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Dannenhoffer A, Sai H, Huang D, Nagasing B, Harutyunyan B, Fairfield DJ, Aytun T, Chin SM, Bedzyk MJ, Olvera de la Cruz M, Stupp SI. Impact of charge switching stimuli on supramolecular perylene monoimide assemblies. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5779-5786. [PMID: 31293765 PMCID: PMC6568310 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive amphiphilic supramolecular nanostructures is an attractive target for systems based on light-absorbing chromophores that can function as photosensitizers in water. We report here on a water soluble supramolecular carboxylated perylene monoimide system in which charge can be switched significantly by a change in pH. This was accomplished by substituting the perylene core with an ionizable hydroxyl group. In acidic environments, crystalline supramolecular nanoribbons with dimensions on the order of 500 × 50 × 2 nm form readily, while in basic solution the additional electrostatic repulsion of the ionized hydroxyl reduces assemblies to very small dimensions on the order of only several nanometers. The HOMO/LUMO levels were also found to be sensitive to pH; in acidic media the HOMO/LUMO levels are -5.65 and -3.70 eV respectively versus vacuum, whereas is in basic conditions they are -4.90 and -3.33 eV, respectively. Utilizing the assemblies as photosensitizers in photocatalytic production of hydrogen with [Mo3S13]2- as a catalyst at a pH of 4, H2 was generated with a turnover number of 125 after 18 hours. Charge switching the assemblies at a pH of 9-10 and using an iron porphyrin catalyst, protons could again be reduced to hydrogen and CO2 was reduced to CO with a turnover number of 30. The system investigated offers an example of dynamic photosensitizing assemblies that can drive reactions in both acidic and basic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 303 E. Superior , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , USA
| | - Dongxu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Benjamin Nagasing
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA .
| | - Boris Harutyunyan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Daniel J Fairfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Taner Aytun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Stacey M Chin
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA .
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA .
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA.,Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA . .,Department of Medicine , Northwestern University , 676 N St. Clair , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute , Northwestern University , 303 E. Superior , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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Passarelli JV, Fairfield DJ, Sather NA, Hendricks MP, Sai H, Stern CL, Stupp SI. Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7313-7323. [PMID: 29869499 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Layered perovskites with the formula (R-NH3)2PbI4 have excellent environmental stability but poor photovoltaic function due to the preferential orientation of the semiconducting layer parallel to the substrate and the typically insulating nature of the R-NH3+ cation. Here, we report a series of these n = 1 layered perovskites with the form (aromatic- O-linker-NH3)2PbI4 where the aromatic moiety is naphthalene, pyrene, or perylene and the linker is ethyl, propyl, or butyl. These materials achieve enhanced conductivity perpendicular to the inorganic layers due to better energy level matching between the inorganic layers and organic galleries. The enhanced conductivity and visible absorption of these materials led to a champion power conversion efficiency of 1.38%, which is the highest value reported for any n = 1 layered perovskite, and it is an order of magnitude higher efficiency than any other n = 1 layered perovskite oriented with layers parallel to the substrate. These findings demonstrate the importance of leveraging the electronic character of the organic cation to improve optoelectronic properties and thus the photovoltaic performance of these chemically stable low n layered perovskites.
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Kazantsev RV, Dannenhoffer A, Aytun T, Harutyunyan B, Fairfield DJ, Bedzyk MJ, Stupp SI. Molecular Control of Internal Crystallization and Photocatalytic Function in Supramolecular Nanostructures. Chem 2018; 4:1596-1608. [PMID: 30740552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular light-absorbing nanostructures are useful building blocks for the design of next-generation artificial photosynthetic systems. Development of such systems requires a detailed understanding of how molecular packing influences the material's optoelectronic properties. We describe a series of crystalline supramolecular nanostructures in which the substituents on their monomeric units strongly affects morphology, ordering kinetics, and exciton behavior. By designing constitutionally-isomeric perylene monoimide (PMI) amphiphiles, the effect of side chain sterics on nanostructure crystallization was studied. Molecules with short amine linked alkyl-tails rapidly crystallize upon dissolution in water, while bulkier tails require the addition of salt to screen electrostatic repulsion and annealing to drive crystallization. A PMI monomer bearing a 3-pentylamine tail was found to possess a unique structure that results in strongly red-shifted absorbance, indicative of charge-transfer exciton formation. This particular supramolecular structure was found to have an enhanced ability to photosensitize a thiomolybdate, [(NH4)2Mo3S13], catalyst to generate hydrogen gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Kazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Adam Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Taner Aytun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Boris Harutyunyan
- Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel J Fairfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Lead Contact
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Kazantsev RV, Dannenhoffer AJ, Weingarten AS, Phelan BT, Harutyunyan B, Aytun T, Narayanan A, Fairfield DJ, Boekhoven J, Sai H, Senesi A, O'Dogherty PI, Palmer LC, Bedzyk MJ, Wasielewski MR, Stupp SI. Crystal-Phase Transitions and Photocatalysis in Supramolecular Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6120-6127. [PMID: 28436654 PMCID: PMC5556754 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
energy landscape of a supramolecular material can include different
molecular packing configurations that differ in stability and function.
