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Freyssin A, Fauconneau B, Chassaing D, Rioux Bilan A, Page G. Chronic intraperitoneal injection of polyethylene glycol 200 in mice induces hippocampal neuroinflammation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1995-2002. [PMID: 33715554 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1894738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo treatment of hydrophobic substances requires the use of organic solvents, which are often toxic. Consequently, polyethylene glycols (PEGs), which are considered as nontoxic, have been widely used for many years in chemistry and biology. We used PEG 200, which was administrated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection once a week to mice. After 4 months of injections, at the dose of 1.67 mL/kg, a surprising increase in expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and IBA1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1), glial markers of astrocytes and microglia respectively, was observed in the mice's hippocampus. These results were associated with a dramatic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, all together suggesting an inflammatory process. It is important to communicate these results to the scientific community to provide awareness of this potential effect when PEG 200 is used under similar conditions as a vehicle in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Freyssin
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bernard Fauconneau
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Damien Chassaing
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Agnès Rioux Bilan
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guylène Page
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Caillaud M, Guillard J, Richard D, Milin S, Chassaing D, Paccalin M, Page G, Rioux Bilan A. Trans ε viniferin decreases amyloid deposits and inflammation in a mouse transgenic Alzheimer model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212663. [PMID: 30785960 PMCID: PMC6382128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) induces several cellular and molecular damages, it could be interesting to use multi-target molecules for therapeutics. We previously published that trans ε-viniferin induced the disaggregation of Aβ42 peptide and inhibited the inflammatory response in primary cellular model of AD. Here, effects of this stilbenoid were evaluated in transgenic APPswePS1dE9 mice. We report that trans ε-viniferin could go through the blood brain barrier, reduces size and density of amyloid deposits and decreases reactivity of astrocytes and microglia, after a weekly intraperitoneal injection at 10 mg/kg from 3 to 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Caillaud
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
| | - Jérôme Guillard
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285 Institute of Chemistry of Poitiers: Materials and Natural Resources, POITIERS, France
| | - Damien Richard
- Department of Pharmacology and biological Toxicology, UMR INSERM 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Milin
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
- Poitiers University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Poitiers, France
| | - Damien Chassaing
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
- Poitiers University Hospital, Geriatrics Department, Poitiers, France
- Poitiers University Hospital, CMRR, Poitiers, France
| | - Guylène Page
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
| | - Agnès Rioux Bilan
- University of Poitiers, EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Disorders, Pôle Biologie Santé, POITIERS, France
- * E-mail:
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Vérité J, Janet T, Chassaing D, Fauconneau B, Rabeony H, Page G. Longitudinal chemokine profile expression in a blood-brain barrier model from Alzheimer transgenic versus wild-type mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:182. [PMID: 29898739 PMCID: PMC6001165 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is widely described since the discovery of histopathological lesions in Mrs. Auguste Deter in 1906. However to date, there is no effective treatment to deal with the many cellular and molecular alterations. The complexity is even higher with the growing evidence of involvement of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Indeed, monocytes and T cells are shown in the cerebral parenchyma of AD patients, and these cells grafted to the periphery are able to go through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in transgenic mouse models. It is known that BBB is disrupted at a late stage of AD. Chemokines represent major regulators of the transmigration of PBMCs, but many data were obtained on AD animal models. No data are available on the role of AD BBB in a healthy brain parenchyma. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the longitudinal chemokine profile expression in a BBB model from AD transgenic mice versus wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS A primary mouse BBB model was used with a luminal compartment either AD or WT and an abluminal compartment WT consisting of astrocytes and microglia. PBMCs were extracted by a ficoll gradient and incubated in the transwell with a direct contact with the luminal side, including the endothelial cells and pericytes. Then, the complete BBB model was incubated during 48 h, before supernatants and cell lysates were collected. Chemokines were quantified by X-MAP® luminex technology. RESULTS Abluminal CX3CL1 production increased in 12-month-old AD BBB while CX3CL1 levels decreased in luminal lysates. CCL3 in luminal compartment increased with aging and was significantly different compared to AD BBB at 12 months. In addition, abluminal CCL2 in 12-month-old AD BBB greatly decreased compared to levels in WT BBB. On the contrary, no modification was observed for CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL10. CONCLUSION These first findings highlighted the impact of AD luminal compartment on chemokine signature in a healthy brain parenchyma, suggesting new therapeutic or diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Vérité
