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Al-Mohammadi B, Wang JX, Jiang H, Parvatkar P, Shkurenko A, Bhatt PM, Tashkandi NY, Shekhah O, Mohammed OF, Eddaoudi M, Alezi D. Rare Earth alb-MOFs: From Synthesis to Their Deployment for Amine-Sensing Application in Aqueous Media. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38230646 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of developing sensors, characterized by their fluorescence-intensity enhancement or "turn-on" behavior, for accurately detecting noxious small molecules, such as amines, at minimal levels remains a significant challenge. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates as sensors as a result of their diverse structural features and tunable properties. This study introduces the rational synthesis of a new highly coordinated (6,12)-connected rare earth (RE) alb-MOF-3, by combining the nonanuclear 12-connected hexagonal prismatic building units, [RE9(μ3-O)2(μ3-X)12(OH)2(H2O)7(O2C-)12], with the 6-connected rigid trigonal prismatic extended triptycene ligand. The resulting Y-alb-MOF-3 material is distinguished by its high microporosity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of approximately 1282 m2/g, which offers notable hydrolytic stability. Remarkably, it demonstrates selective detection capabilities for primary aliphatic amines in aqueous media, as evidenced by fluorescence turn-on behavior and photoluminescence (PL) titration measurements. This work emphasizes the potential of MOFs as sensors in advancing their selectivity and sensitivity toward various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Al-Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao Jiang
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prakash Parvatkar
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksander Shkurenko
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant M Bhatt
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Y Tashkandi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Alezi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Alezi D, Oppenheim JJ, Sarver PJ, Iliescu A, Dinakar B, Dincă M. Tunable Low-Relative Humidity and High-Capacity Water Adsorption in a Bibenzotriazole Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25233-25241. [PMID: 37956363 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Materials capable of selectively adsorbing or releasing water can enable valuable applications ranging from efficient humidity and temperature control to the direct atmospheric capture of potable water. Despite recent progress in employing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as privileged water sorbents, developing a readily accessible, water-stable MOF platform that can be systematically modified for high water uptake at low relative humidity remains a significant challenge. We herein report the development of a tunable MOF that efficiently captures atmospheric water (up to 0.78 g water/g MOF) across a range of uptake humidity (27-45%) employing a readily accessible Zn bibenzotriazolate MOF, CFA-1 ([Zn5(OAc)4(bibta)3], H2bibta = 1H,1H'-5,5'-bibenzo[d][1,2,3]triazole), as a base for subsequent diversification. Controlling the metal identity (zinc, nickel) and coordinating nonstructural anion (acetate, chloride) via postsynthetic exchange modulates the relative humidity of uptake, facilitating the use of a single MOF scaffold for a diverse range of potential water sorption applications. We further present a fundamental theory dictating how continuous variation of the pore environment affects the relative humidity of uptake. Exchange of substituents preserves capacity for water sorption, increases hydrolytic stability (with 5.7% loss in working capacity over 450 water adsorption-desorption cycles for the nickel-chloride-rich framework), and enables continuous modulation for the relative humidity of pore condensation. This combination of stability and tunability within a synthetically accessible framework renders Ni-incorporated M5X4bibta3 promising materials for practical water sorption applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alezi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick J Sarver
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrei Iliescu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bhavish Dinakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Alezi D, Jia J, Bhatt PM, Shkurenko A, Solovyeva V, Chen Z, Belmabkhout Y, Eddaoudi M. Reticular Chemistry for the Construction of Highly Porous Aluminum-Based nia-Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10661-10666. [PMID: 35771949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Edge-transitive nets are regarded as appropriate blueprints for the practice of reticular chemistry, and in particular, for the rational design and synthesis of functional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Among edge-transitive nets, type I edge-transitive nets have unique coordination figures, offering only one edge-transitive target for their associated expressed net-cBUs. Here, we report the reticulation of the binodal edge-transitive (6, 6)-c nia net in MOF chemistry, namely, the deliberate assembly of trinuclear aluminum clusters and 6-connected hexacarboxylate ligands into highly porous nia-MOFs. Further studies reveal that Al-nia-MOF-1 shows promising attributes as a storage media for oxygen (O2) at high-pressure adsorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alezi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant M Bhatt
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksander Shkurenko
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vera Solovyeva
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Belmabkhout
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Chen Z, Thiam Z, Shkurenko A, Weselinski LJ, Adil K, Jiang H, Alezi D, Assen AH, O’Keeffe M, Eddaoudi M. Enriching the Reticular Chemistry Repertoire with Minimal Edge-Transitive Related Nets: Access to Highly Coordinated Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Double Six-Membered Rings as Net-Coded Building Units. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20480-20489. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeynabou Thiam