We report here on a thermally driven crystalline order transition
in the landscape of supramolecular nanostructures formed by charged
chromophore amphiphiles in salt-containing aqueous solutions. An irreversible
transition was observed from a metastable to a stable crystal phase
within the nanostructures. In the stable crystalline phase, the molecules
end up organized in a short scroll morphology at high ionic strengths
and as long helical ribbons at lower salt content. This is interpreted
as the result of the competition between electrostatic repulsive forces
and attractive molecular interactions. Only the stable phase forms
charge-transfer excitons upon exposure to visible light as indicated
by absorbance and fluorescence features, second-order harmonic generation
microscopy, and femtosecond transient absorbance spectroscopy. Interestingly,
the supramolecular reconfiguration to the stable crystalline phase
nanostructures enhances photosensitization of a proton reduction catalyst
for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Senesi
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Weingarten AS, Kazantsev RV, Palmer LC, Fairfield DJ, Koltonow AR, Stupp SI. Supramolecular Packing Controls H₂ Photocatalysis in Chromophore Amphiphile Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15241-6. [PMID: 26593389 PMCID: PMC4676032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Light harvesting supramolecular assemblies
are potentially useful
structures as components of solar-to-fuel conversion materials. The
development of these functional constructs requires an understanding
of optimal packing modes for chromophores. We investigated here assembly
in water and the photocatalytic function of perylene monoimide chromophore
amphiphiles with different alkyl linker lengths separating their hydrophobic
core and the hydrophilic carboxylate headgroup. We found that these
chromophore amphiphiles (CAs) self-assemble into charged nanostructures
of increasing aspect ratio as the linker length is increased. The
addition of salt to screen the charged nanostructures induced the
formation of hydrogels and led to internal crystallization within
some of the nanostructures. For linker lengths up to seven methylenes,
the CAs were found to pack into 2D crystalline unit cells within ribbon-shaped
nanostructures, whereas the nine methylene CAs assembled into long
nanofibers without crystalline molecular packing. At the same time,
the different molecular packing arrangements after charge screening
led to different absorbance spectra, despite the identical electronic
properties of all PMI amphiphiles. While the crystalline CAs formed
electronically coupled H-aggregates, only CAs with intermediate linker
lengths showed evidence of high intermolecular orbital overlap. Photocatalytic
hydrogen production using a nickel-based catalyst was observed in
all hydrogels, with the highest turnovers observed for CA gels having
intermediate linker lengths. We conclude that the improved photocatalytic
performance of the hydrogels formed by supramolecular assemblies of
the intermediate linker CA molecules likely arises from improved exciton
splitting efficiencies due to their higher orbital overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Weingarten
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roman V Kazantsev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Daniel J Fairfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrew R Koltonow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Olugebefola SC, Hamilton AR, Fairfield DJ, Sottos NR, White SR. Structural reinforcement of microvascular networks using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly with halloysite nanotubes. Soft Matter 2014; 10:544-548. [PMID: 24652338 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for tailoring local mechanical properties near channel surfaces of vascular structural polymers in order to achieve high structural performance in microvascular systems. While synthetic vascularized materials have been created by a variety of manufacturing techniques, unreinforced microchannels act as stress concentrators and lead to the initiation of premature failure. Taking inspiration from biological tissues such as dentin and bone, these mechanical deficiencies can be mitigated by complex hierarchical structural features near to channel surfaces. By employing electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly (ELbL) to deposit films containing halloysite nanotubes onto scaffold surfaces followed by matrix infiltration and scaffold removal, we are able to controllably deposit nanoscale reinforcement onto 200 micron diameter channel surface interiors in microvascular networks. High resolution strain measurements on reinforced networks under load verify that the halloysite reduces strain concentrations and improves mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solar C Olugebefola
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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