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - T. Janet
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - D. Chassaing
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - B. Fauconneau
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - H. Rabeony
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
- SATT Grand Centre- Société d’Accélération du Transfert de Technologie, 8, rue Pablo Picasso, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G. Page
- EA3808, molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
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Verite J, Janet T, Julian A, Chassaing D, Page G, Paccalin M. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Control CCL4 and CXCL10 Levels in a Human Blood Brain Barrier Model. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018; 14:1215-1228. [PMID: 28413983 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170417110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by a neuroinflammation triggering chemoattractant signals towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which in turn could reduce amyloid plaques after transmigration through the blood brain barrier (BBB). But the chemotactic environment remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To analyze five chemokines known to be involved in AD in three different cellular models to better understand the cellular and molecular interactions in the BBB. METHOD Chemokines (CCL-2, 4 and 5, CXCL10 and CX3CL1) were measured in isolated cells, a BBB model without PBMCs (H4 and hCMEC/D3 cells, a neuroglioma and human endothelial cells, respectively) and in a complete BBB model with PBMCs from AD patients at a moderate stage. In one set of experiments, H4 cells were treated with Aβ42. RESULTS CCL2 and CCL5 significantly increased in hCMEC/D3 and H4 cells in the complete BBB model. In turn, the rate of CCL2 increased in PBMCs whereas for CCL5, it decreased. CXCL10 increased in all cellular actors in the complete BBB model, compared to isolated cells. For CCL4, PBMCs induced a robust increase in H4 and hCMEC/D3. In turn, the level of CCL4 decreased in PBMCs. Furthermore, PBMCs triggered a significant increase in CX3CL1 in hCMEC/D3. Surprisingly, no effect of Aβ42 was observed in the complete BBB model. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the interest of a BBB model in order to explore chemokine production. For the first time, results showed that PBMCs from patients with AD can control the production of CCL4 and CXCL10 in a human BBB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Verite
- Universite de Poitiers, Pole Biologie Sante, Batiment B36 Secteur β - Niveau 0, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Janet
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Adrien Julian
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Damien Chassaing
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Guylene Page
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France
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François A, Julian A, Ragot S, Dugast E, Blanchard L, Brishoual S, Chassaing D, Page G, Paccalin M. Inflammatory Stress on Autophagy in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease during 24 Months of Follow-Up. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138326. [PMID: 26393801 PMCID: PMC4578953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is senescent whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could infiltrate the brain to phagocyte amyloid deposits. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the amyloid peptide clearance remain unknown. Autophagy is a physiological degradation of proteins and organelles and can be controlled by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of inflammation on autophagy in PBMCs from AD patients at baseline, 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Furthermore, PBMCs from healthy patients were also included and treated with 20 μM amyloid peptide 1-42 to mimic AD environment. For each patient, PBMCs were stimulated with the mitogenic factor, phytohaemagglutin (PHA), and treated with either 1 μM C16 as an anti-inflammatory drug or its vehicle. Autophagic markers (Beclin-1, p62/sequestosome 1 and microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3: LC3) were quantified by western blot and cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-1β, Tumor necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and IL-6) by Luminex X-MAP® technology. Beclin-1 and TNF-α levels were inversely correlated in AD PBMCs at 12 months post-inclusion. In addition, Beclin-1 and p62 increased in the low inflammatory environment induced by C16. Only LC3-I levels were inversely correlated with cognitive decline at baseline. For the first time, this study describes longitudinal changes in autophagic markers in PBMCs of AD patients under an inflammatory environment. Inflammation would induce autophagy in the PBMCs of AD patients while an anti-inflammatory environment could inhibit their autophagic response. However, this positive response could be altered in a highly aggressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud François
