purity was achieved by using commercially available compounds with defined stereochemistry, (R) and (S)-citronellol and methyl (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. Different stereoisomers were synthesized by swapping the sequence in which the building blocks were inserted into the synthetic route. The key steps in the synthesis were coupling reactions using the Fouquet-Schlosser variant of the Grignard reaction. Although the absolute configuration of the natural product remained elusive due to chromatographic inseparability of the stereoisomers, the syntheses gave access to both enantiomers of the biosynthetically most likely stereoisomer syn,syn-1, while all other stereoisomers can be efficiently synthesized by our straightforward approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Szczerbowski
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil. and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Darragh K, Orteu A, Black D, Byers KJRP, Szczerbowski D, Warren IA, Rastas P, Pinharanda A, Davey JW, Fernanda Garza S, Abondano Almeida D, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. A novel terpene synthase controls differences in anti-aphrodisiac pheromone production between closely related Heliconius butterflies. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001022. [PMID: 33465061 PMCID: PMC7815096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and insects often use the same compounds for chemical communication, but not much is known about the genetics of convergent evolution of chemical signals. The terpene (E)-β-ocimene is a common component of floral scent and is also used by the butterfly Heliconius melpomene as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone. While the biosynthesis of terpenes has been described in plants and microorganisms, few terpene synthases (TPSs) have been identified in insects. Here, we study the recent divergence of 2 species, H. melpomene and Heliconius cydno, which differ in the presence of (E)-β-ocimene; combining linkage mapping, gene expression, and functional analyses, we identify 2 novel TPSs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that one, HmelOS, is able to synthesise (E)-β-ocimene in vitro. We find no evidence for TPS activity in HcydOS (HmelOS ortholog of H. cydno), suggesting that the loss of (E)-β-ocimene in this species is the result of coding, not regulatory, differences. The TPS enzymes we discovered are unrelated to previously described plant and insect TPSs, demonstrating that chemical convergence has independent evolutionary origins. Plants and insects often use the same compounds for chemical communication, but little is known about the convergent evolution of such chemical signals. This study identifies a novel terpene synthase involved in production of an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone by the butterfly Heliconius melpomene. This enzyme is unrelated to other insect terpene synthases, providing evidence that the ability to synthesise terpenes has arisen multiple times independently within the insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Orteu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella Black
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ian A. Warren
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Pinharanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Panamá
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Mann F, Szczerbowski D, de Silva L, McClure M, Elias M, Schulz S. 3-Acetoxy-fatty acid isoprenyl esters from androconia of the ithomiine butterfly Ithomia salapia. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2776-2787. [PMID: 33281981 PMCID: PMC7684689 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae) have hairpencils on the forewings (i.e., androconia) that disseminate semiochemicals during courtship. While most ithomiines are known to contain derivatives of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, dihydropyrrolizines, or γ-lactones in these androconia, here we report on a new class of fatty acid esters identified in two subspecies, Ithomia salapia aquinia and I. s. derasa. The major components were identified as isoprenyl (3-methyl-3-butenyl) (Z)-3-acetoxy-11-octadecenoate, isoprenyl (Z)-3-acetoxy-13-octadecenoate (12) and isoprenyl 3-acetoxyoctadecanoate (11) by GC/MS and GC/IR analyses, microderivatizations, and synthesis of representative compounds. The absolute configuration of 12 was determined to be R. The two subspecies differed not only in the composition of the ester bouquet, but also in the composition of more volatile androconial constituents. While some individuals of I. s. aquinia contained ithomiolide A (3), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid derived γ-lactone, I. s. derasa carried the sesquiterpene α-elemol (8) in the androconia. These differences might be important for the reproductive isolation of the two subspecies, in line with previously reported low gene exchange between the two species in regions where they co-occur. Furthermore, the occurrence of positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acid derivatives indicates activity of two different desaturases within these butterflies, Δ9 and Δ11, which has not been reported before in male Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa de Silva
- Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Melanie McClure
- Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Soldi RA, Szczerbowski D, Zarbin PHG. A new enantioselective synthesis of the four stereoisomers of pallantione, the male-produced sex pheromone of Pallantia macunaima (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Turchetti DA, Nolasco MM, Szczerbowski D, Carlos LD, Akcelrud LC. Light emission of a polyfluorene derivative containing complexed europium ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26238-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure red emission in the solid state was achieved through energy transfer from a polyfluorene derivative (blue emitter) to europium complexed sites inserted into the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Augusto Turchetti
- Chemistry Department
- Paulo Scarpa Polymer Laboratory (LaPPS)
- Federal University of Parana
- Curitiba, Parana
- Brazil
| | - Mariela Martins Nolasco
- Physics Department and CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | | | - Luís Dias Carlos
- Physics Department and CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Leni Campos Akcelrud
- Chemistry Department
- Paulo Scarpa Polymer Laboratory (LaPPS)
- Federal University of Parana
- Curitiba, Parana
- Brazil
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12
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Pitarelo A, Szczerbowski D, Ndiaye P, Filho AZ, Ramos L. Steam explosion of cane bagasse using phosphoric acid as the pretreatment catalyst. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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