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksander Shkurenko
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lukasz J. Weselinski
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Adil
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao Jiang
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Alezi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayalew H. Assen
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael O’Keeffe
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Towsif Abtab SM, Alezi D, Bhatt PM, Shkurenko A, Belmabkhout Y, Aggarwal H, Weseliński ŁJ, Alsadun N, Samin U, Hedhili MN, Eddaoudi M. Reticular Chemistry in Action: A Hydrolytically Stable MOF Capturing Twice Its Weight in Adsorbed Water. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Alezi D, Spanopoulos I, Tsangarakis C, Shkurenko A, Adil K, Belmabkhout Y, O Keeffe M, Eddaoudi M, Trikalitis PN. Reticular Chemistry at Its Best: Directed Assembly of Hexagonal Building Units into the Awaited Metal-Organic Framework with the Intricate Polybenzene Topology, pbz-MOF. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12767-12770. [PMID: 27615117 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to direct the assembly of hexagonal building units offers great prospective to construct the awaited and looked-for hypothetical polybenzene (pbz) or "cubic graphite" structure, described 70 years ago. Here, we demonstrate the successful use of reticular chemistry as an appropriate strategy for the design and deliberate construction of a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with the intricate pbz underlying net topology. The judicious selection of the perquisite hexagonal building units, six connected organic and inorganic building blocks, allowed the formation of the pbz-MOF-1, the first example of a Zr(IV)-based MOF with pbz topology. Prominently, pbz-MOF-1 is highly porous, with associated pore size and pore volume of 13 Å and 0.99 cm3 g-1, respectively, and offers high gravimetric and volumetric methane storage capacities (0.23 g g-1 and 210.4 cm3 (STP) cm-3 at 80 bar). Notably, the pbz-MOF-1 pore system permits the attainment of one of the highest CH4 adsorbed phase density enhancements at high pressures (0.15 and 0.21 g cm-3 at 35 and 65 bar, respectively) as compared to benchmark microporous MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alezi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development (FMD3), Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , Voutes 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aleksander Shkurenko
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development (FMD3), Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Adil
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development (FMD3), Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Belmabkhout
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development (FMD3), Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael O Keeffe
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development (FMD3), Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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7
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Alezi D, Belmabkhout Y, Suyetin M, Bhatt PM, Weseliński ŁJ, Solovyeva V, Adil K, Spanopoulos I, Trikalitis PN, Emwas AH, Eddaoudi M. MOF Crystal Chemistry Paving the Way to Gas Storage Needs: Aluminum-Based soc-MOF for CH4, O2, and CO2 Storage. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13308-18. [PMID: 26364990 PMCID: PMC4616230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The molecular building block approach
was employed effectively
to construct a series of novel isoreticular, highly porous and stable,
aluminum-based metal–organic frameworks with soc topology. From this platform, three compounds were experimentally
isolated and fully characterized: namely, the parent Al-soc-MOF-1 and its naphthalene and anthracene analogues. Al-soc-MOF-1 exhibits outstanding gravimetric methane uptake (total and
working capacity). It is shown experimentally, for the first time,
that the Al-soc-MOF platform can address the challenging
Department of Energy dual target of 0.5 g/g (gravimetric) and 264
cm3 (STP)/cm3 (volumetric) methane storage.
Furthermore, Al-soc-MOF exhibited the highest total gravimetric
and volumetric uptake for carbon dioxide and the utmost total and
deliverable uptake for oxygen at relatively high pressures among all
microporous MOFs. In order to correlate the MOF pore structure and
functionality to the gas storage properties, to better understand
the structure–property relationship, we performed a molecular
simulation study and evaluated the methane storage performance of
the Al-soc-MOF platform using diverse organic linkers.
It was found that shortening the parent Al-soc-MOF-1
linker resulted in a noticeable enhancement in the working volumetric
capacity at specific temperatures and pressures with amply conserved
gravimetric uptake/working capacity. In contrast, further expansion
of the organic linker (branches and/or core) led to isostructural
Al-soc-MOFs with enhanced gravimetric uptake but noticeably
lower volumetric capacity. The collective experimental and simulation
studies indicated that the parent Al-soc-MOF-1 exhibits
the best compromise between the volumetric and gravimetric total and
working uptakes under a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Alezi D, Peedikakkal AMP, Weseliński ŁJ, Guillerm V, Belmabkhout Y, Cairns AJ, Chen Z, Wojtas Ł, Eddaoudi M. Quest for Highly Connected Metal–Organic Framework Platforms: Rare-Earth Polynuclear Clusters Versatility Meets Net Topology Needs. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5421-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Alezi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik P. Peedikakkal
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz J. Weseliński
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Guillerm
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef Belmabkhout
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amy J. Cairns
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD3), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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