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrien Julian
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Neurology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Geriatrics Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Emilie Dugast
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- CIC-P 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Ludovic Blanchard
- Geriatrics Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- CIC-P 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Damien Chassaing
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guylène Page
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Paccalin
- EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- Geriatrics Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- CIC-P 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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François A, Rioux Bilan A, Quellard N, Fernandez B, Janet T, Chassaing D, Paccalin M, Terro F, Page G. Longitudinal follow-up of autophagy and inflammation in brain of APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:139. [PMID: 25158693 PMCID: PMC4154524 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, studies have sought to understand the mechanisms involved in the alteration of autophagic flux in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alongside the recent description of the impairment of lysosomal acidification, we wanted to study the relationships between inflammation and autophagy, two physiological components deregulated in AD. Therefore, a longitudinal study was performed in APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice at three, six and twelve months of age. Methods Autophagic markers (Beclin-1, p62 and LC3) and the activation of mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were quantified by western blot. Cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to detect autophagic vacuoles. Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare wild-type (WT) versus APPswePS1dE9 mice. Longitudinal changes in parameters were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a post-hoc Dunn’s test. Correlation between two parameters was assessed using a Spearman test. Results Compared to 12-month old WT mice, 12-month old APPswePS1dE9 mice had higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, a greater inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway and lower levels of Beclin-1 expression both in cortex and hippocampus. Regarding the relationship of the various parameters in 12-month old APPswePS1dE9 mice, Beclin-1 rates were positively correlated with IL-1β and TNF-α levels. And, on the contrary, TNF-α levels were inversely correlated with the levels of mTOR activation. Altogether, these results suggest that inflammation could induce autophagy in APPswePS1dE9 mice. However, these transgenic mice displayed a large accumulation of autophagic vesicles within dystrophic neurons in cortex and hippocampus, indicating a terminal failure in the autophagic process. Conclusions This first demonstration of relationships between inflammation and autophagy in in vivo models of AD should be taken into account in new therapeutic strategies to prevent inflammation and/or stimulate autophagy in advanced neurodegenerative process such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud François
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers, TSA 51106, Cedex 9, France.
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François A, Terro F, Quellard N, Fernandez B, Chassaing D, Janet T, Rioux Bilan A, Paccalin M, Page G. Impairment of autophagy in the central nervous system during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory stress in mice. Mol Brain 2014; 7:56. [PMID: 25169902 PMCID: PMC4237961 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence suggests a central role for autophagy in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, it is well admitted that inflammation contributes to the progression of these diseases. Interestingly, crosstalks between autophagy and inflammation have been reported in vitro and at the peripheral level such as in Crohn’s disease. However, the impact of systemic inflammation on autophagic components in the brain remains to be documented. Therefore, this study monitored autophagy markers after acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory stress in mice. Results We showed that acute inflammation, 24 h post-intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg LPS, substantially increased cytokine production (Interleukin(IL)-1β, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6), decreased the levels of autophagy markers (Beclin-1, p62 and LC3 II) and reduced p70S6K activation in cortex and hippocampus. In hippocampus, IL-1β levels and LC3 II expression were positively and highly correlated and a negative correlation was noted between TNF-α levels and p70S6K activation. Chronic inflammation by injection of 0.5 mg/kg LPS every three days during three months led to a moderate IL-1β production and decreased TNF-α levels. Interestingly, Beclin-1 and LC3 II levels decreased while those of p62 increased. Cortical IL-1β levels positively correlated with Beclin-1 and LC3 II and on the contrary inversely correlated with p62. Conclusion The present study is the first showing links between IL-1β-mediated inflammation and autophagy in the brain. It could open to new therapeutic strategies in brain diseases where regulation impairment of inflammation and autophagy progress with the severity of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud François
- EA3808 molecular Targets and Therapeutic of Alzheimer's disease, University of Poitiers, Poitiers F-86073, France.
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Marouani-Gadri N, Chassaing D, Carpentier B. Comparative evaluation of biofilm formation and tolerance to a chemical shock of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. J Food Prot 2009; 72:157-64. [PMID: 19205478 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seven Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains, three pathogenic (including epidemic EDL933 and Sakai) and four nonpathogenic (including mutants of EDL933 and Sakai), were compared to find a model strain to avoid the use of European third-class biological agents in biofilm studies. Comparison was performed on attached populations reached at the end of growth in eight environmental conditions defined as the combinations of three two-level factors: (i) culture medium composed of meat exudate and glucose-supplemented minimal salts medium (MSM), (ii) growth temperatures of 15 and 25 degrees C, and (iii) materials of stainless steel and polyurethane. The influence of each of these four factors (strain, medium, temperature, and material) often depended on the level of at least one of the others. Exudate produced attached populations that were larger than or similar to those obtained with MSM, except for EDL933 mutant at 15 degrees C. When exudate led to larger populations than did MSM, the highest differences of up to 1.8 log CFU/cm2 were observed with the nonepidemic strains grown at 25 degrees C. Populations of these strains were not significantly different in any of the conditions studied, but they were different from the epidemic strains in some conditions. No nonpathogenic mutant was representative of its parental strain. Furthermore, the Sakai mutant biofilm was significantly more reduced than its parental strain was after chemical shock. It is therefore not possible to find a surrogate of either EDL933 or Sakai, and it is advisable that main results be validated on a pathogenic strain whenever nonpathogenic strains are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Marouani-Gadri
- Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la qualité des aliments et sur les procédés agroalimentaires, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Cherkashin N, Bonafos C, Coffin H, Carrada M, Schamm S, Ben Assayag G, Chassaing D, Dimitrakis P, Normand P, Perego M, Fanciulli M, Muller T, Heinig KH, Claverie A. Fabrication of nanocrystal memories by ultra low energy ion implantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200460523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Leriche V, Chassaing D, Carpentier B. Behaviour of L. monocytogenes in an artificially made biofilm of a nisin-producing strain of Lactococcus lactis. Int J Food Microbiol 1999; 51:169-82. [PMID: 10574092 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Listeria monocytogenes in a binary biofilm with a bacteriocin producer (Lactococcus lactis CNRZ 150) was investigated. Two situations were simulated: in the first, L. monocytogenes was deposited on a 1-day biofilm of Lactococcus lactis (deferred adhesion); in the second, L. monocytogenes was simultaneously mixed with Lact. lactis (simultaneous adhesion). Biofilms were cultivated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 6 g l(-1) of yeast extract (TSB-YE) and L. monocytogenes counts were followed for 48 h, both in co-culture with Lact. lactis and in pure culture. The influence of the mode of inoculation of L. monocytogenes (deferred or simultaneous adhesion) into the Lact. lactis biofilm, the size of the L. monocytogenes inoculum and the replacement of the culture medium at 20-24 h on the survival of L. monocytogenes was studied. Results showed that the antilisterial activity of the Lact. lactis started within the first 6 h of the deposition of L. monocytogenes. The log cycle reduction rate in number of L. monocytogenes in the mixed biofilm (compared to the pure biofilm) was greatly dependent on the inoculum size: when the smallest inoculum was used to colonise stainless steel coupons (10(6)-10(7) CFU ml(-1)), the log cycle reduction was greater and L. monocytogenes was not detected after t = 10 h (simultaneous adhesion) and t = 24 h (deferred adhesion) in the adherent population as well as in the planktonic population. On the other hand, in the case of a greater supply of L. monocytogenes (10(8) CFU ml(-1)), the results showed that the early reduction of L. monocytogenes counts was relatively slow and was followed by a stabilisation of the population, leading to the establishment of a great number of resident cells in the biofilm (10(5) to 106 CFU cm(-2)). This population level was maintained during the 48 h of experimentation and replacement of the culture media with fresh medium at t = 22 h (simultaneous adhesion) or t = 24 h (deferred adhesion) did not modify the level of the population of L. monocytogenes within the biofilm.
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